King Charles III Diana Royal Wedding Old Solid Horse Brass Gold Lustre The Crown

$103.44 Buy It Now or Best Offer, $13.78 Shipping, 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee
Seller: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3,666) 99.9%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 276366688809 King Charles III Diana Royal Wedding Old Solid Horse Brass Gold Lustre The Crown.  
Royal Wedding Horse Brass This is a Prince Charles (aka King Charles III) & Princess Diana Royal WeddingHorse brasses with a gold lustre on The Horse Brass Has an image of the Royal Couple with the words  "To Commerate the Wedding of The Prince of Wales and The Lady Diana Spencer - 29th July 1981" The Dimensions are 110mm x 80mm and it weight 200 grams It would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop. This once belonged to my Grand Mother and she kept in a display cabinet for many years, but when she died it was placed in a box for storage.  I Decided to have a clear out and I hope it will find a good home It is in Excellent Condition   Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They  don't  do the horse justice which looks a lot better in real life
Would make an Excellent Present or Collectable Keepsake souvenir Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the items justice which looks a lot better in real life Click Here to Check out my other Antiques items Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from almost 1000 Satisfied Customers
I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together  I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.

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By 1686, when Dr. Plot wrote of his visit to the town, Walsall 'was given over to the manufacture of spurs, bridles and stirrups'. Saddler's ironmongery, which included any of the ironwork required for the working of horses such as bits, buckles, chainwork and specialised fittings for saddles, was prominent amongst the manufacturers of the town. The Century saw a great increase in the use of horses on farms and the roads, so it was to Walsall that the harness makers looked for the increasing supply of hamess furniture. By the Century, Walsall had become the largest centre for manufacturers of hames fittings and their products were exported all over the world. At first, these Walsall products were sent out to saddlers and harness makers in other towns and villages and only in 1830 did Walsall start its own saddlery and harness making industry. This was begun by Thomas Newton who was also the first manufacturer to produce a catalogue of his products, called 'Saddlery of All Nations' — and from this small beginning the trade soon flourished as the demand for horses and their harness in Victorian Britain reached boom proportions. It was into this established centre of manufacture that the horse brass was introduced by an unknown opportunist who started to make them to meet the demand for a new fashion in harness decoration. There are many known examples of decorations used on horse harness dating from the time when man first domesticated the wild horse and took a pride in ownership. As early man was very superstitious, the first form of decoration would appear to have been a talisman to ward off evil spirits from harming his horses. Throughout history various forms of talisman have been attached to the horse harness — from flashing objects to ward off the 'evil eye', to passages from the scriptures hung in purses around the animals' necks to appease their owners' gods. The pendant type horse brass, as we know it today, was introduced into this country as recently as the 18th Century. It was probably brought here by an influx of Romanies who arrived in Britain about that time. These people were, and still are today, a very superstitious race and it was very probable that they decorated the foreheads of their horses with a shiny object to protect them from evil. Not only did they have a motive for such decoration, they also had the necessary skills of working in metal to produce these talisman from sheet brass. All the earliest known horse brasses are hand made from sheet or latten brass. They were cut out using hand tools and were often hammered into shape. One of the easiest ways of recognising a handmade brass is by the hammer marks on the back. They are, however, very rare and prized by collectors. The evidence for attributing the origins of horse brasses to the Romanies is the use of Romany motifs in all the early brasses — ie. hearts, moons, stars, sun-flashes, etc. It was some years before our carters took up the use of these brasses for decorating their harness and so starting off the era of horse brasses. During the Century, the improved state of the roads led to an increased use of carriages by the gentry for their travels about the country. They started the fashion of decorating their horse harness with family crests, at first worked in silver and later in nickel, or white metal. Walsall was one of the centres which developed the necessary skills to produce these miniature works of art. The first signs of the lower order of horsemen, the carters and wagoner’s, decorating the harness of their horses, was in the form of brass ovals and shields, as though imitating the family crests displayed on the blinkers and saddle pads of the elegant carriage horses. A study of contemporary paintings shows evidence of these brass decorations in the early Century, but it is not until after 1850 that we find illustrations of the pendant type of horse brass. Certainly they are known to have existed earlier and there are many dated examples from the first half of the 19th Century, but they were not in common enough use to attract the attention of such artists as Stubbs, Pyne or Herrings, all of whom produced detailed pictures of harness work-horses. Around 1850, horse brasses suddenly became fashionable probably as a result of an unknown manufacturer in Walsall seizing the opportunity to satisfy the carters' desire to create a display of harness decorations as fine as that on carriage horses. Many of the early manufactured brasses have a form of 'crest' featured in their design. Walsall was already producing crests for the carriage harness and it was only a small step to produce similar ornaments in brass inside a hanging frame, for wagoners to sport on their harness. 2,000 DIFFERENT DESIGNS Hundreds of factories, from the largest down to the one-man business, started to produce these horse brasses. Over 2,000 different designs are believed to exist, though some of the differences in the patterns are very slight — probably where manufacturers copied popular designs of their rivals. Many of the larger manufacturers produced beautiful and elaborate catalogues of their products. One of the earliest of these was by the firm of Matthew Harvey of Bath Street, founded in 1838 and still going strong today. Their pattern room contains many of the original lead patterns shown in their catalogue of 1888. Another firm which has kept a large collection of their early patterns is Stanley Bros. of Long Lane. This firm, founded in 1832, is the oldest in the town still producing harness fittings. Among the patterns to be found, apart from purely geometric designs are various trade motifs. For example, the millers' horses could be decorated with brasses incorporating wheatsheaf’s or windmills into their design; the farmer could choose from a variety of horse designs, and there were locomotive designs for railway carters. The brewers had a choice of barrel patterns and there were even crossed saws and tree motifs of timber merchants. Commemorative brasses were also produced to celebrate special occasions particularly those connected with royalty. Queen Victoria's Golden and Diamond Jubilees produced a wonderful crop of special brasses. Each subsequent royal occasion has produced its quota of designs. The recent Golden Jubilee of our present Queen saw the manufacture of dozens of different designs of horse brass for the occasion — most of which were made in Walsall. METHODS OF MANUFACTURE The earliest method of producing horse brasses in quantity was to cast them in sand. The original patterns were modelled in lead by a pattern maker for use in the casting process. These lead patterns were then pressed into sand filled boxes, about 10 patterns to a box. Channels were formed in the sand to connect each indentation of a pattern so that the molten metal could run into each impression in turn. The rough castings were then polished to give a smooth surface. Originally this was done by clamping the brass into a vice, using two projections especially cast into the back of the brass for this purpose. The face of the tightly held brass could then be filed and polished. After polishing, the projections were cut off and their remains can usually be seen on old cast brasses. By the turn of the Century, sanding and polishing machinery had superseded hand filing and polishing so the projections became superfluous and were removed from patterns. The hand filing and fettling of the early cast brasses gave them a superior finish not seen on the later, mass produced ones. Machine-stamping of brasses from sheet metal commenced about 1880. Matthew Harvey's was one of the leading firms in this field of manufacture. The earliest method was to stamp out the pattern, one punch at a time, using a fly press. These early stamped brasses can be recognised by the irregularities in the spacing of the design. In later years, when the fashion for horse brasses was at its height, it became more economically viable for a few of the larger manufacturers to have more costly tools made which could stamp out the complete design in one hefty blow. Those later stamped brasses are recognisable by the symmetry of the design, a feature lacking in the earlier stampings. The smaller manufacturers continued to produce brasses using the older casting methods and when the demand for heavy horse harness decorations began to dwindle after the First World War it was the production of machine stamped brasses that was to suffer most the casting of brasses continued and later took up the renewed demand brought about by the souvenir shops. The firm of W. Thacker & Sons of Fieldgate, recently re-started the manufacture of stamped brasses using some of the old dies and punches, but the old 'drop-stamp' machine has been replaced by a modern power press. W. Thacker & Sons were noted for the manufacture of the smaller range of decorations, particularly those for use on the lead reins and for decorating the blinkers of the bridles and also the cart saddles. These decorations were stamped out of sheet brass using fly presses. For better quality work these used to be back-filled with molten lead. Each piece is fitted with 'shanks' as a means of attaching them to the leatherwork. Rosettes stamped out of brass are another speciality of Thacker’s. These were worn on the bridle where the brow band meets the cheek strap. The beehive pattern was the most common to be found on heavy horse harness. Apart from the pendant type horse brass, there were other forms of decoration produced to brighten the harness. These included the 'fly terret' (commonly known as a 'swinger') — a miniature brass swinging in a ring mounted on a stem and often matching the design of a horse brass. It was usually worn on the top of the bridle — its original purpose being to keep the flies away from the horses' ears during hot weather. Another form of decoration which started life with a real purpose was the bells. In their original form, they were large bells mounted above the collar in sets of from 2 to 5. Their ringing was loud enough to be heard at a distance which would act as a warning on oncoming wagon teams — especially in narrow lanes. Later bells are miniature by comparison with the originals and made in various combinations principally for mounting on the saddle. Hame plates were designed to decorate the top strap of the collar hames. Like the fly terret, they often matched a horse brass pattern. The hames, fixed to the collar, provided the necessary attachment from which a horse could pull its load. Again, Walsall was the biggest centre for their manufacture and the firm of Walsall Lock is the only one still producing cart horse hames in this country. For show purposes, these hames were cased in sheet brass. Under the brass casting a steel covered wooden core provides the necessary strength. Walsall Lock is also the last manufacturer of chain work for the heavy horse harness. Another form of decoration was the noseband plate which was attached by two threaded studs and secured to the noseband with nuts, with an internal leather cover to protect the horses' nose. These were often hinged, either in the centre or using two side hinges allowing for movement with the horse's breathing. These produced an ideal 'advertising medium' for saddlers and harness makers to display their name and town or village in which they traded. So, we see that although the manufacture of harness furniture of the heavy horse died for almost 30 years, enough of the know-how and patterns survived in Walsall to meet the needs of the renewed interest in the heavy horses over the past twenty years and for many years to come. Charles III Head of the Commonwealth Photograph of Charles III Charles as Prince of Wales, 2017 King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Reign 8 September 2022 – present Predecessor Elizabeth II Heir apparent William, Prince of Wales Born Prince Charles of Edinburgh 14 November 1948 (age 73) Buckingham Palace, London, England Spouses Diana Spencer ​ ​(m. 1981; div. 1996)​ Camilla Parker Bowles ​ ​(m. 2005)​ Issue Detail William, Prince of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex Names Charles Philip Arthur George[fn 1] House Windsor[1] Father Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Mother Elizabeth II Religion Protestant[fn 2] Signature Charles's signature in black ink Education Gordonstoun Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge (MA) Military career Allegiance United Kingdom[fn 3] Service/branch Royal Navy Royal Air Force[fn 3] Active service 1971–1976 Rank See list Commands held HMS Bronington Royal family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.[fn 4] He was the longest-serving heir apparent and the oldest person to accede to the British throne, at the age of 73, following the death of his mother, Elizabeth II, on 8 September 2022. Charles was born in Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and was three when his mother ascended the throne in 1952, making him the heir apparent. He was made Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at Cheam and Gordonstoun schools, as was his father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Charles later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After earning a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Air Force and Navy from 1971 to 1976. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer, with whom he had two sons, William and Harry. In 1996, the couple divorced after they had each engaged in well-publicised extramarital affairs. In 2005, Charles married his long-time partner, Camilla Parker Bowles. As Prince of Wales, Charles undertook official duties on behalf of Queen Elizabeth II. He founded the youth charity the Prince's Trust in 1976, sponsors the Prince's Charities, and is a patron, president, or a member of over 400 other charities and organisations. He has advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of architecture in society.[3] A critic of modernist architecture, Charles worked on the creation of Poundbury, an experimental new town based on his architectural tastes. He is also an author or co-author of over 20 books. An environmentalist, Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him awards and recognition from environmental groups;[4] he is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food. His support for homeopathy and other alternative medicine has been criticised. Early life, family and education Christening of Charles (centre, wearing the royal christening gown) in 1948: (from left to right) his grandfather George VI, his mother Princess Elizabeth holding the infant Charles, his father Philip and his grandmother Queen Elizabeth Charles was born at 21:14 (GMT) on 14 November 1948,[5] during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI. He was the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[6] His parents would have three additional children, Anne (born 1950), Andrew (born 1960) and Edward (born 1964). On 15 December 1948, at four weeks old, he was christened in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.[fn 5][8] In February 1952, upon the death of his grandfather and the accession of his mother as Queen Elizabeth II, Charles became the heir apparent. Under a charter of King Edward III in 1337, and as the monarch's eldest son, he automatically assumed the traditional titles of the Duke of Cornwall and, in the Scottish peerage, the titles Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.[9] On 2 June 1953, Charles attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey.[10] When Charles turned five, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to oversee his education at Buckingham Palace.[11] On 7 November 1956, Charles commenced classes at Hill House School in west London.[12] He was the first heir apparent to attend school rather than be educated by a private tutor.[13] He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[14] Charles then attended two of his father's former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Hampshire, England,[15] from 1958,[12] followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland,[16] beginning classes there in April 1962.[12] With his parents and sister Anne, October 1957 In Charles's 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, Elizabeth and Philip were described as physically and emotionally distant parents, and Philip was blamed for his disregard of Charles's sensitive nature and forcing him to attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied.[17] Though Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts",[15] he subsequently praised Gordonstoun, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities. It taught me to accept challenges and take the initiative." In a 1975 interview, he said he was "glad" he had attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much exaggerated".[18] He spent two terms in 1966 at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse.[19][20] In 1973, Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education.[21] Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming head boy. He left in 1967 with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C respectively.[19][22] On his early education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I might have, but that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere else."[18] Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining the British Armed Forces.[15] In October 1967, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he read archaeology and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos, and then changed to history for the second part.[23][19] During his second year, Charles attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and language for a term.[19] He graduated from the University of Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree on 23 June 1970, the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree.[19][24] As per tradition, on 2 August 1975, his BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree: at Cambridge, Master of Arts is not a postgraduate degree.[19] Prince of Wales Charles and his first wife Diana with Sir James Ramsay, Governor of Queensland (far left), and Ramsay's wife Janet (far right), Brisbane, 1983 Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[25] though his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle.[26] He took his seat in the House of Lords in 1970,[27] and he made his maiden speech in June 1974,[28] the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884.[29] He spoke again in 1975.[30] Charles began to take on more public duties, founding the Prince's Trust in 1976,[31] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[32] In the mid-1970s, Charles expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General of Australia, at the suggestion of Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, but because of a lack of public enthusiasm nothing came of the proposal.[33] Charles commented: "So, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?"[34] Military training and career Charles served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received Royal Air Force training, learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with Cambridge University Air Squadron. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot.[35] He was presented with his RAF wings in August 1971.[36] After the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). In 1974, he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[37] He gave up flying after crash-landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994, for which the crew was found negligent by a board of inquiry.[38] On 9 February 1976, Charles took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten months of active service in the navy.[37] In 1978, he took part in a parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton after being appointed colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment a year earlier.[39] Relationships and marriages Bachelorhood In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him: In a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a suitable, attractive and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage.[40] Photograph by Allan Warren, 1972 Charles's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John Russell, who was British ambassador to Spain;[41] Lady Jane Wellesley, the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[42] Davina Sheffield;[43] Lady Sarah Spencer;[44] and Camilla Shand,[45] who later became his second wife.[46] Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, who was Mountbatten's granddaughter.[47] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother—Lady Brabourne, who was also his godmother—expressing interest in her daughter, to which she replied approvingly, though she suggested that a courtship with the not yet 17-year-old girl was premature.[48] Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 tour of India. Both fathers, however, objected; Philip feared that Charles would be eclipsed by his famous uncle (who had served as the last British Viceroy and first Governor-General of India), while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple.[49] However, in August 1979, before Charles would depart alone for India, Mountbatten was assassinated by the Irish Republican Army. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda, but in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and youngest brother Nicholas in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal family.[49] In June 1980, Charles officially turned down Chevening House, placed at his disposal since 1974, as his future residence. Chevening, a stately home in Kent, was bequeathed, along with an endowment, to the Crown by the last Earl Stanhope, Amanda's childless great-uncle, in the hope that Charles would eventually occupy it.[50] In 1977, a newspaper report mistakenly announced his engagement to Princess Marie-Astrid of Luxembourg.[51] Lady Diana Spencer Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer Charles and Diana visit Uluru in Australia, March 1983 Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977 while he was visiting her home, Althorp. He was the companion of her elder sister, Sarah, and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral of his granduncle Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Charles's chosen biographer, Jonathan Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride", and she accompanied Charles on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.[52] Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her.[53] Meanwhile, the couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When Prince Philip told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[54] Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[55] The couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.[13] Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.[56][57] By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (née Shand).[58] In a videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[59][60] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[61] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[60][62] Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[63] Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[64] Diana exposed Charles's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana, Her True Story. Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[64] Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[65] In December 1992, British prime minister John Major announced the couple's legal separation in Parliament. Earlier that year, the British press had published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed Camillagate by the press.[66] Charles sought public understanding in a television film, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, with Jonathan Dimbleby that was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[67][68] This was followed by Diana's own admission of marital troubles in an interview with the BBC current affairs show Panorama, broadcast on 20 November 1995.[69] Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[70] Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,[71] after being formally advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.[72] Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[73] Camilla Parker Bowles Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles Charles and Camilla in Jamaica, March 2008 The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother.[74] The Queen's consent to the marriage (as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772) was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March.[75] In Canada, the Department of Justice announced its decision that the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required to meet to give its consent to the marriage, as the union would not result in offspring and would have no impact on the succession to the Canadian throne.[76] Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England. Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal, though these were dismissed by Charles's spokesman,[77] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government.[78] The marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at St George's Chapel. The venue was subsequently changed to Windsor Guildhall, because a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the wedding, it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[79] Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[80] The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh did attend the service of blessing and later held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[81] The blessing, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, was televised.[82] Official duties See also: List of official overseas trips made by Charles III In 2008, The Daily Telegraph described Charles as the "hardest-working member of the royal family".[83] He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008,[83] 499 in 2010,[84] and over 600 in 2011. During his time as Prince of Wales, Charles undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen.[85] He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals of foreign dignitaries.[86] Charles made regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[87] The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust met three times a year under his chairmanship.[88] In 1970, Charles visited Bermuda to mark the Parliament of Bermuda's 350th anniversary. In his speech to parliament and referring to the actions of Charles I, Charles said "Bearing in mind I am the first Charles to have anything to do with a Parliament for 350 years, I might have turned nasty and dissolved you".[89] Charles also represented the Queen at the independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970,[90] the Bahamas in 1973,[91] Papua New Guinea in 1975,[92] Zimbabwe in 1980,[93] and Brunei in 1984.[94] In 1983, Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with his first wife Diana and son William.[95] While Charles was visiting Australia on Australia Day in January 1994, David Kang fired two shots at him from a starting pistol in protest of the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum seekers held in detention camps.[96] In 1995, Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity.[97] In 1997, Charles represented the Queen at the Hong Kong handover ceremony.[98] At the ceremony, he read the Queen's message to Hong Kongers, which said: "Britain is part of Hong Kong's history and Hong Kong is part of Britain's history. We are also part of each other's future".[99] In 2000, Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an official harpist, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the harp, the national instrument of Wales.[100] His service to the Canadian Armed Forces permits him to be informed of troop activities, and allows him to visit these troops while in Canada or overseas, taking part in ceremonial occasions.[101] For instance, in 2001 he placed a specially commissioned wreath, made from vegetation taken from French battlefields, at the Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier,[102] and in 1981 he became the patron of the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum.[103] At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Charles unintentionally caused controversy when he shook hands with Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying: "The Prince of Wales was caught by surprise and not in a position to avoid shaking Mr Mugabe's hand. The Prince finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent. He has supported the Zimbabwe Defence and Aid Fund, which works with those being oppressed by the regime. The Prince also recently met Pius Ncube, the Archbishop of Bulawayo, an outspoken critic of the government."[104] In November 2001, Charles was struck in the face with three red carnations by teenager Alina Lebedeva, whilst he was on an official visit to Latvia.[105] Official opening of the Fourth Assembly at the Senedd in Cardiff, Wales. From left to right: Welsh first minister Carwyn Jones, Prince Charles, his wife Camilla, Queen Elizabeth II, and Senedd Llywydd Rosemary Butler, 7 June 2011 In 2010, Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[106] He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011.[107] From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[108] In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal, which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the Syrian civil war.[109] According to The Guardian, it is believed that after turning 65 years old in 2013, Charles donated his state pension to an unnamed charity that supports elderly people.[110] In March 2014, Charles arranged for five million measles-rubella vaccinations for children in the Philippines on the outbreak of measles in South-East Asia. According to Clarence House, Charles was affected by news of the damage caused by Typhoon Yolanda in 2013. International Health Partners, of which he has been Patron since 2004, sent the vaccines, which are believed to protect five million children below the age of five from measles.[111] Letters sent by Charles to government ministers during 2004 and 2005 – the so-called black spider memos – presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that Charles's letters must be released.[112] The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015.[113] Reaction to the memos upon their release was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him.[114] The memos were variously described in the press as "underwhelming"[115] and "harmless"[116] and that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him",[117] with reaction from the public also supportive.[118] In 2015, it was revealed that Charles had access to confidential UK cabinet papers.[119] Charles's ninth visit to New Zealand in 2015 Charles and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation" by the British Embassy.[120] During the trip, Charles shook hands in Galway with Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin and widely believed to be the leader of the IRA, the militant group that had murdered Charles's relatives in a terror attack. The Galway event was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[121] In the run up to Charles's visit, two Irish republican dissidents were arrested for planning a bomb attack. Semtex and rockets were found at the Dublin home of suspect Donal Ó Coisdealbha, member of a self-styled Óglaigh na hÉireann organisation, who was later jailed for five and a half years.[122] He was connected to a veteran republican, Seamus McGrane of County Louth, a member of the Real IRA, who was jailed for 11 and a half years.[123] Charles has made frequent visits to Saudi Arabia in order to promote arms exports for companies such as BAE Systems. In 2013,[124] 2014,[125] and 2015,[126] he met with the commander of Saudi Arabia's National Guard Mutaib bin Abdullah. In February 2014, he took part in a traditional sword dance with members of the Saudi royal family at the Janariyah festival in Riyadh.[127] At the same festival, British arms company BAE Systems was honoured by Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz.[128] Charles was criticised by Scottish MP Margaret Ferrier in 2016 over his role in the sale of Typhoon fighter jets to Saudi Arabia.[129] According to Charles's biographer Catherine Mayer, a Time magazine journalist who claims to have interviewed several sources from Charles's inner circle, he "doesn't like being used to market weaponry" in deals with Saudi Arabia and other Arab Gulf states. According to Mayer, Charles has only raised his objections to being used to sell weapons abroad in private.[130] Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018 meeting that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen.[131] The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.[132] With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D-Day on 5 June 2019 On 7 March 2019, the Queen hosted a Buckingham Palace event to mark the 50th anniversary of Charles's investiture as the Prince of Wales. Guests at the event included the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prime Minister Theresa May and Welsh first minister Mark Drakeford.[133] The same month, at the request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer relationship between the UK and Cuba.[134] In January 2020, Charles became the first British patron of the International Rescue Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by war, persecution, or natural disaster.[135] In April 2021 and following a surge in CVID-19 cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing the launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust, of which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need.[136] On 25 March 2020, it was announced that Charles had contracted CVID-19 during the pandemic. He and his wife subsequently isolated at their Birkhall residence. Camilla was also tested but returned a negative result.[137][138] Clarence House stated that he showed "mild symptoms" but "remains in good health". They further explained, "It is not possible to ascertain from whom the prince caught the virus owing to the high number of engagements he carried out in his public role during recent weeks."[138] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[139] On 30 March 2020, Clarence House announced that Charles had recovered from the virus, and that, after consulting his doctor, he was no longer isolating.[140] Two days later, he stated in a video that he would continue to practise social distancing.[141] In October 2020, a letter sent by Charles to Australian governor-general John Kerr after the 1975 dismissal from office of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was released as a part of the collection of palace letters regarding the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis.[142] In the letter, Charles appeared to be supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr "did last year was right and the courageous thing to do – and most Australians seemed to endorse your decision when it came to the point," adding that he should not worry about "demonstrations and stupidities" that arose following his decision.[142] Delivering a speech in Bridgetown, after Barbados became a republic, November 2021 In November 2021, Charles attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as Barbadian head of state.[143] Charles was invited by Prime Minister Mia Mottley as the future head of the Commonwealth,[144] and it was the first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a realm to a republic.[145] On 10 February 2022, it was announced that Charles had tested positive for CVID-19 for a second time and was self-isolating.[146] His wife later also confirmed contracting the virus, followed by the Queen herself 10 days after Charles's second diagnosis.[147] Charles and his wife had received doses of a CVID-19 vaccine in February 2021.[148] Delivering the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother, May 2022 In May 2022, Charles attended the State Opening of Parliament and delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother as a counsellor of state for the first time.[149] In June 2022, The Times reported that Charles had privately described the UK Government's Rwanda asylum plan as "appalling" and feared that it would overshadow the June Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Rwanda, where Charles represented the Queen.[150] It was later reported that cabinet ministers had warned Charles to avoid making political comments, as they feared a constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such statements once he became king.[151] Reign Pre-accession polling Prior to acceding to the British throne, opinion polls put Charles's popularity with the British people at 42%,[152] with a 2018 BMG Research poll finding that 46% of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately upon accession to the throne, in favour of William.[153] A 2021 opinion poll reported that 60% of the British public had a favourable opinion of him.[154] Accession and coronation plans See also: Proclamation of accession of Charles III and Coronation of Charles III and Camilla Charles III walking in Elizabeth II's funeral cortège towards Westminster Hall six days after her death Charles acceded to the British throne on 8 September 2022, following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. Charles was the longest-serving British heir apparent, surpassing Edward VII's record on 20 April 2011.[155] When he became monarch at the age of 73, he was the oldest person to do so, the previous record holder being William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830.[156] Plans for Charles's coronation have been made for many years, under the code name Operation Golden Orb.[157] Reports before his accession suggested that Charles's coronation would be simpler and smaller in scale than his mother's in 1953,[158] with the ceremony expected to be "shorter, smaller, less expensive and more representative of different faiths and community groups – falling in line with the King's wish to reflect the ethnic diversity of modern Britain".[159] Nonetheless, the coronation will be a Church of England ceremony and will require a coronation oath, the anointment, the delivery of the orb and the enthronement.[160] There had been speculation as to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his succession to the throne. In 2005, it was reported that Charles had suggested he might choose to reign as George VII in honour of his grandfather George VI, and to avoid associations with previous royals named Charles.[161][fn 6] Charles's office said at the time that no decision had yet been made.[162] Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, Clarence House confirmed that Charles would use the regnal name "Charles III".[163] Charles gave his first speech to the nation on 9 September at 18:00 BST, in which he mourned his late mother and proclaimed his elder son, William, Prince of Wales.[164] On 10 September 2022, Charles was publicly proclaimed King of the United Kingdom by the Accession Council. The ceremony was televised for the first time.[165][131] Attendees included Queen Camilla, Prince William, then-British prime minister Liz Truss, and her predecessors John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May, and Boris Johnson.[166] Charles was also proclaimed king of each of his other realms by the relevant privy or executive council.[167] The coronation of Charles III and Camilla is due to take place on 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey.[168] Philanthropy and charity Since founding the Prince's Trust in 1976, Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations and now serves as president of all of those.[169][85] Together, these form a loose alliance called the Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising over £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise and international."[169] In 2010, the Prince's Charities Canada was established in a similar fashion to its namesake in the UK.[170] Charles is also patron of over 400 other charities and organisations.[171] He uses his tours of Canada as a way to help draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation, and education.[172] In Canada, Charles has supported humanitarian projects. Along with his two sons, he took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[172] Charles has also set up the Prince's Charities Australia, which is based in Melbourne, Victoria. The Prince's Charities Australia is to provide a coordinating presence for Charles's Australian and international charitable endeavours.[173] Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating objections in the international arena,[174] and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation,[171] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.[175] Investigations of donations In 2021 and 2022, two of Charles's charities, the Prince's Foundation and the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund, came under scrutiny for accepting donations that were deemed inappropriate by the media. In August 2021, it was announced that the Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports that middlemen took cuts for setting up dinners involving wealthy donors and Charles, at that time Prince of Wales, with prices as high as £100,000 and the fixers taking up to 25% of the fees.[176] After temporarily stepping down, Charles's aide Michael Fawcett resigned from his role as chief executive of the Prince's Foundation in November 2021,[177] following reports that he had fixed a CBE for Saudi businessman Mahfouz Marei Mubarak bin Mahfouz who donated more than £1.5 million to royal charities contrary to section 1 of the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925.[178] Charles gave Mahfouz his Honorary CBE at a private ceremony in the Blue Drawing Room at Buckingham Palace in November 2016,[179] though the event was not published in the Court Circular.[180] Clarence House responded that Charles had "no knowledge of the alleged offer of honours or British citizenship on the basis of donation to his charities and fully supports the investigation".[181] The auditing firm EY, which carried out the investigation, published a summary report in December 2021, stating that Fawcett had co-ordinated with "fixers", but there was "no evidence that trustees at the time were aware of these communications".[182] The Charity Commission launched its own investigation into allegations that the donations meant for the Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to the Mahfouz Foundation.[183] In 2021, the foundation was also criticised for accepting a £200,000 donation from Russian convict,[184] Dmitry Leus,[185] whom Charles thanked in a letter,[186] and a £500,000 donation from Taiwanese fugitive Bruno Wang.[187] The donations by the Russian convict led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity Regulator.[188] In February 2022 the Metropolitan Police launched an investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the foundation.[189] In June 2022, The Times reported that between 2011 and 2015 Charles accepted €3 million in cash from the prime minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani.[190] The funds were said to be in the form of €500 notes, handed over in person in three tranches, in a suitcase, holdall and carrier bags.[190][191] Charles's meetings with Al Thani did not appear in the Court Circular.[190] Coutts collected the cash and each payment was deposited into the accounts of the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund.[191] There is no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not intended for the money to go to the charity.[191] The Charity Commission announced they would review the information,[192] and in July 2022, they announced that they would not be launching an investigation into the donations as the information submitted had provided "sufficient assurance" that due diligence had taken place.[193] In the same month, The Times reported that on the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund receiving a donation of £1 million from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin Laden, both half-brothers of Osama bin Laden, during a private meeting in 2013.[194][195] Charles and Bakr bin Laden had known each other since 2000.[195] The Charity Commission described the decision to accept donations as a "matter for trustees" and added that based on the available information no investigation was required.[196] In June 2022, a senior palace aide said that cash donations would no longer be accepted.[197] Personal interests Built environment Charles has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he fostered the advancement of New Classical Architecture and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[198] In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) on 30 May 1984, he memorably described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture.[199] He asserted that "it is possible, and important in human terms, to respect old buildings, street plans and traditional scales and at the same time not to feel guilty about a preference for facades, ornaments and soft materials,"[199] called for local community involvement in architectural choices, and asked: Why can't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design? What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[199] At the newly opened At-Bristol, 14 June 2000 Charles's book and BBC documentary A Vision of Britain (1987) were also critical of modern architecture, and he has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design,[200] despite criticism in the press. Two of his charities (the Prince's Regeneration Trust and the Prince's Foundation for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity) promote his views, and the village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier under the guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy.[198] Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the 2007 Canadian federal budget.[201] In 1999, Charles agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the Heritage Canada Foundation to municipal governments that have shown sustained commitment to the conservation of historic places.[202] While visiting the United States and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005, for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated $25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities.[203] From 1997, Charles has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and Transylvanian Saxon villages during the Communist rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu.[204][205] Charles is patron of the Mihai Eminescu Trust, a Romanian conservation and regeneration organisation,[206] and has purchased a house in Romania.[207] Historian Tom Gallagher wrote in the Romanian newspaper România Liberă in 2006 that Charles had been offered the Romanian throne by monarchists in that country; an offer that was reportedly turned down,[208] but Buckingham Palace denied the reports.[209] Charles also has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture", and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies that combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.[210] Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism.[211][212] In 2009, Charles wrote to the Qatari royal family, the developers of the Chelsea Barracks site, labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Subsequently, Rogers was removed from the project and the Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment was appointed to propose an alternative.[213] Rogers claimed the Prince had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square, and condemned Charles's actions as "an abuse of power" and "unconstitutional".[213] Lord Foster, Zaha Hadid, Jacques Herzog, Jean Nouvel, Renzo Piano, and Frank Gehry, among others, wrote a letter to The Sunday Times complaining that the Prince's "private comments" and "behind-the-scenes lobbying" subverted the "open and democratic planning process".[214] Piers Gough and other architects condemned Charles's views as "elitist" in a letter encouraging colleagues to boycott a speech given by Charles to RIBA in 2009.[212] CPC Group, the developer of the project, took a case against Qatari Diar to the High Court, which described Charles's intervention as "unwelcome".[215] After the case was settled, the CPC Group apologised to him "for any offence caused by the decision to commence litigation against Qatari Diar and the allegations made by CPC during the course of the proceedings".[215] In 2010, the Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment decided to help reconstruct and redesign buildings in Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the capital was destroyed by the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[216] The foundation is known for refurbishing historic buildings in Kabul, Afghanistan and Kingston, Jamaica. The project has been called the "biggest challenge yet" for the Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment.[217] For his work as patron of New Classical Architecture, in 2012 Charles was awarded the Driehaus Architecture Prize for patronage. The prize, awarded by the University of Notre Dame, is considered the highest architecture award for New Classical Architecture and urban planning.[218] Livery company commitments The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."[219] Charles is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners.[220] Natural environment Charles and Camilla meeting Federal Emergency Management Agency officials in Louisiana, as they arrive to tour the damage created by Hurricane Katrina, November 2005 Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness.[221] At the age of 21, he delivered his first speech on environmental issues in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh Countryside Committee.[222] In order to decrease his carbon footprint, he has used biomass boilers for heating Birkhall, where he has also installed a hydroelectric turbine in the river beside the estate. He has utilised solar panels at Clarence House and Highgrove, and – besides using electric cars on his estates – runs his Aston Martin DB6 on E85.[223] An avid gardener, Charles has also emphasised the importance of talking to plants, stating that "I happily talk to the plants and trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial".[224] Upon moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy Originals,[225] which now sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products, from food to garden furniture; the profits (over £6 million by 2010) are donated to the Prince's Charities.[225][226] His organic interest extends beyond farming into landscaped spaces and Highgrove House practices organic lawn management to increase biodiversity.[227] Documenting work on his estate, Charles co-authored (with Charles Clover, environment editor of The Daily Telegraph) Highgrove: An Experiment in Organic Gardening and Farming, published in 1993, and offers his patronage to Garden Organic. Along similar lines, Charles became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. Although the 2001 foot-and-mouth epidemic in England prevented Charles from visiting organic farms in Saskatchewan, he met the farmers at Assiniboia town hall.[228] In 2004, he founded the Mutton Renaissance Campaign, which aims to support British sheep farmers and make mutton more attractive to Britons.[229] His organic farming has attracted media criticism: According to The Independent in October 2006, "the story of Duchy Originals has involved compromises and ethical blips, wedded to a determined merchandising programme."[230] A prominent critic of the practice,[231] Charles III has also spoken against the use of GM crops and in a letter to British prime minister Tony Blair in 1998, Charles criticised the development of genetically modified foods.[232] He repeated the same sentiments in 2008, arguing that having "one form of clever genetic engineering after another then … will be guaranteed to cause the biggest disaster environmentally of all time."[233] In 2007, Charles received the tenth annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".[234] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[235] In 2007, Charles launched the Prince's May Day Network, which encourages businesses to take action on climate change. Speaking to the European Parliament on 14 February 2008, he called for European Union leadership in the war against climate change. During the standing ovation that followed, Nigel Farage, the leader of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), remained seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best."[236] In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that climate change sceptics are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rainforest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and competitive.[237] In 2011, Charles received the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal for his engagement with the environment, such as the conservation of rainforests.[238] On 27 August 2012, Charles addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive: I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called Allan Savory, in Zimbabwe and other semi arid areas, who has argued for years against the prevailing expert view that is the simple numbers of cattle that drive overgrazing and cause fertile land to become desert. On the contrary, as he has since shown so graphically, the land needs the presence of feeding animals and their droppings for the cycle to be complete so that soils and grassland areas stay productive. Such that, if you take grazers off the land and lock them away in vast feedlots, the land dies.[239] In February 2014, Charles visited the Somerset levels to meet residents affected by winter flooding. During his visit, Charles remarked that "There's nothing like a jolly good disaster to get people to start doing something. The tragedy is that nothing happened for so long." He pledged a £50,000 donation, provided by the Prince's Countryside Fund, to help families and businesses.[240] In December 2015, Charles delivered a speech at the opening ceremony for COP21, making a plea to industries to put an end to practices that cause deforestation.[241] In August 2019, it was announced that Charles had collaborated with British fashion designers Vin and Omi to produce a line of clothing made out of nettles found in his Highgrove estate. Nettles are a type of plant which are usually "perceived to have no value". The Highgrove plant waste was also used to create the jewellery worn with the dresses.[242] In September 2020, Charles launched RE:TV, an online platform featuring short films and articles on issues such as climate change and sustainability. He serves as the platform's editor-in-chief.[243] The platform later partnered with Amazon Prime Video and WaterBear, another streaming platform dedicated to environmental issues.[244] In the same month, he stated in a speech that a military-style response similar to the Marshall Plan was required to combat climate change.[245] In January 2020, Charles launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos, a project which encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities.[246] In May 2020, his Sustainable Markets Initiative and the World Economic Forum launched the Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the CVID-19 pandemic.[247] In January 2021, Charles launched Terra Carta ("Earth Charter"), a sustainable finance charter that would ask its signatories to follow a set of rules towards becoming more sustainable and make investments in projects and causes that help with preserving the environment.[248] In July 2021, Charles and Jony Ive announced the Terra Carta Design Lab, a competition conceived by the Royal College of Art to find solutions to climate change and environmental issues, winners of which would be supported financially and introduced to the industry leads of the Sustainable Markets Initiative.[249] In September 2021, he launched the Food for the Future initiative, a programme with contributions from Jimmy Doherty and Jamie Oliver which aims to educate secondary school children about the food system and eliminating food waste.[250] In his role as patron of the National Hedgelaying Society, Charles has hosted receptions for the organisation's rural competition at his Highgrove estate to assist with preserving hedgerows planted in the UK.[251] In June 2021, Charles attended a reception hosted by the Queen during the 47th G7 summit, and a meeting between G7 leaders and sustainable industry CEOs to discuss governmental and corporate solutions to environmental problems.[252] In October 2021, he delivered a speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green-led sustainable economy.[253] In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year, stating that "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate change.[254] In 2021, Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one day a week he eats no dairy products.[255] In 2022, it was reported that he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds and tea. He does not eat lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5 p.m. and eats dinner at 8:30 p.m. and then returns to work until midnight or after.[256] Charles, who is patron of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, launched the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island nations in partnership with University of Cambridge, University of Toronto, University of Melbourne, McMaster University and University of Montreal in March 2022.[257] In September 2022, Charles hosted the Global Allergy Symposium at Dumfries House with the Natasha Allergy Research Foundation and 16 allergy experts from around the world to discuss factors behind new emerging allergies, including biodiversity loss and climate change.[258] In October 2022, it was reported that British prime minister Liz Truss had advised the King against attending COP27, to which he had agreed.[259] Alternative medicine See also: The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health and The College of Medicine Charles and Camilla with NIH director Elias Zerhouni (second from left) and Surgeon-General Richard Carmona (right), November 2005 Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine.[260] He first expressed his interest in alternative medicine publicly in December 1982 in an address to the British Medical Association (BMA).[261] This speech was seen as 'combative' and 'critical' of modern medicine, and was met with anger by some medical professionals.[262] The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health (FIH) attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to National Health Service patients.[263][264] In June 2004, during a speech to healthcare professionals at a conference, he advocated using Gerson therapy treatments, such as coffee enemas, to treat cancer patients and said he knew of a terminally ill cancer patient who was cured with them.[265][264][266] He said: "I know of one patient who turned to Gerson Therapy having been told that she was suffering from terminal cancer, and would not survive another course of chemotherapy. Happily, seven years later she is alive and well."[265] These comments drew criticism from medical professionals such as Michael Baum.[267] In May 2006, Charles made a speech at the World Health Assembly in Geneva, urging the integration of conventional and alternative medicine and arguing for homeopathy.[268] In April 2008, The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, Professor of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine, saying "the majority of alternative therapies appear to be clinically ineffective, and many are downright dangerous." A speaker for the FIH countered the criticism by stating: "We entirely reject the accusation that our online publication Complementary Healthcare: A Guide contains any misleading or inaccurate claims about the benefits of complementary therapies. On the contrary, it treats people as adults and takes a responsible approach by encouraging people to look at reliable sources of information ... so that they can make informed decisions. The foundation does not promote complementary therapies."[269] That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh, mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales", called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial. The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments.[270] Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that Edzard Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[271] In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading.[271] Charles personally wrote at least seven letters[272] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[273] In October 2009, it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[271] In April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at the FIH and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £300,000.[274] Four days later, the FIH announced its closure, claiming that it "has achieved its key objective of promoting the use of integrated health."[275] The charity's finance director, accountant George Gray, was convicted of theft totalling £253,000 and sentenced to three years in prison.[276] The FIH was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as The College of Medicine,[276][277] of which Charles became a patron in 2019.[278] In 2016, Charles said in a speech that he used homeopathic veterinary medicines to reduce antibiotic use at his farm.[279] He drew criticism after becoming a patron of the Faculty of Homeopathy on 27 June 2019.[280] Sports From his youth until 1992, Charles was an avid player of competitive polo. He continued to play informally, including for charity, until 2005.[281] He was occasionally injured after falling off horses,[282] and underwent two operations in 1990 to fix fractures in his right arm.[283] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it. The League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds.[284] In 2001, he broke a small bone in his left shoulder while hunting in Derbyshire.[285] Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[286] Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club.[287] Aside from hunting, Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at Bisley.[288] He became President of the British National Rifle Association in 1977.[289] Visual, performing and contemporary arts Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, which include the Royal College of Music, the Royal Opera, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, and the Purcell School. In 2000, he revived the tradition of appointing harpists to the Royal Court, by appointing an Official Harpist to the Prince of Wales. As an undergraduate at Cambridge, he played the cello and has sung with the Bach Choir twice.[290] He was a member of Dryden Society, Trinity College's drama group, and appeared in sketches and revues.[291] Charles founded The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts in 2002, to help more children experience the arts first-hand. He is president of the Royal Shakespeare Company and attends performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supports fundraising events and attends the company's annual general meeting.[290] He enjoys comedy,[292] and is interested in illusionism, becoming a member of The Magic Circle after passing his audition in 1975 by performing the "cups and balls" effect.[293] Charles has also been patron of the British Film Institute since 1978.[294] Charles is a keen and accomplished watercolourist who has exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise money for his charities and also published books on the subject. To mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as the Prince of Wales in 1994, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps which featured his paintings.[295] For his 50th birthday, 50 of his watercolours were exhibited at Hampton Court Palace.[295] In 2001, 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art.[296] In 2016, it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence.[295] For his 70th birthday in 2018, his works were exhibited at the National Gallery of Australia.[295] In 2022, 79 of his paintings were put on display in London.[295] He is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust.[297] Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people.[298] On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's Shakespeare Live! at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, to commemorate the 400th anniversary of William Shakespeare's death in 1616. The event was televised live by the BBC. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of Hamlet's celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the question".[299] In January 2022, Charles commissioned seven artists to paint portraits of seven Holocaust survivors. The paintings were exhibited at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace and at the Palace of Holyroodhouse and were featured in a BBC Two documentary titled Survivors: Portraits of the Holocaust.[300] Publications Main article: Bibliography of Charles III Charles is the author of several books, and has contributed a foreword or preface to books by others. He has also written, presented, or been featured in documentary films.[301] Religion and philosophy With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský in 2010 The King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[302] He is also a member of the Church of Scotland, and he swore an oath to uphold that church immediately after he was proclaimed king in September 2022.[2] Charles was confirmed at age 16 by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey at Easter 1965, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[303] He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove,[304] and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle. In 2000, he was appointed as Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Charles has visited (amid some secrecy) Eastern Orthodox monasteries several times on Mount Athos[305] as well as in Romania[204] and Serbia.[306] Charles is also patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford, and in the 2000s, he inaugurated the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a plural multicultural context.[210][307] Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed his "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Charles's son, Prince William.[308] From van der Post, Charles developed a focus on philosophy and interest in other religions.[309] Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World,[310] which won a Nautilus Book Award.[311] In November 2016, he attended the consecration of St Thomas Cathedral, Acton, to be Britain's first Syriac Orthodox cathedral.[312] In October 2019, he attended the canonisation of Cardinal Newman.[313] Charles visited Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in January 2020 culminating in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, after which he walked through that city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries.[314] In his 1994 documentary with Jonathan Dimbleby, Charles said that he wished to be seen as the "Defender of Faith" as king, rather than the monarch's traditional title of "Defender of the Faith", in order to respect other people's religious traditions.[315] This attracted controversy at the time, as well as speculation that the coronation oath may be altered.[316] He stated in 2015 that he would retain the title of "Defender of the Faith", whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.[317] Media image Since his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King Charles III.[318] Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in the same way once he is king, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So, of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should operate".[319] Charles and Diana with US president Ronald Reagan (at right) and First Lady Nancy Reagan (second from right) in November 1985 Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[320] Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[321] After her death, the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In 2003, Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury" so that he could marry again.[322] When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had these feelings.[323] Other people who were formerly connected with Charles have betrayed his confidence. In 1995, he obtained an injunction that prevented a former housekeeper's memoirs from being published in the United Kingdom, although they eventually sold 100,000 copies in the United States.[324] Later, an ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor".[325] Reaction to press treatment In 1994, German tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he was vacationing in Le Barroux.[326] They were reportedly put up for sale for £30,000.[326] Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was "unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".[327] In 2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism.[328][329] Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."[329] But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."[329] Charles's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a question from the BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, Charles muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is."[330] In 2006, Charles filed a court case against the Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[331][85] Mark Bolland, his ex-private secretary, declared in a statement to the High Court that Charles "would readily embrace the political aspects of any contentious issue he was interested in ... He carried it out in a very considered, thoughtful and researched way. He often referred to himself as a 'dissident' working against the prevailing political consensus."[331] Jonathan Dimbleby reported that Charles "has accumulated a number of certainties about the state of the world and does not relish contradiction."[332] In 2015, The Independent noted that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme'."[333] This contract stipulated that all questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and vetted by representatives of Charles.[333] Guest appearances on television Charles has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[334] as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.[335] Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of the Prince's Trust in 2006[336] and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.[337] His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in May 2012.[338] Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences.[339] In December 2015, Channel 4 News revealed that interviews with Charles were subject to a contract that restricts questions to those previously approved, and gives his staff oversight of editing and the right to "remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme". Channel 4 News decided not to proceed with an interview on this basis, which some journalists believed would put them at risk of breaching the Ofcom Broadcasting Code on editorial independence and transparency.[340] Residences and finance Clarence House, Charles's official residence as Prince of Wales from 2003 Clarence House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, was Charles's official London residence from 2003 after being renovated at a cost of £4.5 million.[341][342] He previously shared Apartments 8 and 9 at Kensington Palace with his first wife Diana, before moving to York House, St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence until 2003.[342] As prince, his primary source of income was generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for his use in 1980, and which Charles rents for £336,000 per annum.[343] The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £19.1 million.[344] In 2007 Charles purchased a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence.[345] A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population.[346] Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[347] They also stay at Birkhall for some holidays, which is a private residence on the Balmoral Castle estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[348] In 2016 it was reported that his estates received £100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies.[349] Since 1993 Charles has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[350] In December 2012, His Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[351] The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda-based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's Cambridge contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax.[352] Titles, styles, honours and arms Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles III See also: List of awards received by Charles III A logo with "CR III" and a crown (coloured) Royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Tudor Crown[353] A logo with "CR III" and a crown Stylised version of the Scottish royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Crown of Scotland[353] Titles and styles Charles was originally styled "His Royal Highness Prince Charles of Edinburgh".[354] On his mother's accession in 1952, he automatically acquired the Duchy of Cornwall as the monarch's eldest son and became known as "His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall". Though he continued to hold the title until his accession in 2022, this style was superseded when he was created Prince of Wales in 1958. From then on until he became king, he was generally styled "His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales". In Scotland he was styled, from his mother's accession until his own, "His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay" instead. Between the death of his father in 2021 and the death of his mother, Charles also held the title of Duke of Edinburgh.[355] The title merged with the Crown upon his accession to the throne.[356] Since his accession, he has been styled "His Majesty the King". When conversing with the King, the correct etiquette is to address him initially as Your Majesty and thereafter as Sir.[357] Honours and military appointments Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was commissioned as a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force in 1972. Charles's first honorary appointment in the armed forces was as Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Wales in 1969; since then, he has also been installed as Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel, Honorary Air Commodore, Air Commodore-in-Chief, Deputy Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Honorary Colonel, Royal Colonel, and Honorary Commodore of at least 32 military formations throughout the Commonwealth, including the Royal Gurkha Rifles, which is the only foreign regiment in the British army.[358] Since 2009, Charles holds the second-highest ranks in all three branches of the Canadian Forces and, on 16 June 2012, the Queen awarded him the highest honorary rank in all three branches of the British Armed Forces, "to acknowledge his support in her role as Commander-in-Chief", installing him as Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[359] Charles has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Arms Main article: Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom On his mother's death, Charles became king and therefore inherited the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and Canada. The design of King Charles III's royal cypher, featuring the Tudor crown rather than the St Edward's Crown, was announced on 27 September 2022. According to the College of Arms, the Tudor crown will now be used in representations of the Royal Arms and on uniforms and crown badges.[360] As Prince of Wales, Charles used the arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a white label, and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales surmounted by the heir-apparent's crown. Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales.svg Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (Scotland).svg Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022) Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland Banners, flags, and standards As Prince of Wales Banner of arms Royal Standard of the Prince of Wales Standard for Wales Standard for Scotland Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall Standard of the Prince of Wales for personal use in Canada The banners used by Charles whilst Prince of Wales varied depending upon location. His Personal Standard was the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent, and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces.[361] The personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales (the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales.[361] In Scotland, the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland and Lord of the Isles. The flag is divided into four quadrants like the arms of the Chief of Clan Stewart of Appin; the first and fourth quadrants comprise a gold field with a blue and silver checkered band in the centre; the second and third quadrants display a black galley on a silver field. The arms are differenced from those of Appin by the addition of an inescutcheon bearing the tressured lion rampant of Scotland; defaced by a plain label of three points Azure to indicate the heir apparent.[361] In Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15 bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.[361] In 2011, the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for use in Canada, consisting of the shield of the Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves, and a white label of three points.[362] As sovereign Royal Standard United Kingdom (outside Scotland) Scotland Main article: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom The Royal Standard is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and overseas when he makes official visits. It is the royal arms in banner form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs since 1702. Issue Name Birth Marriage Children Date Spouse William, Prince of Wales 21 June 1982 (age 40) 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 (age 38) 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle Archie Mountbatten-Windsor Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor Ancestry Ancestors of Charles III[363] See also Cultural depictions of Charles III List of current monarchs of sovereign states Notes  As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]  As monarch, Charles is the Supreme Governor of the Anglican Church of England. He is also a member of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.[2]  In addition to his active service listed here, Charles holds ranks and honorary appointments in the armed forces of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom.  In addition to the United Kingdom, the King's fourteen other realms are: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.  Prince Charles's godparents were: the King of the United Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his paternal cousin twice removed and maternal great-great-uncle by marriage, for whom Charles's great-great-uncle the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[7]  The Stuart kings Charles I, who was beheaded, and Charles II who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle. Charles Edward Stuart, once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called "Charles III" by his supporters.[161] References  "The Royal Family name". Official website of the British monarchy. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2009.  "King Charles vows to protect the security of the Church of Scotland" (Press release). The Church of Scotland. 10 September 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.  "Profession reacts to Prince Charles' 10 design principles". architectsjournal.co.uk. 22 December 2014. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.; Forgey, Benjamin (22 February 1990). "Prince Charles, Architecture's Royal pain". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.; "How the Poundbury project became a model for innovation". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2018.  Rourke, Matt (28 January 2007). "Prince Charles to receive environmental award in NYC". USA Today. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.; Alderson, Andrew (14 March 2009). "Prince Charles given 'friend of the forest' award". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.; Lange, Stefan (29 April 2009). "Prince Charles collects award in Germany". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.; "2012 Lifetime Achievement Award Winner – HRH The Prince of Wales". greenawards.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.  "No. 38455". The London Gazette. 15 November 1948. p. 1.  Brandreth 2007, p. 120.  "The Christening of Prince Charles". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 17 December 2021.  "HRH The Prince of Wales | Prince of Wales". www.princeofwales.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 September 2022.  Brandreth 2007, p. 127.  "50 facts about the Queens Coronation". www.royal.uk. 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The Guardian. 10 May 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.  Burrell, Ian (2 December 2015). "Prince Charles: The 15-page contract that reveals how the Prince of Wales tries to control the media". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2015.  "Clarence House". www.royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2014.  "Prince Charles moves into Clarence House". BBC News. 2 August 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2022.  "Living off the State: A Critical Guide to UK Royal Finance" Jon Temple, 2nd Edition, 2012  "Committee publishes report on the Duchy of Cornwall accounts". parliament.uk. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.  "The Prince of Wales – Welsh property for The Duchy of Cornwall". Prince of Wales. 22 November 2006. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.  "Objection to prince's house plan". BBC News. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2012.  "The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall inhabit Llwynywermod for first time". Clarence House. 23 June 2008. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2012.  "Royal Residences". princeofwales.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.; "Birkhall". The Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.; "Royal retreat for grieving prince". BBC News. 10 April 2002. Archived from the original on 14 May 2004. Retrieved 7 February 2012.  Riley-Smith, Ben (22 October 2016). "Queen facing million-pound black hole in estate finances after Brexit". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2021.  "Sovereign Grant Act 2011: guidance". www.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2017.  Booth, Robert (14 December 2012). "Prince Charles's £700m estate accused of tax avoidance". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.  "Prince Charles's estate made big profit on stake in friend's offshore firm". The Guardian. 7 November 2017. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017.  "King Charles: New royal cypher revealed". BBC News. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.  "The London Gazette, Issue 38452, Page 5889". 9 November 1948.  "HRH The Duke of Edinburgh". College of Arms. 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.; "Prince Philip's Duke of Edinburgh title will pass to another royal when Charles is king". 9Honey. 12 April 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.  "Who is Duke of Edinburgh now?". National World. 12 September 2022.  Greeting a member of The Royal Family, Royal Household, 15 January 2016, retrieved 18 April 2016  "The Prince of Wales visits the Royal Gurkha Rifles and Knole House". Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.  "The Queen Appoints the Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank". The Prince of Wales website. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.; "Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces". The Daily Telegraph. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.; "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. p. 23557.  "Royal Cypher". College of Arms. Retrieved 28 September 2022.  "Standards". Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.  "The Prince of Wales". Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges. Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.  Paget, Gerald (1977). The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (2 vols). Edinburgh: Charles Skilton. ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1. Sources Brandreth, Gyles (2007). Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-949087-6. Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X. Holden, Anthony (1979). Prince Charles. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6. Junor, Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110. Lacey, Robert (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0. Smith, Sally Bedell (2000). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9. Further reading Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9. Bower, Tom (2018). The Rebel Prince, The Power, Passion and Defiance of Prince Charles. William Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-829173-0. Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0. Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0. Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9. Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3. Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0. Graham, Caroline (2005). Camilla and Charles: The Love Story. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-195-9. Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House. Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0. Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9. Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0. Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3. Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7. Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9. Jobson, Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams: Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3. Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3. Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles: a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2. Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 978-0-213-16568-0. Martin, Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate (Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04048-2. Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1. Mayer, Catherine (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4. Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1. Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the Clown Prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8. Smith, Sally Bedell (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0. Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0. Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers. External links The King at the Royal Family website The Duke of Cornwall at the Duchy of Cornwall website Charles III at IMDb Appearances on C-SPAN Charles III House of Windsor Cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg Born: 14 November 1948 Regnal titles Preceded by Elizabeth II King of the United Kingdom, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu 8 September 2022 – present Incumbent Heir apparent: The Prince of Wales Honorary titles Preceded by Elizabeth II Head of the Commonwealth 8 September 2022 – present Incumbent British royalty Vacant Title last held by Edward (VIII) Prince of Wales 26 July 1958 – 8 September 2022 Succeeded by The Prince William Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 Peerage of the United Kingdom Preceded by The Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh 9 April 2021 – 8 September 2022 Merged with the Crown Academic offices Preceded by The Earl Mountbatten of Burma President of the United World Colleges 1978–1995 Succeeded by The Queen of Jordan Preceded by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother President of the Royal College of Music 1993–present Incumbent Honorary titles Preceded by The Duke of Gloucester Great Master of the Order of the Bath 10 June 1974 – 8 September 2022 Vacant Order of precedence First Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom HM The King Succeeded by The Prince of Wales vte Charles III King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (2022–present) Realms Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBelizeCanadaGrenadaJamaicaNew ZealandPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSolomon IslandsTuvaluUnited Kingdom Titles and honours Head of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannDuke of NormandyKing's Official Birthday Family Diana, Princess of Wales (first wife)Queen Camilla (second wife)William, Prince of Wales (elder son)Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)Elizabeth II (mother)Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (father)Anne, Princess Royal (sister)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (brother)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar (brother)Mountbatten-Windsor (family) Life as Prince of Wales Investiture of the Prince of WalesFirst wedding guest listSecond weddingOverseas visits 2022 royal tour of Canada2022 State Opening of ParliamentBlack spider memosPrince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd Accession and coronation Proclamation of AccessionCoronation Royal guestsParticipants in the processionMedalHonoursAward Reign HouseholdPrime ministersOperation Menai Bridge Charities and campaigns Mutton Renaissance CampaignThe Prince's Charities British Asian TrustBusiness in the CommunityChildren & the ArtsIn Kind Directiwill CampaignThe Prince's FoundationThe Prince's Foundation for Integrated HealthThe Prince's School of Traditional ArtsThe Prince of Wales's Charitable FundRoyal Drawing SchoolTurquoise Mountain FoundationYouth Business ScotlandThe Prince's May Day NetworkThe Prince's TrustSustainable Markets Initiative Great Reset Residences As King Buckingham Palace (official)Windsor Castle (official)Holyrood Palace (official, Scotland)Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland)Sandringham House (private)Balmoral Castle (private)Craigowan Lodge (private) As Prince of Wales Clarence House (official)Highgrove House (private)BirkhallLlwynywermod Awards given and created List of environmental/social interest awards receivedPrince of Wales's Intelligence Community AwardsPrince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage LeadershipThe Sun Military Awards Business ventures Duchy Home FarmDumfries HouseHighgrove House ShopsPoundburyWaitrose Duchy Organic Popular culture Documentaries Royal Family (1969)Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016) Film and television Her Royal Highness..? (1981)Chorus Girls (1981)Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982)The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–)Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen (2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV serial)King Charles III (play, 2014; film, 2017)The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; play, 2021)The Crown (2019–)The Prince (2021) Publications Bibliography The Old Man of Lochnagar (1980)A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture (1989)Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010) Miscellaneous Prince Charles IslandPrince Charles stream tree frog Links to related articles vte English, Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England until 1603 Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 Alfred the GreatEdward the ElderÆlfweardÆthelstanEdmund IEadredEadwigEdgar the PeacefulEdward the MartyrÆthelred the UnreadySweynEdmund IronsideCnutHarold IHarthacnutEdward the ConfessorHarold GodwinsonEdgar ÆthelingWilliam IWilliam IIHenry IStephenMatildaHenry IIHenry the Young KingRichard IJohnHenry IIIEdward IEdward IIEdward IIIRichard IIHenry IVHenry VHenry VIEdward IVEdward VRichard IIIHenry VIIHenry VIIIEdward VIJaneMary I and PhilipElizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpinDonald IConstantine IÁedGiricEochaidDonald IIConstantine IIMalcolm IIndulfDubCuilénAmlaíbKenneth IIConstantine IIIKenneth IIIMalcolm IIDuncan IMacbethLulachMalcolm IIIDonald IIIDuncan IIEdgarAlexander IDavid IMalcolm IVWilliam IAlexander IIAlexander IIIMargaretJohnRobert IDavid IIEdward BalliolRobert IIRobert IIIJames IJames IIJames IIIJames IVJames VMary IJames VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 James I and VICharles ICharles IIJames II and VIIWilliam III and II and Mary IIAnne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 AnneGeorge IGeorge IIGeorge IIIGeorge IVWilliam IVVictoriaEdward VIIGeorge VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vte Order of precedence in the United Kingdom (gentlemen) Shared (royal family) The KingThe Prince of Wales (in Scotland: the Duke of Rothesay)The Duke of Sussex (in Scotland: the Earl of Dumbarton)Prince George of WalesPrince Louis of WalesArchie Mountbatten-WindsorThe Duke of York (in Scotland: the Earl of Inverness)The Earl of Wessex (in Scotland: the Earl of Forfar)Viscount SevernPeter PhillipsThe Duke of GloucesterThe Duke of KentThe Earl of SnowdonPrince Michael of Kent England and Wales Justin Welby, Archbishop of CanterburyDominic Raab, Lord ChancellorStephen Cottrell, Archbishop of YorkRishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United KingdomSir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of CommonsThe Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Lord Reed of Allermuir, President of the Supreme Court of the United KingdomThe Lord Burnett of Maldon, Lord Chief Justice of England and WalesThe Lord True, Lord Privy SealAmbassadors and High CommissionersThe Baron Carrington, Lord Great ChamberlainThe Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the Horse Scotland Lord LieutenantsSheriffs PrincipalDominic Raab, Lord High ChancellorIain Greenshields, Moderator of the General AssemblyRishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United KingdomAlister Jack, Secretary of State for ScotlandThe Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of ScotlandThe Duke of Argyll, Master of the Household in Scotland Northern Ireland Lords Lieutenant of counties and citiesHigh sheriffs of countiesJohn McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)Dermot Farrell, Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)Michael Jackson, Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)Charles McMullen, Moderator of the Presbyterian ChurchLord Mayor of Belfast and Mayors of boroughs in Northern IrelandDominic Raab, Lord High ChancellorRishi Sunak, Prime Minister of the United KingdomSir Lindsay Hoyle, Commons SpeakerThe Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord SpeakerThe Baron Carrington, Lord Great ChamberlainThe Duke of Norfolk, Earl MarshalThe Earl of Dalhousie, Lord StewardThe Lord Parker of Minsmere, Lord ChamberlainThe Lord de Mauley, Master of the Horse not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers vte British princes The generations indicate descent from George I, who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family. 1st generation King George II 2nd generation Frederick, Prince of WalesPrince George WilliamPrince William, Duke of Cumberland 3rd generation King George IIIPrince Edward, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and EdinburghPrince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and StrathearnPrince Frederick 4th generation King George IVPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyKing William IVPrince Edward, Duke of Kent and StrathearnKing Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexPrince Adolphus, Duke of CambridgePrince OctaviusPrince AlfredPrince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 5th generation Prince Albert1King George V of HanoverPrince George, Duke of Cambridge 6th generation King Edward VIIPrince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Leopold, Duke of AlbanyPrince Ernest Augustus 7th generation Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and AvondaleKing George VPrince Alexander John of WalesAlfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Arthur of ConnaughtPrince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince George William of HanoverPrince Christian of HanoverPrince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 8th generation King Edward VIIIKing George VIPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterPrince George, Duke of KentPrince JohnAlastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and StrathearnJohann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and GothaPrince Ernest Augustus of HanoverPrince George William of Hanover 9th generation Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh2Prince William of GloucesterPrince Richard, Duke of GloucesterPrince Edward, Duke of KentPrince Michael of Kent 10th generation King Charles IIIPrince Andrew, Duke of YorkPrince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar 11th generation William, Prince of WalesPrince Harry, Duke of SussexJames Mountbatten-Windsor, Viscount Severn3 12th generation Prince George of WalesPrince Louis of WalesArchie Mountbatten-Windsor3 1 Not a British prince by birth, but created Prince Consort. 2 Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 3 Status debatable; see James, Viscount Severn#Titles and styles and Archie Mountbatten-Windsor#Title, styles and succession for details. Princes that lost their title and status or did not use the title are shown in italics. vte Princes of Wales Edward (1301–1307)Edward (1343–1376)Richard (1376–1377)Henry (1399–1413)Edward (1454–1471)Richard (1460; disputed)Edward (1471–1483)Edward (1483–1484)Arthur (1489–1502)Henry (1504–1509)Edward (1537–1547)Henry (1610–1612)Charles (1616–1625)Charles (1641–1649)James (1688)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1728–1751)George (1751–1760)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1958–2022)William (2022–present) See also: Principality of Wales vte Dukes of Cornwall Edward (1337–1376)Richard (1376–1377)Henry (1399–1413)Henry (1421–1422)Edward (1453–1471)Richard (1460; disputed)Edward (1470–1483)Edward (1483–1484)Arthur (1486–1502)Henry (1502–1509)Henry (1511)Edward (1537–1547)Henry Frederick (1603–1612)Charles (1612–1625)Charles (1630–1649)James (1688–1701/2)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1727–1751)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1952–2022)William (2022–present) Cornwall Portal vte Dukes of Rothesay David (1398–1402)James (1402–1406)Alexander (1430)James (1430–1437)James (1452–1460)James (1473–1488)James (1507–1508)Arthur (1509–1510)James (1512–1513)James (1540–1541)James (1566–1567)Henry Frederick (1594–1612)Charles (1612–1625)Charles James (1629)Charles (1630–1649)James (1688–1689)George (1714–1727)Frederick (1727–1751)George (1762–1820)Albert Edward (1841–1901)George (1901–1910)Edward (1910–1936)Charles (1952–2022)William (2022–present) vte Dukes of Edinburgh Frederick (1726–1751)George (1751–1760)Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)Alfred (1866–1900)Philip (1947–2021)Charles (2021–2022) vte Monarchs of Canada House of Hanover (1867–1901) Victoria House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1901–1917) Edward VIIGeorge V House of Windsor (1917–present) George VEdward VIIIGeorge VIElizabeth IICharles III vte Heads of state of Jamaica Monarch (from 1962) Elizabeth IICharles III flag Jamaica portal Governor-General (from 1962) BlackburneCampbellGlasspoleCookeHallAllen vte Current monarchs of sovereign states Africa Eswatini Mswati IIILesotho Letsie IIIMorocco Mohammed VI Americas Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Charles III Asia Bahrain Hamad bin Isa Al KhalifaBhutan Jigme Khesar Namgyel WangchuckBrunei Hassanal BolkiahCambodia Norodom SihamoniJapan NaruhitoJordan Abdullah IIKuwait Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-SabahMalaysia Abdullah of PahangOman Haitham bin TariqQatar Tamim bin Hamad Al ThaniSaudi Arabia SalmanThailand Vajiralongkorn Europe Andorra Joan Enric Vives i Sicília and Emmanuel MacronBelgium PhilippeDenmark Margrethe IILiechtenstein Hans-Adam IILuxembourg HenriMonaco Albert IIKingdom of the Netherlands Willem-AlexanderNorway Harald VSpain Felipe VISweden Carl XVI GustafUnited Kingdom Charles IIIVatican City Francis Oceania Australia Cook Islands New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tuvalu Charles IIITonga Tupou VI See also: Current heirs of sovereign monarchies vte Heads of state of the G20 Argentina FernándezAustralia Charles IIIBrazil BolsonaroCanada Charles IIIChina XiEuropean Union MichelFrance MacronGermany SteinmeierIndia MurmuIndonesia JokowiItaly MattarellaJapan NaruhitoMexico López ObradorRussia PutinSaudi Arabia SalmanSouth Africa RamaphosaSouth Korea YoonTurkey ErdoğanUnited Kingdom Charles IIIUnited States Biden vte Great Masters of the Order of the Bath John Montagu, 2nd Duke of MontaguPrince Frederick, Duke of York and AlbanyPrince William, Duke of Clarence and St AndrewsPrince Augustus Frederick, Duke of SussexAlbert, Prince ConsortAlbert Edward, Prince of WalesPrince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and StrathearnPrince Henry, Duke of GloucesterCharles, Prince of Wales CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG vte Monarchies Portals: icon Monarchy flag United Kingdom flag England flag Cornwall icon London flag Scotland flag Wales icon Northern Ireland flag Australia flag Belize flag Canada flag Jamaica flag New Zealand flag Tuvalu Charles III at Wikipedia's sister projects: Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Authority control Edit this at Wikidata General ISNI 12VIAF 1WorldCat National libraries NorwaySpainFrance (data)ArgentinaCataloniaGermanyIsraelUnited StatesLatviaJapanCzech RepublicAustraliaKoreaNetherlandsPolandSweden Art research institutes Artist Names (Getty) Biographical dictionaries Germany Scientific databases CiNii (Japan) Other Faceted Application of Subject TerminologyMusicBrainz artistNational Archives (US)RISM (France) 1RERO (Switzerland) 1Social Networks and Archival ContextSUDOC (France) 1Trove (Australia) 1UK Parliament Categories: Charles III1948 birthsLiving people20th-century British philanthropists20th-century English male writers21st-century British monarchs21st-century philanthropists21st-century English male writersAlumni of Aberystwyth UniversityAlumni of Trinity College, CambridgeBarons GreenwichBritish field marshalsBritish princesChildren of Elizabeth IIDeified peopleDukes of CornwallDukes of EdinburghDukes of RothesayEarls of MerionethEnglish AnglicansEnglish environmentalistsEnglish people of Danish descentEnglish people of German descentEnglish people of Greek descentEnglish people of Russian descentEnglish people of Scottish descentGraduates of the Royal Air Force College CranwellHeads of the CommonwealthHeads of state of AustraliaHeads of state of Antigua and BarbudaHeads of state of the BahamasHeads of state of BelizeHeads of state of CanadaHeads of state of GrenadaHeads of state of JamaicaHeads of state of New ZealandHeads of state of Papua New GuineaHeads of state of Saint Kitts and NevisHeads of state of Saint LuciaHeads of state of Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesHeads of state of the Solomon IslandsHeads of state of TuvaluHeirs to the British throneHonorary air commodoresHouse of WindsorMarshals of the Royal Air ForceMonarchs of the Isle of ManMonarchs of the United KingdomMountbatten-Windsor familyPeople educated at Cheam SchoolPeople educated at Geelong Grammar SchoolPeople educated at GordonstounPeople educated at Hill House SchoolPeople from WestminsterPeople named in the Paradise PapersPhilanthropists from LondonPrinces of the United KingdomPrinces of WalesRoyal Australian Air Force air marshalsRoyal Navy admirals of the fleetSustainability advocatesWriters from LondonSons of monarchsPeople of the National Rifle Association Diana, Princess of Wales Diana Spencer (disambiguation), Lady Di (disambiguation), People's Princess (disambiguation) and Princess Diana (disambiguation). Diana Princess of Wales (more) Diana smiling Diana in June 1997 Born Diana Frances Spencer 1 July 1961 Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom Died 31 August 1997 (aged 36) Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France Cause of death Car accident Burial 6 September 1997 Althorp, Northamptonshire, England Spouse Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III) ​ ​(m. 1981; div. 1996)​ Issue William, Prince of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex House Spencer (by birth) Windsor (by marriage) Father John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer Mother Frances Roche Education Riddlesworth Hall School West Heath Girls' School Institut Alpin Videmanette Signature Lady Diana signature-vect.svg Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of King Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Diana's activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity as well as almost unprecedented public scrutiny. Diana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to the Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were then second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and they divorced in 1996. As Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the acrimonious collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she was a leader of fashion in the 1980s and 1990s. Diana's death in a car crash in Paris in 1997 led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of "unlawful killing" after Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a deep impact on the royal family and British society.[1] Early life Diana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk.[2] She was the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992) and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (née Roche; 1936–2004).[3] The Spencer family had been closely allied with the British royal family for several generations;[4] her grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer, and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[5] Her parents were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week until they settled on Diana Frances after her mother and Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who was also a prospective Princess of Wales.[6] Within the family, she was also known informally as "Duch", a reference to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.[7] On 30 August 1961,[8] Diana was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham.[6] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles.[9] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.[10] The desire for an heir added strain to her parents' marriage, and Lady Althorp was sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the "problem".[6] The experience was described as "humiliating" by Diana's younger brother, Charles: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it."[6] Diana grew up in Park House, situated on the Sandringham estate.[11] The family leased the house from its owner, Queen Elizabeth II, whom Diana called "Aunt Lilibet" since childhood.[12] The royal family frequently holidayed at the neighbouring Sandringham House, and Diana played with the Queen's sons Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.[13] Diana was seven years old when her parents divorced.[14] Her mother later began a relationship with Peter Shand Kydd and married him in 1969.[15] Diana lived with her mother in London during her parents' separation in 1967, but during that year's Christmas holidays, Lord Althorp refused to let his daughter return to London with Lady Althorp. Shortly afterwards, he won custody of Diana with support from his former mother-in-law, Lady Fermoy.[16] In 1976, Lord Althorp married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth.[17] Diana's relationship with her stepmother was particularly bad.[18] She resented Raine, whom she called a "bully". On one occasion Diana pushed her down the stairs.[18] She later described her childhood as "very unhappy" and "very unstable, the whole thing".[19] She became known as Lady Diana after her father later inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975, at which point her father moved the entire family from Park House to Althorp, the Spencer seat in Northamptonshire.[20] Education and career Diana was initially home-schooled under the supervision of her governess, Gertrude Allen.[21] She began her formal education at Silfield Private School in King's Lynn, Norfolk, and moved to Riddlesworth Hall School, an all-girls boarding school near Thetford, when she was nine.[22] She joined her sisters at West Heath Girls' School in Sevenoaks, Kent, in 1973.[23] She did not perform well academically, failing her O-levels twice. Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award from West Heath.[24] She left West Heath when she was sixteen.[25] Her brother Charles recalls her as being quite shy up until that time.[26] She showed a talent for music as an accomplished pianist.[24] She also excelled in swimming and diving, and studied ballet and tap dance.[27] In 1978, Diana worked for three months as a nanny for Philippa and Jeremy Whitaker in Hampshire.[28] After attending Institut Alpin Videmanette (a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland) for one term, and leaving after the Easter term of 1978,[29] Diana returned to London, where she shared her mother's flat with two school friends.[30] In London, she took an advanced cooking course, but seldom cooked for her roommates. She took a series of low-paying jobs; she worked as a dance instructor for youth until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work.[31] She then found employment as a playgroup pre-school assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and acted as a hostess at parties. She spent time working as a nanny for the Robertsons, an American family living in London,[32] and worked as a nursery teacher's assistant at the Young England School in Pimlico.[33] In July 1979, her mother bought her a flat at Coleherne Court in Earl's Court as an 18th birthday present.[34] She lived there with three flatmates until 25 February 1981.[35] Marriage Diana first met the Prince of Wales (later Charles III), Elizabeth II's eldest son and heir apparent, when she was 16 in November 1977. He was then 29 and dating her older sister, Sarah.[36][37] Charles and Diana were guests at a country weekend during the summer of 1980 when she watched him play polo and he took a serious interest in her as a potential bride. The relationship progressed when he invited her aboard the royal yacht Britannia for a sailing weekend to Cowes. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle (the royal family's Scottish residence) to meet his family one weekend in November 1980.[38][39] She was well received by the Queen, the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh. Charles subsequently courted Diana in London. He proposed on 6 February 1981 at Windsor Castle, and she accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for two and a half weeks.[35] Engagement and wedding Further information: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer and Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer The wedding of Charles and Diana commemorated on a 1981 British crown coin Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981.[21] Diana selected her own engagement ring.[21] Following the engagement, she left her occupation as a nursery teacher's assistant and lived for a short period at Clarence House, which was the home of the Queen Mother.[40] She then lived at Buckingham Palace until the wedding,[40] where, according to biographer Ingrid Seward, her life was incredibly lonely.[41] Diana was the first Englishwoman to marry the first in line to the throne since Anne Hyde married the future James II over 300 years earlier, and she was also the first royal bride to have a paying job before her engagement.[24][21] She made her first public appearance with Prince Charles in a charity ball in March 1981 at Goldsmiths' Hall, where she met Grace, Princess of Monaco.[40] Twenty-year-old Diana became the Princess of Wales when she married Charles on 29 July 1981. The wedding was held at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, a church that was generally used for royal nuptials.[24][21] The service was widely described as a "fairytale wedding" and was watched by a global television audience of 750 million people while 600,000 spectators lined the streets to catch a glimpse of the couple en route to the ceremony.[21][42] At the altar, Diana inadvertently reversed the order of his first two names, saying "Philip Charles" Arthur George instead.[42] She did not say she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which caused some comment at the time.[43] Diana wore a dress valued at £9,000 (equivalent to £36,700 in 2021) with a 25-foot (7.62-metre) train.[44] After she became Princess of Wales, Diana automatically acquired rank as the third-highest female in the British order of precedence (after the Queen and the Queen Mother), and was fifth or sixth in the orders of precedence of her other realms, following the Queen, the relevant viceroy, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Prince of Wales. Within a few years of the wedding, the Queen extended Diana visible tokens of membership in the royal family; she lent her the Queen Mary's Lover's Knot Tiara,[45][46] and granted her the badge of the Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II.[47] Children The couple had residences at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury. On 5 November 1981, Diana's pregnancy was announced.[48] In January 1982–12 weeks into the pregnancy—Diana fell down a staircase at Sandringham, suffering some bruising, and the royal gynaecologist Sir George Pinker was summoned from London; the foetus was uninjured.[49] Diana later confessed that she had intentionally thrown herself down the stairs because she was feeling "so inadequate".[50] On 21 June 1982, Diana gave birth to the couple's first son, Prince William.[51] She subsequently suffered from postpartum depression after her first pregnancy.[52] Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William—who was still a baby—on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, and the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, Diana had not initially intended to take William until Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister, made the suggestion.[53] A second son, Harry, was born on 15 September 1984.[54] Diana said she and Charles were closest during her pregnancy with Harry.[55] She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Charles as he was hoping for a girl.[56] Diana gave her sons wider experiences than was usual for royal children.[21][57][58] She rarely deferred to Charles or to the royal family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings, and took them to school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also organised her public duties around their timetables.[59] Diana was reported to have described Harry as "naughty, just like me", and William as "my little wise old man" whom she started to rely on as her confidant by his early teens.[60] Problems and separation Charles and Diana during the royal tour of Australia in 1983 Five years into the marriage, the couple's incompatibility and age difference of 12 years became visible and damaging.[61] In 1986 Diana began a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor and in the same year, Charles resumed his relationship with his former girlfriend Camilla Parker Bowles. The media speculated that Hewitt, not Charles, was Harry's father based on the alleged physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry, but Hewitt and others have denied this. Harry was born two years before Hewitt and Diana began their affair.[55][62] By 1987, cracks in their marriage had become visible and the couple's unhappiness and cold attitude towards one another were being reported by the press,[41][63] who dubbed them "The Glums" due to their evident discomfort in each other's company.[64] In 1989, Diana was at a birthday party for Camilla's sister, Annabel Elliot, when she confronted Camilla about her and Charles's extramarital affair.[65][66] These affairs were later exposed in May 1992 with the publication of Andrew Morton's book, Diana: Her True Story.[67][68] The book, which also revealed Diana's allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. In 1991, James Colthurst conducted secret interviews with Diana in which she had talked about her marital issues and difficulties. These recordings were later used as a source for Morton's book.[69][70] During her lifetime, both Diana and Morton denied her direct involvement in the writing process and maintained that family and friends were the book's main source, however, after her death Morton acknowledged Diana's role in writing the tell-all in the book's updated edition, Diana: Her True Story in Her Own Words.[71] The Queen and Prince Philip hosted a meeting between Charles and Diana and unsuccessfully tried to effect a reconciliation.[72] Philip wrote to Diana and expressed his disappointment at the extramarital affairs of both her and Charles; he asked her to examine their behaviour from the other's point of view.[73] The Duke was direct and Diana was sensitive.[74] She found the letters hard to take, but nevertheless appreciated that he was acting with good intent.[75] It was alleged by some people, including Diana's close friend Simone Simmons, that Diana and her former father-in-law, Prince Philip, had a relationship filled with tension;[76][77][78] however, other observers said their letters provided no sign of friction between them.[79] Philip later issued a statement, publicly denying the allegations of him insulting Diana.[80] During 1992 and 1993, leaked tapes of telephone conversations reflected negatively on both Charles and Diana. Tape recordings of Diana and James Gilbey were made public in August 1992,[81] and transcripts were published the same month.[21] The article, "Squidgygate", was followed in November 1992 by the leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges between Charles and Camilla, published in the tabloids.[82][83] In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the couple's "amicable separation" to the House of Commons.[84][85] The Princess of Wales carrying out an engagement in South Shields, 1992 Between 1992 and 1993, Diana hired voice coach Peter Settelen to help her develop her public speaking voice.[86] In a videotape recorded by Settelen in 1992, Diana said that in 1984 through to 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[87][88] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[89] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[88][90] Diana said in the tape that Mannakee had been "chucked out" from his role as her bodyguard following suspicion that the two were having an affair.[87] Penny Junor suggested in her 1998 book that Diana was in a romantic relationship with Mannakee.[91] Diana's friends dismissed the claim as absurd.[91] In the subsequently released tapes, Diana said she had feelings for that "someone", saying "I was quite happy to give all this up [and] just to go off and live with him". She described him as "the greatest friend [she's] ever had", though she denied any sexual relationship with him.[92] She also spoke bitterly of her husband saying that "[He] made me feel so inadequate in every possible way, that each time I came up for air he pushed me down again."[93][94] Charles's aunt Princess Margaret burned "highly personal" letters that Diana had written to the Queen Mother in 1993. Biographer William Shawcross considered Margaret's action to be "understandable" as she was "protecting her mother and other members of the family", but "regrettable from a historical viewpoint".[95] Although she blamed Camilla Parker Bowles for her marital troubles, Diana began to believe her husband had also been involved in other affairs. In October 1993, Diana wrote to her butler Paul Burrell, telling him that she believed her husband was now in love with his personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke—who was also his sons' former nanny—and was planning to have her killed "to make the path clear for him to marry Tiggy".[96][97] Legge-Bourke had been hired by Charles as a young companion for his sons while they were in his care, and Diana was resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.[98] Prince Charles sought public understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In the interview, he said he had rekindled his relationship with Camilla in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[99][100][101] In the same year, Diana's affair with James Hewitt was exposed in detail in the book Princess in Love by Anna Pasternak, with Hewitt acting as the main source.[60] Diana was evidently disturbed and outraged when the book was released, although Pasternak claimed Hewitt had acted with Diana's support to avoid having the affair covered in Andrew Morton's second book.[60] In the same year, the News of the World claimed that Diana had made over 300 phone calls to the married art dealer Oliver Hoare.[102][103] These calls were proven to have been made both from her Kensington Palace apartment and from the phone box just outside the palace. According to Hoare's obituary, there was little doubt she had been in a relationship with him.[104] However, Diana denied any romantic relationship with Hoare, whom she described as a friend, and said that "a young boy" was the source of the nuisance calls made to Hoare.[105][106] She was also linked by the press to rugby union player Will Carling[107][108] and private equity investor Theodore J. Forstmann,[109][110] yet these claims were neither confirmed nor proven.[111][112] Divorce The Princess of Wales in Russia, 1995 Journalist Martin Bashir interviewed Diana for the BBC current affairs show Panorama. The interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995.[113] Diana discussed her own and her husband's extramarital affairs.[114] Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[113] Authors Tina Brown, Sally Bedell Smith, and Sarah Bradford support Diana's admission in the interview that she had suffered from depression, "rampant bulimia" and had engaged numerous times in the act of self mutilation; the show's transcript records Diana confirming many of her mental health problems, including that she had "hurt [her] arms and legs".[113] The combination of illnesses from which Diana herself said she suffered resulted in some of her biographers opining that she had borderline personality disorder.[115][116] It was later revealed that Bashir had used forged bank statements to win Diana and her brother's trust to secure the interview, falsely indicating people close to her had been paid for spying.[117] The interview proved to be the tipping point. On 20 December, Buckingham Palace announced that the Queen had sent letters to Charles and Diana, advising them to divorce.[118][119] The Queen's move was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks.[120] Charles formally agreed to the divorce in a written statement soon after.[118] In February 1996, Diana announced her agreement after negotiations with Charles and representatives of the Queen,[121] irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of the divorce agreement and its terms. In July 1996, the couple agreed on the terms of their divorce.[122] This followed shortly after Diana's accusation that Charles's personal assistant Tiggy Legge-Bourke had aborted his child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed her attorney Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology.[123][124] Diana's private secretary Patrick Jephson resigned shortly before the story broke, later writing that she had "exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an abortion".[125][126] The rumours of Legge-Bourke's alleged abortion were apparently spread by Martin Bashir as a means to gain his Panorama interview with Diana.[127] The decree nisi was granted on 15 July 1996 and the divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996.[128][129] Diana was represented by Anthony Julius in the case.[130] She received a lump sum settlement of £17 million (equivalent to £33,947,736 in 2021) as well as £400,000 per year. The couple signed a confidentiality agreement that prohibited them from discussing the details of the divorce or of their married life.[131][122] Days before, letters patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. Diana lost the style "Her Royal Highness" and instead was styled Diana, Princess of Wales. As the mother of the prince expected to one day ascend to the throne, she continued to be regarded as a member of the royal family and was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed during her marriage.[132] The Queen reportedly wanted to let Diana continue to use the style of Royal Highness after her divorce, but Charles had insisted on removing it.[122] Prince William was reported to have reassured his mother: "Don't worry, Mummy, I will give it back to you one day when I am King."[133] Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, Prince Philip had warned Diana: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." She is said to have replied: "My title is a lot older than yours, Philip."[134] Public life Public appearances Diana in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in 1983 Following her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana made her first official public appearance in March 1981 in a charity event at Goldsmiths' Hall.[135][136] She attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 1981, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. In October 1981, Charles and Diana visited Wales.[24][137] Diana attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time on 4 November 1981.[138] Her first solo engagement was a visit to Regent Street on 18 November 1981 to switch on the Christmas lights.[139] Diana made her inaugural overseas tour in September 1982, to attend the state funeral of Grace, Princess of Monaco.[24] Also in 1982, Diana was created a Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown by Queen Beatrix.[140] In 1983, she accompanied Charles on a tour of Australia and New Zealand with Prince William. The tour was a success and the couple drew immense crowds, though the press focused more on Diana rather than Charles, coining the term 'Dianamania' as a reference to people's obsession with her.[141] While sitting in a car with Charles near the Sydney Opera House, Diana burst into tears for a few minutes, which their office stated was due to jet lag and the heat.[142] In New Zealand, the couple met with representatives of the Māori people.[24] Their visit to Canada in June and July 1983 included a trip to Edmonton to open the 1983 Summer Universiade and a stop in Newfoundland to commemorate the 400th anniversary of that island's acquisition by the Crown.[143] In 1983, she was targeted by the Scottish National Liberation Army who tried to deliver a letter bomb to her.[144] The Prince and Princess of Wales with Nancy Reagan and Ronald Reagan in November 1985 In February 1984, Diana was the patron of London City Ballet when she travelled to Norway on her own to attend a performance organised by the company.[24] In April 1985, Charles and Diana visited Italy, and were later joined by Princes William and Harry.[24] They met with President Alessandro Pertini. Their visit to the Holy See included a private audience with Pope John Paul II.[145] In autumn 1985, they returned to Australia, and their tour was well-received by the public and the media, who referred to Diana as "Di-amond Princess" and the "Jewel in the Crown".[146] In November 1985, the couple visited the United States,[24] meeting President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House. Diana had a busy year in 1986 as she and Charles toured Japan, Spain, and Canada.[143] In Canada, they visited Expo 86,[143] where Diana fainted in the California Pavilion.[147][148] In November 1986, she went on a six-day tour to Oman, Qatar, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, where she met King Fahd and Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said.[149] In 1988, Charles and Diana visited Thailand and toured Australia for the bicentenary celebrations.[24][150] In February 1989, she spent a few days in New York as a solo visit, mainly to promote the works of the Welsh National Opera, of which she was a patron.[151] During a tour of Harlem Hospital Center, she made a profound impact on the public by spontaneously hugging a seven-year-old child with AIDS.[152] In March 1989, she had her second trip to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, in which she visited Kuwait and the UAE.[149] Diana with US First Lady Barbara Bush in the Yellow Oval Room, 1990 In March 1990, Diana and Charles toured Nigeria and Cameroon.[153] The president of Cameroon hosted an official dinner to welcome them in Yaoundé.[153] Highlights of the tour included visits by Diana to hospitals and projects focusing on women's development.[153] In May 1990, they visited Hungary for four days.[152][154] It was the first visit by members of the royal family to "a former Warsaw Pact country".[152] They attended a dinner hosted by President Árpád Göncz and viewed a fashion display at the Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest.[154] Peto Institute was among the places visited by Diana, and she presented its director with an honorary OBE.[152] In November 1990, the royal couple went to Japan to attend the enthronement of Emperor Akihito.[24][155] In her desire to play an encouraging role during the Gulf War, Diana visited Germany in December 1990 to meet with the families of soldiers.[152] She subsequently travelled to Germany in January 1991 to visit RAF Bruggen, and later wrote an encouraging letter which was published in Soldier, Navy News and RAF News.[152] In 1991, Charles and Diana visited Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where they presented the university with a replica of their royal charter.[156] In September 1991, Diana visited Pakistan on a solo trip, and went to Brazil with Charles.[157] During the Brazilian tour, Diana paid visits to organisations that battled homelessness among street children.[157] Her final trips with Charles were to India and South Korea in 1992.[24] She visited Mother Teresa's hospice in Kolkata, India.[158] The two women met later in the same month in Rome[159] and developed a personal relationship.[158] It was also during the Indian tour that pictures of Diana alone in front of the Taj Mahal made headlines.[160][161][162] In May 1992, she went on a solo tour of Egypt, visiting the Giza pyramid complex and attending a meeting with Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak.[163][164] In November 1992, she went on an official solo trip to France and had an audience with President François Mitterrand.[165] In March 1993, she went on her first solo trip after her separation from Charles, visiting a leprosy hospital in Nepal where she met and came into contact with some patients, marking the first time they had ever been touched by a dignitary who had come to visit.[166] In December 1993, she announced that she would withdraw from public life, but in November 1994 she said she wished to "make a partial return".[24][152] In her capacity as the vice-president of British Red Cross, she was interested in playing an important role for its 125th anniversary celebrations.[152] Later, the Queen formally invited her to attend the anniversary celebrations of D-Day.[24] In February 1995, Diana visited Japan.[155] She paid a formal visit to Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko,[155] and visited the National Children's Hospital in Tokyo.[167] In June 1995, Diana went to the Venice Biennale art festival,[168] and also visited Moscow where she received the International Leonardo Prize.[169][170] In November 1995, Diana undertook a four-day trip to Argentina to attend a charity event.[171] She visited many other countries, including Belgium, Switzerland, and Zimbabwe, alongside numerous others.[24] During her separation from Charles, which lasted for almost four years, Diana participated in major national occasions as a senior member of the royal family, notably including "the commemorations of the 50th anniversaries of Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day" in 1995.[24] Her 36th and final birthday celebration was held at Tate Gallery, which was also a commemorative event for the gallery's 100th anniversary.[24] In July 1997, Diana attended Gianni Versace's funeral in Milan, Italy.[172] Charity work and patronage In 1983, she confided to the Premier of Newfoundland, Brian Peckford, "I am finding it very difficult to cope with the pressures of being Princess of Wales, but I am learning to cope with it."[173] She was expected to make regular public appearances at hospitals, schools, and other facilities, in the 20th-century model of royal patronage. From the mid-1980s, she became increasingly associated with numerous charities. She carried out 191 official engagements in 1988[174] and 397 in 1991.[175] Diana developed an intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In recognition of her effect as a philanthropist, Stephen Lee, director of the UK Institute of Charity Fundraising Managers, said "Her overall effect on charity is probably more significant than any other person's in the 20th century."[176] Diana at the official opening of the community centre on Whitehall Road, Bristol, in May 1987 She was the patroness of charities and organisations who worked with the homeless, youth, drug addicts, and the elderly. From 1989, she was president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. She was patron of the Natural History Museum[177][178] and president of the Royal Academy of Music.[123][179][177] From 1984 to 1996, she was president of Barnardo's, a charity founded by Dr. Thomas John Barnardo in 1866 to care for vulnerable children and young people.[180][177] In 1988, she became patron of the British Red Cross and supported its organisations in other countries such as Australia and Canada.[152] She made several lengthy visits each week to Royal Brompton Hospital, where she worked to comfort seriously ill or dying patients.[158] From 1991 to 1996, she was a patron of Headway, a brain injury association.[177][181] In 1992, she became the first patron of Chester Childbirth Appeal, a charity she had supported since 1984.[182] The charity, which is named after one of Diana's royal titles, could raise over £1 million with her help.[182] In 1994, she helped her friend Julia Samuel launch the charity Child Bereavement UK which supports children "of military families, those of suicide victims, [and] terminally-ill parents", and became its patron.[183] Prince William later replaced his mother as the charity's royal patron.[184] Her patronages also included Landmine Survivors Network,[179] Help the Aged,[179][177] the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery,[179][177] the British Lung Foundation,[179][177] Eureka! (joint patron with Prince Charles),[179][177] the National Children's Orchestra,[179][177][152] British Red Cross Youth,[185][177] the Guinness Trust,[177] Meningitis Trust,[177][152] the Malcolm Sargent Cancer Fund for Children,[177][152] the Royal School for the Blind,[177][152] Welsh National Opera,[177][152] the Variety Club of New Zealand,[186][177] Birthright,[177][187] the British Deaf Association (for which she learned sign language),[185][177][188] All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club,[177] Anglo-European College of Chiropractic,[177] Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland,[177] Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital,[177] British Sports Association for the Disabled,[177] British Youth Opera,[177] Faculty of Dental Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of England,[177] London City Ballet,[177] London Symphony Orchestra,[177] Pre-School Playgroups Association,[177][152] as well as president or patron of other charities.[177] In 1987, Diana was awarded the Honorary Freedom of the City of London, the highest honour which is in the power of the City of London to bestow on someone.[189][190] In June 1995, she travelled to Moscow. She paid a visit to a children's hospital she had previously supported when she provided them with medical equipment. In Moscow, she received the International Leonardo Prize, which is given to "the most distinguished patrons and people in the arts, medicine, and sports".[191] In December 1995, Diana received the United Cerebral Palsy Humanitarian of the Year Award in New York City for her philanthropic efforts.[192][193][194] In October 1996, for her works on the elderly, she was awarded a gold medal at a health care conference organised by the Pio Manzù Centre in Rimini, Italy.[195] The day after her divorce, she announced her resignation from over 100 charities and retained patronages of only six: Centrepoint, English National Ballet, Great Ormond Street Hospital, The Leprosy Mission, National AIDS Trust, and the Royal Marsden Hospital.[196] She continued her work with the British Red Cross Anti-Personnel Land Mines Campaign, but was no longer listed as patron.[197][198] In May 1997, Diana opened the Richard Attenborough Centre for Disability and the Arts in Leicester, after being asked by her friend Richard Attenborough.[199] In June 1997 and at the suggestion of her son William, some of her dresses and suits were sold at Christie's auction houses in London and New York, and the proceeds that were earned from these events were donated to charities.[24] Her final official engagement was a visit to Northwick Park Hospital, London, on 21 July 1997.[24] She was scheduled to attend a fundraiser at the Osteopathic Centre for Children on 4 September 1997, upon her return from Paris.[200] HIV/AIDS Diana began her work with AIDS patients in the 1980s.[201] She was not averse to making physical contact with AIDS patients,[158][202][203] and was the first British royal figure to do so.[201] In 1987, she held hands with an AIDS patient in one of her early efforts to de-stigmatise the condition.[204][205] Diana noted: "HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it. What's more, you can share their homes, their workplaces, and their playgrounds and toys."[152][206][207] To Diana's disappointment, the Queen did not support this type of charity work, suggesting she get involved in "something more pleasant".[201] In 1989, she opened Landmark Aids Centre in South London.[208][209] In October 1990, Diana opened Grandma's House, a home for young AIDS patients in Washington, D.C.[210] She was also a patron of the National AIDS Trust and regularly visited London Lighthouse, which provided residential care for HIV patients.[152][211] In 1991, she hugged one patient during a visit to the AIDS ward of the Middlesex Hospital,[152] which she had opened in 1987 as the first hospital unit dedicated to this cause in the UK.[204][212] As the patron of Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, Diana visited its project in London for people with HIV/AIDS in 1992.[213] She later established and led fundraising campaigns for AIDS research.[21] In March 1997, Diana visited South Africa, where she met with President Nelson Mandela.[214][215] On 2 November 2002, Mandela announced that the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund would be teaming up with the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to help people with AIDS.[216] They had planned the combination of the two charities a few months before her death.[216] Mandela later praised Diana for her efforts surrounding the issue of HIV/AIDS: "When she stroked the limbs of someone with leprosy or sat on the bed of a man with HIV/AIDS and held his hand, she transformed public attitudes and improved the life chances of such people".[217] Diana had used her celebrity status to "fight stigma attached to people living with HIV/AIDS", Mandela said.[216] In 2009, a panel including Sir Ian McKellen and Alan Hollinghurst chose Diana's portrait to be shown in the Gay Icons exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, London.[218] In October 2017, the Attitude magazine honoured Diana with its Legacy Award for her HIV/AIDS work. Prince Harry accepted the award on behalf of his mother.[212][219] Landmines US First Lady Hillary Clinton and Diana chat in the Map Room following a landmines campaign fund-raiser, June 1997 Diana was the patron of the HALO Trust, an organisation that removes debris—particularly landmines—left behind by war.[220][221] In January 1997, pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide.[220][221] During her campaign, she was accused of meddling in politics and called a "loose cannon" by Earl Howe, an official in the British Ministry of Defence.[222] Despite the criticism, HALO states that Diana's efforts resulted in raising international awareness about landmines and the subsequent sufferings caused by them.[220][221] In June 1997, she gave a speech at a landmines conference held at the Royal Geographical Society, and travelled to Washington, D.C. to help promote the American Red Cross landmines campaign.[24] From 7 to 10 August 1997, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia and Herzegovina with Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network.[24][223][224][225] Her work on the landmines issue has been described as influential in the signing of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[226] Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines: All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[227] A few months after Diana's death in 1997, the International Campaign to Ban Landmines won the Nobel Peace Prize.[228] Cancer For her first solo official trip, Diana visited The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, a cancer treatment hospital in London.[186] She later chose this charity to be among the organisations that benefited from the auction of her clothes in New York.[186] The trust's communications manager said she did "much to remove the stigma and taboo associated with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, HIV and leprosy".[186] Diana became president of the hospital on 27 June 1989.[229][230][231] The Wolfson Children's Cancer Unit was opened by Diana on 25 February 1993.[229] In February 1996, Diana, who had been informed about a newly opened cancer hospital built by Imran Khan, travelled to Pakistan to visit its children's cancer wards and attend a fundraising dinner in aid of the charity in Lahore.[232] She later visited the hospital again in May 1997.[233] In June 1996, she travelled to Chicago in her capacity as president of the Royal Marsden Hospital in order to attend a fundraising event at the Field Museum of Natural History and raised more than £1 million for cancer research.[152] She additionally visited patients at the Cook County Hospital and delivered remarks at a conference on breast cancer at the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law after meeting a group of breast cancer researchers.[234] In September 1996, after being asked by Katharine Graham, Diana went to Washington and appeared at a White House breakfast in respect of the Nina Hyde Center for Breast Cancer Research.[235] She also attended an annual fund-raiser for breast cancer research organised by The Washington Post at the same centre.[21][236] In 1988, Diana opened Children with Leukaemia (later renamed Children with Cancer UK) in memory of two young cancer victims.[237][238][239] In November 1987, a few days after the death of Jean O'Gorman from cancer, Diana met her family.[237][238] The deaths of Jean and her brother affected her and she assisted their family to establish the charity.[237][238][239] It was opened by her on 12 January 1988 at Mill Hill Secondary School, and she supported it until her death in 1997.[237][239] Other areas In November 1989, Diana visited a leprosy hospital in Indonesia.[240][201] Following her visit, she became patron of the Leprosy Mission, an organisation dedicated to providing medicine, treatment, and other support services to those who are afflicted with the disease. She remained the patron of this charity[196] and visited several of its hospitals around the world, especially in India, Nepal, Zimbabwe and Nigeria until her death in 1997.[152][241] She touched those affected by the disease when many people believed it could be contracted through casual contact.[152][240] "It has always been my concern to touch people with leprosy, trying to show in a simple action that they are not reviled, nor are we repulsed", she commented.[241] The Diana Princess of Wales Health Education and Media Centre in Noida, India, was opened in her honour in November 1999, funded by the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fund to give social support to the people affected by leprosy and disability.[241] Diana was a long-standing and active supporter of Centrepoint, a charity which provides accommodation and support to homeless people, and became patron in 1992.[242][243] She supported organisations that battle poverty and homelessness, including the Passage.[244] Diana was a supporter of young homeless people and spoke out on behalf of them by saying that "they deserve a decent start in life".[245] "We, as a part of society, must ensure that young people—who are our future—are given the chance they deserve", she said.[245] Diana used to take young William and Harry for private visits to Centrepoint services and homeless shelters.[21][242][246] "The young people at Centrepoint were always really touched by her visits and by her genuine feelings for them", said one of the charity's staff members.[247] Prince William later became the patron of this charity.[242] Diana visiting the drug squad of the West Midlands Police in 1987 Diana was a staunch and longtime supporter of charities and organisations that focused on social and mental issues, including Relate and Turning Point.[152] Relate was relaunched in 1987 as a renewed version to its predecessor, the National Marriage Guidance Council. Diana became its patron in 1989.[152] Turning Point, a health and social care organisation, was founded in 1964 to help and support those affected by drug and alcohol misuse and mental health problems. She became the charity's patron in 1987 and visited the charity on a regular basis, meeting the sufferers at its centres or institutions including Rampton and Broadmoor.[152] In 1990 during a speech for Turning Point she said, "It takes professionalism to convince a doubting public that it should accept back into its midst many of those diagnosed as psychotics, neurotics and other sufferers who Victorian communities decided should be kept out of sight in the safety of mental institutions."[152] Despite the protocol problems of travelling to a Muslim country, she made a trip to Pakistan later that year in order to visit a rehabilitation centre in Lahore as a sign of "her commitment to working against drug abuse".[152] Privacy and legal issues In November 1980, the Sunday Mirror ran a story claiming that Charles had used the Royal Train twice for secret love rendezvous with Diana, prompting the palace to issue a statement, calling the story "a total fabrication" and demanding an apology.[248][249] The newspaper editors, however, insisted that the woman boarding the train was Diana and declined to apologise.[248] In February 1982, pictures of a pregnant Diana in bikini while holidaying were published in the media. The Queen subsequently released a statement and called it "the blackest day in the history of British journalism."[250] In 1993, Mirror Group Newspapers (MGN) published photographs of Diana that were taken by gym owner Bryce Taylor. The photos showed her exercising in the gym LA Fitness wearing "a leotard and cycling shorts".[251][252] Diana lawyers immediately filed a criminal complaint that sought "a permanent ban on the sale and publication of the photographs" around the world.[251][252] However, some newspapers outside the UK published the pictures.[251] The courts granted an injunction against Taylor and MGN that prohibited "further publication of the pictures".[251] MGN later issued an apology after facing much criticism from the public and gave Diana £1 million as a payment for her legal costs, while donating £200,000 to her charities.[251] LA Fitness issued its own apology in June 1994, which was followed by Taylor apologising in February 1995 and giving up the £300,000 he had made from the sale of pictures in an out-of-court settlement about a week before the case was set to start.[251] It was alleged that a member of the royal family had helped him financially to settle out of court.[251] In 1994, pictures of Diana sunbathing topless at a Costa del Sol hotel were put up for sale by a Spanish photography agency for a price of £1 million.[253] In 1996, a set of pictures of a topless Diana while sunbathing appeared in the Mirror, which resulted in "a furor about invasion of privacy".[60] In the same year, she was the subject of a hoax call by Victor Lewis-Smith, who pretended to be Stephen Hawking, though the full recorded conversation was never released.[254] Personal life after divorce Diana meeting with Sri Chinmoy at Kensington Palace in May 1997 After her 1996 divorce, Diana retained the double apartment on the north side of Kensington Palace that she had shared with Charles since the first year of their marriage; the apartment remained her home until her death the following year. She also moved her offices to Kensington Palace but was permitted "to use the state apartments at St James's Palace".[122][255] In a book published in 2003, Paul Burrell claimed Diana's private letters had revealed that her brother, Lord Spencer, had refused to allow her to live at Althorp, despite her request.[124] She was also given an allowance to run her private office, which was responsible for her charity work and royal duties, but from September 1996 onwards she was required to pay her bills and "any expenditure" incurred by her or on her behalf.[256] Furthermore, she continued to have access to the jewellery that she had received during her marriage, and was allowed to use the air transport of the British royal family and government.[122] Diana was also offered security by Metropolitan Police's Royalty Protection Group, which she benefitted from while travelling with her sons, but had refused it in the final years of her life, in an attempt to distance herself from the royal family.[257][258] Diana dated the British-Pakistani heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, who was called "the love of her life" by many of her closest friends after her death,[259][260][261] and she is said to have described him as "Mr. Wonderful".[262][263][264][265] In May 1996, Diana visited Lahore upon invitation of Imran Khan, a relative of Hasnat Khan, and visited the latter's family in secret.[266][267] Khan was intensely private and the relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press who questioned her about it. Their relationship lasted almost two years with differing accounts of who ended it.[267][268] She is said to have spoken of her distress when he ended their relationship.[259] However, according to Khan's testimony at the inquest into her death, it was Diana who ended their relationship in the summer of 1997.[269] Burrell also said the relationship was ended by Diana in July 1997.[76] Burrell also claimed that Diana's mother, Frances Shand Kydd, disapproved of her daughter's relationship with a Muslim man.[270] By the time of Diana's death in 1997, she had not spoken to her mother in four months.[271][272] By contrast, her relationship with her estranged stepmother had reportedly improved.[273][274] Within a month, Diana began a relationship with Dodi Fayed, the son of her summer host, Mohamed Al-Fayed.[275] That summer, Diana had considered taking her sons on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York, but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the Jonikal, a 60-metre multimillion-pound yacht on which to entertain Diana and her sons.[275][276][277] Tina Brown later claimed that Diana's romance with Fayed and her four-month relationship with Gulu Lalvani were a ploy "to inflame the true object of her affections, Hasnat Khan".[60] In the years after her death, Burrell, journalist Richard Kay, and voice coach Stewart Pierce have claimed that Diana was also thinking about buying a property in the United States.[278][279][280] Death Main article: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales East entrance to the Pont de l'Alma tunnel[281] On 31 August 1997, Diana died in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel in Paris while the driver was fleeing the paparazzi.[282] The crash also resulted in the deaths of her companion Dodi Fayed and the driver, Henri Paul, who was the acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Trevor Rees-Jones, who was employed as a bodyguard by Dodi's father,[283] survived the crash, suffering a serious head injury. The televised funeral, on 6 September, was watched by a British television audience that peaked at 32.10 million, which was one of the United Kingdom's highest viewing figures ever. Millions more watched the event around the world.[284][285] Tribute, funeral, and burial Main article: Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales Further information: Althorp § Diana grave, memorial, and exhibition Flowers outside Kensington Palace The sudden and unexpected death of an extraordinarily popular royal figure brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by members of the public.[286][287][288] People left flowers, candles, cards, and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months. Her coffin, draped with the royal flag, was brought to London from Paris by Prince Charles and Diana's two sisters on 31 August 1997.[289][290] The coffin was taken to a private mortuary and then placed in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace.[289] On 5 September, Queen Elizabeth II paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast.[24] Diana's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 6 September. Her sons walked in the funeral procession behind her coffin, along with her ex-husband the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Edinburgh, Diana's brother Lord Spencer, and representatives of some of her charities.[24] Lord Spencer said of his sister, "She proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic."[291] Re-written in tribute to Diana, "Candle in the Wind 1997" was performed by Elton John at the funeral service (the only occasion the song has been performed live).[292] Released as a single in 1997, the global proceeds from the song have gone to Diana's charities.[292][293][294] Diana's coffin, draped in the royal standard with ermine border, borne through London to Westminster Abbey The burial took place privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads that she had received from Mother Teresa was placed in her hands. Diana's grave is on an island (52.283082°N 1.000278°W) within the grounds of Althorp Park, the Spencer family home for centuries.[295] The burial party was provided by the 2nd Battalion The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, who carried Diana's coffin across to the island and laid her to rest. Diana was the Regiment's Colonel-in-Chief from 1992 to 1996.[296] The original plan was for Diana to be buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Lord Spencer said he was concerned about public safety and security and the onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided Diana would be buried where her grave could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by William, Harry, and other relatives.[297] Conspiracy theories, inquest and verdict Main article: Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales The initial French judicial investigation concluded that the crash was caused by Paul's intoxication, reckless driving, speeding, and effects of prescription drugs.[298] In February 1998, Mohamed Al-Fayed, father of Dodi Fayed, publicly said the crash, which killed his son, had been planned[299] and accused MI6 and the Duke of Edinburgh.[300] An inquest that started in London in 2004 and continued in 2007–08[301] attributed the crash to grossly negligent driving by Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi, who forced Paul to speed into the tunnel.[302] On 7 April 2008, the jury returned a verdict of "unlawful killing". On the day after the final verdict of the inquest, Al-Fayed announced that he would end his 10-year campaign to establish that the tragedy was murder; he said he did so for the sake of Diana's children.[303] Later events Finances Following her death, Diana left a £21 million estate, "netting £17 million after estate taxes", which were left in the hands of trustees, her mother, and her sister, Lady Sarah.[304][305] The will was signed in June 1993, but Diana had it modified in February 1996 to remove the name of her personal secretary from the list of trustees and have her sister replace him.[306] After applying personal and inheritance taxes, a net estate of £12.9 million was left to be distributed among the beneficiaries.[307] Her two sons subsequently inherited the majority of her estate. Each of them was left with £6.5 million which was invested and gathered substantial interest, and an estimated £10 million was given to each son upon turning 30 years old in 2012 and 2014 respectively.[308][309] Many of Diana's possessions were initially left in the care of her brother who put them on show in Althorp twice a year until they were returned to the princes.[308][304] They were also put on display in American museums and as of 2011 raised two million dollars for charities.[304] Among the objects were her dresses and suits along with numerous family paintings, jewels and two diamond tiaras.[308] Diana's engagement ring and her yellow gold watch were given to Harry and William, respectively. The brothers eventually exchanged mementos and William later passed the ring to his wife, Catherine Middleton. The ownership of Diana's wedding dress was also given to her sons.[308][310][311] In addition to her will,[305] Diana had also written a letter of wishes in which she had asked for three-quarters of her personal property to be given to her sons, and dividing the remaining quarter (aside from the jewellery) between her 17 godchildren.[304] Despite Diana's wishes, the executors (her mother and sister) "petitioned the probate court for a "variance" of the will", and the letter of wishes was ignored "because it did not contain certain language required by British law".[304] Eventually, one item from Diana's estate was given to each of her godchildren, while they would have received £100,000 each, had a quarter of her estate been divided between them.[304] The variance also prevented the estate from being distributed between her sons at the age of 25 but postponed it until they were 30.[304][305] Diana also left her butler Paul Burrell around £50,000 in cash.[307][305] Subject of U.S. government surveillance In 1999, after the submission of a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the Internet news service apbonline.com, it was revealed that Diana had been placed under surveillance by the National Security Agency until her death, and the organisation kept a top secret file on her containing more than 1,000 pages.[312][313] The contents of Diana's NSA file cannot be disclosed because of national security concerns.[312] The NSA officials insisted Diana was not a "target of [their] massive, worldwide electronic eavesdropping infrastructure."[312] Despite multiple inquiries for the files to be declassified—with one of the notable ones being filed by Mohamed Al-Fayed—the NSA has refused to release the documents.[313] In 2008, Ken Wharfe, a former bodyguard of Diana, claimed that her scandalous conversations with James Gilbey (commonly referred to as the Squidgygate) were in fact recorded by the GCHQ, which intentionally released them on a "loop".[314] People close to Diana believed the action was intended to defame her.[314] Wharfe said Diana herself believed that members of the royal family were all being monitored, though he also stated that the main reason for it could be the potential threats of the IRA.[314] Anniversaries, commemorations, and auctions On the first anniversary of Diana's death, people left flowers and bouquets outside the gates of Kensington Palace and a memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey.[315][316] The royal family and the Prime Minister and his family went to Crathie Kirk for private prayers, while Diana's family held a private memorial service at Althorp.[317][318] All flags at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences were flown at half-mast on the Queen's orders.[319] The Union Jack was first lowered to half-mast on the day of Diana's funeral and has set a precedent, as based on the previous protocol no flag could ever fly at half-mast over the palace "even on the death of a monarch".[319] Since 1997, however, the Union Flag (but not the Royal Standard) has flown at half-mast upon the deaths of members of the royal family, and other times of national mourning.[320] The Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium was held on 1 July 2007. The event, organised by the princes William and Harry, celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.[321][322] The proceeds from this event were donated to Diana's charities.[323] On 31 August 2007, a service of thanksgiving for Diana took place in the Guards' Chapel.[324] Among the 500 guests were members of the royal family and their relatives, members of the Spencer family, her godparents and godchildren, members of her wedding party, her close friends and aides, representatives from many of her charities, British politicians Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, and John Major, and friends from the entertainment world such as David Frost, Elton John, and Cliff Richard.[179][325] John Travolta and Diana dancing at the White House, November 1985 On 19 March 2013, ten of Diana's dresses, including a midnight blue velvet gown she wore to a 1985 state dinner at the White House when she danced with John Travolta (which became known as the Travolta dress), raised over £800,000 at auction in London.[326] In January 2017, a series of letters that Diana and other members of the royal family had written to a Buckingham Palace steward were sold as a part of a collection titled "the private letters between a trusted butler and the royal family".[327][328] The six letters that were written by Diana included information about her young sons' daily life and raised £15,100.[327][328] Another collection of 40 letters written by Diana between 1990 and 1997 were sold for £67,900 at an auction in 2021.[329] "Diana: Her Fashion Story", an exhibition of gowns and suits worn by Diana, was announced to be opened at Kensington Palace in February 2017 as a tribute to mark her 20th death anniversary, with her favourite dresses created by numerous fashion designers, including Catherine Walker and Victor Edelstein, being displayed.[330][331] The exhibition opened on 24 February displaying a collection of 25 dresses, and was set to remain open until 2018.[332][333] Other tributes planned for the anniversary included exhibitions at Althorp hosted by Diana's brother, Earl Spencer,[334] a series of commemorating events organised by the Diana Award,[335] as well as restyling Kensington Gardens and creating a new section called "The White Garden" in order to symbolise Diana's life and style.[330][331][336] On 31 August 2019, the Princess Diana 3D Virtual Museum was launched to mark the 22nd anniversary of Diana's death. Operated by the Princess & the Platypus Foundation, the online museum consisted of over 1,000 of Diana's items which were photographed using the techniques of virtual reality.[337] Legacy Public image Wax statue of Diana at Madame Tussauds in London Diana remains one of the most popular members of the royal family throughout history, and she continues to influence the younger generations of royals.[338][339][340] She was a major presence on the world stage from her engagement to Prince Charles in 1981 until her death in 1997, and was often described as the "world's most photographed woman".[21][341] She was noted for her compassion,[342] style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her ill-fated marriage.[176][343] Diana's former private secretary Patrick Jephson described her as an organised and hardworking person, and pointed out Charles was not able to "reconcile with his wife's extraordinary popularity",[344] a viewpoint supported by biographer Tina Brown.[345] He also said she was a tough boss who was "equally quick to appreciate hard work" but could also be defiant "if she felt she had been the victim of injustice".[344] Diana's mother also defined her as a "loving" figure who could occasionally be "tempestuous".[271] Paul Burrell, who worked as a butler for Diana, remembered her as a "deep thinker" who was capable of "introspective analysis".[346] She was often described as a devoted mother to her children,[21][347] who are believed to be influenced by her personality and way of life.[348] In the early years, Diana was often noted for her shy nature.[339][349] Journalist Michael White perceived her as being "smart", "shrewd and funny".[340] Those who communicated with her closely describe her as a person who was led by "her heart".[21] In an article for The Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as a woman with a strong character, who entered the royal family as an inexperienced girl and, despite being uneducated, she could handle their expectations and overcome the difficulties and sufferings of her marital life. Ali also believed that she "had a lasting influence on the public discourse, particularly in matters of mental health" by discussing her eating disorder publicly.[176] According to Tina Brown, in her early years Diana possessed a "passive power", a quality that in her opinion she shared with the Queen Mother and a trait that would enable her to instinctively use her appeal to achieve her goals.[350] Brown also believed that Diana was capable of charming people with a single glance.[345] Diana was widely known for her encounters with sick and dying patients, and the poor and unwanted whom she used to comfort, an action that earned her more popularity.[351] She was mindful of people's thoughts and feelings, and later revealed her wish to become a beloved figure among the people, saying in her 1995 interview, that "[She would] like to be a queen of people's hearts, in people's hearts."[349] Known for her easygoing attitude, she reportedly hated formality in her inner circle, asking "people not to jump up every time she enters the room".[352] Diana is often credited with widening the range of charity works carried out by the royal family in a more modern style.[176] Eugene Robinson of The Washington Post wrote in an article that "Diana imbued her role as royal princess with vitality, activism and, above all, glamour."[21] Alicia Carroll of The New York Times described Diana as "a breath of fresh air" who was the main reason the royal family was known in the United States.[353] In Anthony Holden's opinion, Diana was "visibly reborn" after her separation from Charles, a point in her life that was described by Holden as her "moment of triumph", which put her on an independent path to success.[165] Biographer Sarah Bradford commented, "The only cure for her suffering would have been the love of the Prince of Wales, which she so passionately desired, something which would always be denied her. His was the final rejection; the way in which he consistently denigrated her reduced her to despair."[93] Despite all the marital issues and scandals, Diana continued to enjoy a high level of popularity in the polls while her husband was suffering from low levels of public approval.[21] Her peak popularity rate in the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2012 was 47%.[354] Highly regarded by the LGBT community due to her work with gay men suffering from AIDS,[218] Diana is considered to be a gay icon.[355] Diana had become what Prime Minister Tony Blair called the "People's Princess", an iconic national figure. He had reportedly said that she had shown the nation "a new way to be British".[346] Her sudden death brought an unprecedented spasm of grief and mourning,[356] and subsequently a crisis arose in the Royal Household.[357][358][359] Andrew Marr said that by her death she "revived the culture of public sentiment",[176] while The Guardian's Matthew d'Ancona dubbed Diana "the queen of the realm of feeling" and said that "the impassioned aftermath of her death was a bold punctuation mark in a new national narrative that favoured disinhibition, empathy and personal candour."[360] Her brother, the Earl Spencer, captured her role: Diana was the very essence of compassion, of duty, of style, of beauty. All over the world she was a symbol of selfless humanity. All over the world, a standard bearer for the rights of the truly downtrodden, a very British girl who transcended nationality. Someone with a natural nobility who was classless and who proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic.[361] In 1997, Diana was one of the runners-up for Time magazine's Person of the Year.[362] In 1999, Time magazine named Diana one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[363] In 2002, Diana ranked third on the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, above the Queen and other British monarchs.[364] In 2003, VH1 ranked her at number nine on its 200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons list, which recognises "the folks that have significantly inspired and impacted American society".[365] In 2006, the Japanese public ranked Diana twelfth in The Top 100 Historical Persons in Japan.[366] In 2018, Diana ranked fifteenth on the BBC History's poll of 100 Women Who Changed the World.[367][368] In 2020, Time magazine included Diana's name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was chosen as the Woman of the Year 1987 for her efforts in de-stigmatising the conditions surrounding HIV/AIDS patients.[369] Despite being regarded as an iconic figure and a popular member of the royal family, Diana was subject to criticism during her life. Patrick Jephson, her private secretary of eight years, wrote in an article in The Daily Telegraph that "[Diana] had an extra quality that frustrated her critics during her lifetime and has done little to soften their disdain since her death".[339] Diana was criticised by philosophy professor Anthony O'Hear who in his notes argued that she was unable to fulfill her duties, her reckless behaviour was damaging the monarchy, and she was "self-indulgent" in her philanthropic efforts.[247] Following his remarks, charity organisations that were supported by Diana defended her, and Peter Luff called O'Hear's comments "distasteful and inappropriate".[247] Further criticism surfaced as she was accused of using her public profile to benefit herself,[116] which in return "demeaned her royal office".[339] Diana's unique type of charity work, which sometimes included physical contact with people affected by serious diseases occasionally had a negative reaction in the media.[339] Diana's relationship with the press and the paparazzi has been described as "ambivalent". On different occasions she would complain about the way she was being treated by the media, mentioning that their constant presence in her proximity had made life impossible for her, whereas at other times she would seek their attention and hand information to reporters herself.[370][371] Writing for The Guardian, Peter Conrad suggested that it was Diana who let the journalists and paparazzi into her life as she knew they were the source of her power;[346] thus, she "overburdened herself with public duties" and destroyed the border between private and public life.[176][116][372] This view was supported by Christopher Hitchens, who believed that "in pursuit of a personal solution to an unhappy private life, she became an assiduous leaker to the press".[373] Tina Brown argued that Diana was in no way "a vulnerable victim of media manipulation", and she found it "offensive to present the canny, resourceful Diana as a woman of no agency, as either a foolish, duped child or the hapless casualty of malevolent muckrakers".[60] Nevertheless, Diana also used the media's interest in her to shine light on her charitable efforts and patronages.[370] Sally Bedell Smith characterised Diana as unpredictable, egocentric, and possessive.[116] Smith also argued that in her desire to do charity works she was "motivated by personal considerations, rather than by an ambitious urge to take on a societal problem".[116] Eugene Robinson, however, said that "[Diana] was serious about the causes she espoused".[21] According to Sarah Bradford, Diana looked down on the House of Windsor whom she reportedly viewed "as jumped-up foreign princelings" and called them "the Germans".[346] Some observers, including Prime Minister Tony Blair, characterised her as a manipulative person.[357][340] Blair also described Diana as "extraordinarily captivating" but an "unpredictable meteor" whose death was a "turning point" for the monarchy.[374] After her death, it was revealed that Diana had been in discussion with Blair about a special role that would provide a government platform for her campaigns and charities to make her capable of endorsing Britain's interests overseas.[375] In an article written for The Independent in 1998, journalist Yvonne Roberts observed the sudden change in people's opinion of Diana after her death from critical to complimentary, a viewpoint supported by Theodore Dalrymple who also noticed the "sudden shift from cruel personal abuse to absurdly exaggerated respect".[376] Roberts also questioned whether she had achieved anything different from other members of the royal family and added that Diana was neither "a saint" nor "a revolutionary" figure, but "may have encouraged some people" to tackle issues such as landmines, AIDS and leprosy.[377] While analysing the impact of Diana's death and her extraordinary popularity from a gendered point of view, British historian Ludmilla Jordanova said: "To be an ideal, to be living for and on behalf of others is a terrible burden; it makes impossible, irreconcilable emotional demands – no human being can survive the complex forces that impact upon charismatic women." Jordanova also observed that "Diana herself was not anti-establishment" and that is "Better to remember her by trying to decipher how emotions overshadow analysis and why women are the safeguards of humanitarian feelings."[343] Author Anne Applebaum believed that Diana has not had any impact on public opinions posthumously;[176] an idea supported by Jonathan Freedland of The Guardian who also wrote in his article that Diana's memory and influence started to fade away in the years after her death,[378] while Peter Conrad, another Guardian contributor, argued that even in "a decade after her death, she is still not silent",[346] and Allan Massie of The Telegraph described Diana as "the celebrity of celebrities" whose sentiments "continue to shape our society".[372] Writing for The Guardian, Monica Ali described Diana as "a one-off, fascinating and flawed. Her legacy might be mixed, but it's not insubstantial. Her life was brief, but she left her mark".[176] Style icon Main article: Fashion of Diana, Princess of Wales The Princess of Wales wearing the Travolta dress, one of her most famous ensembles, in 1985 Diana was a fashion icon whose style was emulated by women around the world. Iain Hollingshead of The Telegraph wrote: "[Diana] had an ability to sell clothes just by looking at them."[379][380] An early example of the effect occurred during her courtship with Charles in 1980 when sales of Hunter Wellington boots skyrocketed after she was pictured wearing a pair on the Balmoral estate.[379][381] According to designers and people who worked with Diana, she used fashion and style to endorse her charitable causes, express herself and communicate.[382][383][384] Diana remains a prominent figure for her fashion style, impacting recent cultural and style trends.[385][386][387][388][330][389][390] The princess's fashion combined classically royal expectations with contemporary fashion trends in Britain.[391][392] While on diplomatic trips, her clothes and attire were chosen to match the destination countries' costumes, and while off-duty she used to wear loose jackets and jumpers.[388][393] "She was always very thoughtful about how her clothes would be interpreted, it was something that really mattered to her", according to Anna Harvey, a former British Vogue editor and Diana's fashion mentor.[388][394] Her fashion sense originally incorporated decorous and romantic elements, with pastel shades and lush gowns.[392][385][395] Elements of her fashion rapidly became trends.[388] She forgoed certain traditions, such as wearing gloves during engagements, and sought to create a wardrobe that helped her to connect with the public.[384][393] According to Donatella Versace who worked closely with Diana alongside her brother, Diana's interest and sense of curiosity about fashion grew significantly after her marital separation.[382] Her style subsequently grew bolder and more businesslike, featuring structured skirt suits, sculptural gowns, and neutral tones designed to reflect attention toward her charity work.[386][396] Catherine Walker was among Diana's favourite designers[392] with whom she worked to create her "royal uniform".[397] Among her favoured designers were Versace, Armani, Chanel, Dior, Gucci and Clarks.[388][389][398] Her iconic outfits include a cocktail dress by Christina Stambolian, commonly known as the "Revenge dress", which she wore after Charles's admission of adultery,[399] as well as an evening gown by Victor Edelstein that she wore to a reception at the White House and later became known as the "Travolta dress.[388][397][392] Copies of Diana's British Vogue-featured pink chiffon blouse by David and Elizabeth Emanuel, which appeared on the magazine's cover on her engagement announcement day, sold in the millions.[392] She appeared on two more British Vogue covers during her lifetime and was featured on its October 1997 issue posthumously.[400] She was also featured in the cover story for the July 1997 issue of Vanity Fair.[401] Diana did her own makeup for events, and was accompanied by a hairstylist for public appearances.[382] In the 1990s, Diana was frequently photographed clutching distinctive handbags manufactured by Gucci and Dior, which became known as the Gucci Diana and Lady Dior.[402][403] Following the opening of an exhibition of Diana's clothes and dresses at Kensington Palace in 2017, Catherine Bennett of The Guardian said such exhibitions are among the suitable ways to commemorate public figures whose fashion styles were noted due to their achievements. The exhibition suggests to detractors who, like many other princesses, "looking lovely in different clothes was pretty much her life's work" which also brings interest in her clothing.[404] Versace also pointed out that "[she doesn't] think that anyone, before or after her, has done for fashion what Diana did".[382] One of Diana's favourite milliners, John Boyd, said "Diana was our best ambassador for hats, and the entire millinery industry owes her a debt." Boyd's pink tricorn hat Diana wore for her honeymoon was later copied by milliners across the world and credited with rebooting an industry in decline for decades.[405][406] Fashion collections for ASOS.com,[390][385] Off-White[407][408][409] and Tory Burch, have been inspired by the princess's style.[410] The Princess was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1989.[411] In 2004, People cited her as one of the all-time most beautiful women.[412] In 2012, Time included Diana on its All-Time 100 Fashion Icons list.[413] Memorials Round Oval lake at Althorp with the Diana memorial beyond Memorial in Harrods Department Store to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Dodi Fayed Tribute to Diana on 1998 Azerbaijan postage stamps. The English text on souvenir sheets issued reads "Diana, Princess of Wales The Princess that (sic) captured people's hearts (1961–1997)". September 2017 unveiling of a memorial to Diana in Örményes, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok, Hungary Tributes left outside Kensington Palace for what would have been Diana's 60th birthday Immediately after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ad hoc memorials to Diana where the public left flowers and other tributes. Her son, Prince William, has stated that the outpouring of public grief after her death "changed the British psyche, for the better", while journalist Alastair Campbell noted that it assisted in diminishing "the stiff upper lip approach".[414] The largest memorial was outside the gates of Kensington Palace, where people continue to leave flowers and tributes. Permanent memorials include: The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Queen Elizabeth II The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park, and St. James's Park, London The Diana Memorial Award, established in 1999 and later relaunched in 2007 by Gordon Brown[415] Statue of Diana, Princess of Wales, in the Sunken Garden of Kensington Palace, commissioned by Prince William and Prince Harry The Princess Diana Memorial Austria is the first memorial dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales, in a German-speaking country. It is placed in the garden of Schloss Cobenzl in Vienna. It was raised by reporter Ewald Wurzinger.[416] The Flame of Liberty was erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma in Paris above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash later occurred. It became an unofficial memorial to Diana.[417][418] The Place de l'Alma was renamed Place Diana princesse de Galles in 2019.[419] There were two memorials inside Harrods department store, commissioned by Dodi Fayed's father, who owned the store from 1985 to 2010. The first memorial was a pyramid-shaped display containing photos of the princess and al-Fayed's son, a wine glass said to be from their last dinner, and a ring purchased by Dodi the day prior to the crash. The second, Innocent Victims, unveiled in 2005, was a bronze statue of Fayed dancing with Diana on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross.[420] In January 2018, it was announced that the statue would be returned to the Al-Fayed family.[421] In 1998, several countries issued postage stamps commemorating Diana, including the UK, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Somalia, and Congo.[422][423][424] In November 2002, a £4,000 bronze plaque was unveiled by Earl Spencer at Northampton Guildhall as a memorial to his sister.[425] In February 2013, OCAD University in Toronto announced that its new 25,000-square-foot arts centre would be named the Princess of Wales Visual Arts Centre.[426] Princess Diana Drive was named in her memory in Trenton, New Jersey.[427] Diana's granddaughters, Princess Charlotte Elizabeth Diana (born 2015)[428][429] and Lilibet Diana Mountbatten-Windsor (born 2021),[430] as well as her niece, Lady Charlotte Diana Spencer (born 2012),[431] are named after her. On 29 September 2021 a blue plaque, placed in her honour by English Heritage, was unveiled at her former flat 60 Coleherne Court, Old Brompton Road, London.[432] Diana in contemporary art Before and after her death, Diana has been depicted in contemporary art. The first biopics about Diana and Charles were Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story and The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana that were broadcast on American TV channels on 17 and 20 September 1981, respectively.[433] In December 1992, ABC aired Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After, a TV movie about marital discord between Diana and Charles.[434] In the 1990s, British magazine Private Eye called her "Cheryl" and Prince Charles "Brian".[435] In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana's public and private life for Temple of Diana, a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as They Wanted You To Be Destroyed (1999)[436] related to Diana's bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as Love Was on Your Side and Diana's Dress with puffy sleeves. Another text praised her selflessness—The things you did to help other people, showing Diana in protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola—while another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin maintained "They're quite sentimental ... and there's nothing cynical about it whatsoever."[437] In 2005, Martín Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennale the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a dangerous cantegril on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot at an Uruguayan slum using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected by the Italian Art Critics Association as one of the Venice Biennial's best works.[438][439][440][441] In 2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a series of Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery.[442][443] Vine intended to portray Diana's combined strength and vulnerability as well as her closeness to her two sons.[444] The works, all completed in 2007, included Diana branches, Diana family picnic, Diana veil, Diana crash and Diana pram, which incorporates the quotation "I vow to thee my country".[445][446] Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to "the beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".[444] The 2007 docudrama Diana: Last Days of a Princess details the final two months of her life. She is portrayed by Irish actress Genevieve O'Reilly.[447] On an October 2007 episode of The Chaser's War on Everything, Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song", which immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.[448] In 2017, Prince William and Prince Harry commissioned two documentaries to mark the 20th anniversary of her death. The first of the two, Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy, was broadcast on ITV and HBO on 24 July 2017.[449][450] This film focuses on Diana's legacy and humanitarian efforts for causes such as AIDS, landmines, homelessness and cancer. The second documentary, Diana, 7 Days, aired on 27 August on BBC and focused on Diana's death and the subsequent outpouring of grief.[451] She was also been depicted by contemporary painter Sam McKinniss in a 2017 exhibition that included portraits of musicians Prince and Lorde, actress Drew Barrymore, and author Joan Didion.[452][453] Actresses who have portrayed Diana include Serena Scott Thomas (in Diana: Her True Story, 1993),[454] Julie Cox (in Princess in Love, 1996),[455] Amy Seccombe (in Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess, 1998),[456] Michelle Duncan (in Whatever Love Means, 2005),[457] Genevieve O'Reilly (in Diana: Last Days of a Princess, 2007),[458][447] Nathalie Brocker (in The Murder of Princess Diana, 2007),[459] Naomi Watts (in Diana, 2013),[460] Jeanna de Waal (in Diana: The Musical, 2019 & 2021),[461] Emma Corrin and Elizabeth Debicki (in The Crown, 2020 & 2022),[462][463] and Kristen Stewart (in Spencer, 2021).[464] In 2021, Corrin won a Golden Globe Award for her portrayal of the younger Diana Spencer.[465] In 2022, Stewart was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Diana.[466] Titles, styles, honours and arms Titles and styles Royal monogram 1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: The Honourable Diana Spencer 9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: Lady Diana Spencer 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales in Scotland: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay 28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales During her marriage to the Prince of Wales, Diana was styled as "Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales". She additionally bore the titles Duchess of Rothesay,[467] Duchess of Cornwall,[467] Countess of Chester,[468][469] and Baroness of Renfrew.[467] Though popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", that style is incorrect and one she never held officially.[470][a] She is still sometimes referred to in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer" or simply as "Lady Di". In a speech after her death, then-Prime Minister Tony Blair referred to Diana as "the People's Princess".[471] Discussions were also held with the Spencer family and the British royal family as to whether Diana's HRH style needed to be restored posthumously, but Diana's family decided that it would be against her wishes and, thus, no formal offer was made.[472] Honours See also: List of honours of the British royal family by country Orders GBR Family Order Elizabeth II BAR.png 1981: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II Foreign honours Egypt 1982: Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues (or Order of al-Kamal)[140] Netherlands 18 November 1982: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands[140] Appointments 1988: Royal Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple[473] Fellowships 1988: The Royal College of Surgeons of England, Honorary Fellow in Dental Surgery[474] Freedom of the City Wales 29 October 1981: Cardiff[475][476] England 29 January 1986: Carlisle[477] England 1987: London[189] England 8 June 1989: Northampton Borough[425][478][479] England 16 October 1992: Portsmouth[480] Honorary military appointments As the Princess of Wales, Diana held the following military appointments: Australia Australia Australia: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Survey Corps[481] Canada Canada Canada: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales' Own Regiment[152] (17 August 1985 to 16 July 1996)[482] Canada: Colonel-in-Chief of the West Nova Scotia Regiment United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment[296] United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Light Dragoons[296] United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Hampshire Regiment[152] United Kingdom: Colonel-in-Chief of the 13th/18th Royal Hussars (Queen Mary's Own)[152] United Kingdom: Honorary Air Commodore, RAF Wittering[483] United Kingdom: Lady Sponsor of HMS Cornwall (F99)[484] United Kingdom: Lady Sponsor of HMS Vanguard (S28)[485][486] She relinquished these appointments following her divorce.[24][122] Other appointments 15 November 1984: Lady Sponsor of Royal Princess[487] Arms Coat of arms of Diana, Princess of Wales  Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1981-1996).svg Notes During her marriage, Diana used the arms of the Prince of Wales impaled (side by side) with those of her father. This version of her arms was imprinted on the order of service for her funeral.[488] Adopted 1981 Coronet Coronet of the Prince of Wales Escutcheon The Royal Arms differenced by a label of three points argent overall an inescutcheon quarterly gules and or, four lions passant guardant counterchanged (for the Principality of Wales / Llywelyn the Great ensigned by the coronet of [Prince Charles's] degree);[489] impaled with quarterly argent and gules in the 2nd and 3rd quarters a fret or over all on a bend sable three escallops of the first [argent][490] Supporters Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Proper, sinister a griffin Ermine winged Erminois unguled and gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the First. Motto DIEU DEFEND LE DROIT (Anglo-Norman: God defends the right) Symbolism The Spencers were granted a coat of arms in 1504 (Azure a fess Ermine between 6 sea-mews' heads erased Argent), which bears no resemblance to that used by the family after c. 1595, which was derived from the Despencer arms. Writer J. H. Round argued that the Despencer descent was fabricated by Richard Lee, a corrupt Clarenceux King of Arms.[491] Previous versions Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svgDiana's coat of arms before her marriage was the Spencer coat of arms. It depicted a lozenge shaped shield of arms, which symbolised her unmarried state. It included three escallops argent of the Spencer coat of arms. This version was used only before her marriage and was also applied by her sisters. Other versions Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1996-1997).svgAfter her divorce, Diana had resumed her paternal arms with the addition of a royal coronet and two griffin supporters, each gorged with a royal coronet.[490] Descendants Name Birth Marriage Issue Date Spouse William, Prince of Wales 21 June 1982 29 April 2011 Catherine Middleton Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 15 September 1984 19 May 2018 Meghan Markle Archie Mountbatten-Windsor Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor Ancestry Diana was born into the British Spencer family, different branches of which hold the titles of Duke of Marlborough, Earl Spencer, Earl of Sunderland, and Baron Churchill.[492][493] The Spencers claimed descent from a cadet branch of the powerful medieval Despenser family, but its validity is questioned.[494] Her great-grandmother was Margaret Baring, a member of the German-British Baring family of bankers and the daughter of Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke.[495][496] Diana's distant noble ancestors included the first Duke and Duchess of Marlborough.[497] Diana and Charles were distantly related, as they were both descended from the House of Tudor through Henry VII of England.[498] She was also descended from the House of Stuart through Charles II of England by Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton, and his brother James II of England by Henrietta FitzJames.[21][499] Other noble ancestors include Margaret Kerdeston, granddaughter of Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk; Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, an English nobleman and a favourite of Elizabeth I of England; and Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, a descendant of Edward III of England through his son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.[500][501][502] Diana's Scottish roots came from her maternal grandmother, Lady Fermoy.[500] Among her Scottish ancestors were Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, and his wife Jane, and Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll.[500] Diana's American lineage came from her great-grandmother Frances Ellen Work, daughter of wealthy American stockbroker Franklin H. Work from Ohio, who was married to her great-grandfather James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy, an Irish peer.[500][503] Diana's fourth great-grandmother in her direct maternal line, Eliza Kewark, was matrilineally of Indian descent.[504][505][506][507][508] She is variously described in contemporary documents as "a dark-skinned native woman" and "an Armenian woman from Bombay".[509][510] Ancestors of Diana, Princess of Wales[509][510] Notes  With rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, who was given permission by the Sovereign), only princesses by birth (such as Princess Anne) use the title "Princess" before their given names. References  "Diana's Legacy: A Reshaped Monarchy, a More Emotional U.K." The New York Times. 30 August 2017. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017.  Morton 1997, p. 70.  Morton 1997, pp. 70–71.  Brown 2007, pp. 32–33.  Bradford 2006, p. 2.  Morton 1997, p. 71.  Barcelona, Ainhoa (3 September 2018). 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Imperial War Museums. 30 April 1992. Retrieved 20 May 2022.  "HMS VANGUARD COMMISSIONING CEREMONY WITH HRH DIANA, PRINCESS OF WALES, BARROW-IN-FURNESS, 14 AUGUST 1993 [Allocated Title]". Imperial War Museums. 14 August 1993. Retrieved 20 May 2022.  Hamilton, Alan (16 November 1984). "Two royal princesses share a day in the limelight". The Times. London. p. 36.  "Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales" (PDF). Westminster Abbey. 6 September 1997. Retrieved 17 April 2021.  Montague-Smith, Patrick (1968). Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage. Kelly's Directories. p. 24.  "The Coat of Arms of HRH Prince William and HRH Prince Harry of Wales". College of Arms. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.  Round, J.H. (1901) Studies in Peerage and Family History, A. Constable and Company, London, pp. 292–309  "A Modern Monarchy – The Royal Family appears to have overcome its troubles and the new generation has adapted skilfully to a changing Britain". The Times. 25 July 2013. Leading articles. Prince George of Cambridge, born on Monday, now has in his relatively recent line miners and labourers; something hard to contemplate a generation ago.  David White, Somerset Herald, College of Arms (23 July 2013). "The Windsors & the Middletons – A family tree". The Times. Pull-out supplement.  Lowe, Mark Anthony (1860). Patronymica Britannica, A Dictionary of Family Names of the United Kingdom. London. p. 325. ISBN 9780788404566. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017.  Ziegler, Philip (1988). The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-217508-8.  "A Brief History of Barings". Baring Archive. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.  Bradford 2006, p. 31.  "Charles 'amazed' by Lady Di's yes". 25 February 1981. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.  Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain (1982). Royal Highness. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 38.  Evans, Richard K. (2007). The Ancestry of Diana, Princess of Wales. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society. ISBN 9780880822084. Archived from the original on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2017.  Roberts, Gary Boyd. "The Royal Ancestry of Meghan Markle". New England Historic Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017. The Rev. William Skipper's ancestors Sir Philip Wentworth (died 1464) and Mary Clifford are ancestors also, in various lines, of both H.M. the late Queen Mother (and thus H.M. the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and Prince Harry) and of the late Diana, Princess of Wales.  Roberts, Gary Boyd (30 November 2017). "The Shared Ancestry of (Rachel) Meghan Markle and Prince Harry" (PDF). American Ancestors. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.  Amos, Owen (27 November 2017). "The other American in Prince Harry's family". BBC. Retrieved 12 November 2018.  "New genetic evidence that Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, is the direct descendant of an Indian woman and that he carries her mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). BritainsDNA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2015.  "DNA tests reveal Prince William's Indian ancestry". CNN. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.  Brown, David (14 June 2013). "Revealed: the Indian ancestry of William". The Times. p. 1.  Sinha, Kounteya (16 June 2013). "Hunt on for Prince William's distant cousins in Surat". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2013.  Hern, Alex (14 June 2013). "Are there ethical lapses in the Times' story on William's 'Indian ancestry'?". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013. Although Eliza Kewark was indeed thought of as Armenian, it's not particularly surprising that she would have had Indian ancestors; the Armenian diaspora had been in India for centuries at the time of her birth, and even the most insular communities tend to experience genetic mixing over in that timescale.  Williamson 1981a.  Williamson 1981b. Bibliography Bradford, Sarah (2006). Diana. New York; Toronto; London: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03807-7. Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4. Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. London; New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51708-9. Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X. Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X. Smith, Sally Bedell (2000) [1999]. Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9. Williamson, D. (1981a). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (6): 192–199. Williamson, D. (1981b). "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". Genealogist's Magazine. 20 (8): 281–282. Further reading Anderson, Christopher (2001). Diana's Boys: William and Harry and the Mother they Loved (1st ed.). United States: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-17204-6. Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-3030-4. Brennan, Kristine (1998). Diana, Princess of Wales. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. ISBN 0-7910-4714-8. Burrell, Paul (2003). A Royal Duty. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-00-725263-3. Burrell, Paul (2007). The Way We Were: Remembering Diana. United States: HarperCollins Entertainment. ISBN 978-0-06-113895-9. Campbell, Lady Colin (1992). Diana in Private: The Princess Nobody Knows. London: St Martins Pr. ISBN 978-0-3120-8180-5. Caradec'h, Jean-Michel (2006). Diana. L'enquête criminelle (in French). Neuilly-sur-Seine: Michel Lafon. ISBN 978-2-7499-0479-5. Corby, Tom (1997). Diana, Princess of Wales: A Tribute. United States: Benford Books. ISBN 978-1-56649-599-8. Coward, Rosalind (2004). Diana: The Portrait. United Kingdom (other publishers worldwide): HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-718203-1. Davies, Jude (2001). Diana, A Cultural History: Gender, Race, Nation, and the People's Princess. Houndmills, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-73688-5. OCLC 46565010. Denney, Colleen (2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: Cultural Memory and Fairy Tales Revisited. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 0-8386-4023-0. OCLC 56490960. Edwards, Anne (2001). Ever After: Diana and the Life She Led. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-25314-1. OCLC 43867312. Frum, David (2000). How We Got bare: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04195-7. Mattern, Joanne (2006). Princess Diana. DK Biography. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-756-61614-4. Morton, Andrew (2004). Diana: In Pursuit of Love. United States: Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-84317-084-6. Rees-Jones, Trevor (2000). The Bodyguard's Story: Diana, the Crash, and the Sole Survivor. United States: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-85508-2. Steinberg, Deborah Lynn (1999). Mourning Diana: Nation, Culture and the Performance of Grief. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-19393-1. Taylor, John A. (2000). Diana, Self-Interest, and British National Identity. Westport, CN: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96826-X. OCLC 42935749. Thomas, James (2002). Diana's Mourning: A People's History. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1753-7. OCLC 50099981. Turnock, Robert (2000). Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess. London: British Film Institute. ISBN 0-85170-788-2. OCLC 43819614. External links Diana, Princess of Wales at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Diana, Princess of Wales at the official website of the Royal Family Portraits of Diana, Princess of Wales at the National Portrait Gallery, London Edit this at Wikidata Coroner's Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Mr Dodi Al Fayed at National Archives BBC mini-site Diana One Year On pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video extracts, coverage of the funeral, how the UK newspapers reported her death Diana, Princess of Wales at IMDb FBI Records: The Vault – Diana, Princess of Wales at fbi.gov Appearances on C-SPAN vte Diana, Princess of Wales Links to related articles Portals:  Biography icon Monarchy flag United Kingdom Authority control Edit this at Wikidata Categories: Diana, Princess of Wales1961 births1997 deaths20th-century British philanthropists20th-century English nobility20th-century English women20th-century women philanthropistsBritish AnglicansBritish anti-poverty advocatesBritish countessesBritish duchesses by marriageBritish environmentalistsEnglish health activistsBritish humanitariansBritish women activistsBritish women environmentalistsBurials in NorthamptonshireDaughters of British earlsDuchesses of CornwallDuchesses of RothesayFamily of Charles IIIFolk saintsGrand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)HIV/AIDS activistsHomelessness activistsHonorary air commodoresHouse of WindsorLeprosy activistsMental health activistsMine actionMountbatten-Windsor familyPatrons of schoolsPeople from Sandringham, NorfolkPrincesses of WalesRoad incident deaths in FranceWives of British princes Elizabeth II, in full Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, officially Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her other realms and territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, (born April 21, 1926, London, England—died September 8, 2022, Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland), queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from February 6, 1952, to September 8, 2022. In 2015 she surpassed Victoria to become the longest-reigning monarch in British history. Early life Queen Elizabeth, King George VI, Princess Margaret, and Princess Elizabeth Princess Elizabeth Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Prince Albert, duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. As the child of a younger son of King George V, the young Elizabeth had little prospect of acceding to the throne until her uncle, Edward VIII (afterward duke of Windsor), abdicated in her father’s favour on December 11, 1936, at which time her father became King George VI and she became heir presumptive. The princess’s education was supervised by her mother, who entrusted her daughters to a governess, Marion Crawford; the princess was also grounded in history by C.H.K. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction from visiting teachers in music and languages. During World War II she and her sister, Princess Margaret Rose, perforce spent much of their time safely away from the London blitz and separated from their parents, living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at the Royal Lodge, Windsor, and Windsor Castle. Britain's Queen Elizabeth II smiles to the crowd from Buckingham Palace (London, England) balcony at the end of the Platinum Pageant in London on June 5, 2022 as part of Queen Elizabeth II's platinum jubilee celebrations. The curtain comes down on four days of momentous nationwide celebrations to honor Queen Elizabeth II's historic Platinum Jubilee with a day-long pageant lauding the 96 year old monarch's record seven decades on the throne. (British royalty) Early in 1947 Princess Elizabeth went with the king and queen to South Africa. After her return there was an announcement of her betrothal to her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten of the Royal Navy, formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. The marriage took place in Westminster Abbey on November 20, 1947. On the eve of the wedding her father, the king, conferred upon the bridegroom the titles of duke of Edinburgh, earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. They took residence at Clarence House in London. Their first child, Prince Charles (Charles Philip Arthur George), was born November 14, 1948, at Buckingham Palace. In the summer of 1951 the health of King George VI entered into a serious decline, and Princess Elizabeth represented him at the Trooping the Colour and on various other state occasions. On October 7 she and her husband set out on a highly successful tour of Canada and Washington, D.C. After Christmas in England she and the duke set out in January 1952 for a tour of Australia and New Zealand, but en route, at Sagana, Kenya, news reached them of the king’s death on February 6, 1952. Elizabeth, now queen, at once flew back to England. The first three months of her reign, the period of full mourning for her father, were passed in comparative seclusion. But in the summer, after she had moved from Clarence House to Buckingham Palace, she undertook the routine duties of the sovereign and carried out her first state opening of Parliament on November 4, 1952. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953. Beginning in November 1953 the queen and the duke of Edinburgh made a six-month round-the-world tour of the Commonwealth, which included the first visit to Australia and New Zealand by a reigning British monarch. In 1957, after state visits to various European nations, she and the duke visited Canada and the United States. In 1961 she made the first royal British tour of the Indian subcontinent in 50 years, and she was also the first reigning British monarch to visit South America (in 1968) and the Persian Gulf countries (in 1979). During her “Silver Jubilee” in 1977, she presided at a London banquet attended by the leaders of the 36 members of the Commonwealth, traveled all over Britain and Northern Ireland, and toured overseas in the South Pacific and Australia, in Canada, and in the Caribbean. On the accession of Queen Elizabeth, her son Prince Charles became heir apparent; he was named prince of Wales on July 26, 1958, and was so invested on July 1, 1969. The queen’s other children were Princess Anne (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise), born August 15, 1950, and created princess royal in 1987; Prince Andrew (Andrew Albert Christian Edward), born February 19, 1960, and created duke of York in 1986; and Prince Edward (Edward Anthony Richard Louis), born March 10, 1964, and created earl of Wessex and Viscount Severn in 1999. All these children have the surname “of Windsor,” but in 1960 Elizabeth decided to create the hyphenated name Mountbatten-Windsor for other descendants not styled prince or princess and royal highness. Elizabeth’s first grandchild (Princess Anne’s son) was born on November 15, 1977. The modern monarchy The queen seemed increasingly aware of the modern role of the monarchy, allowing, for example, the televising of the royal family’s domestic life in 1970 and condoning the formal dissolution of her sister’s marriage in 1978. In the 1990s, however, the royal family faced a number of challenges. In 1992, a year that Elizabeth referred to as the royal family’s annus horribilis, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, princess of Wales, separated, as did Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, duchess of York. Moreover, Anne divorced, and a fire gutted the royal residence of Windsor Castle. In addition, as the country struggled with a recession, resentment over the royals’ lifestyle mounted, and in 1992 Elizabeth, although personally exempt, agreed to pay taxes on her private income. The separation and later divorce (1996) of Charles and the immensely popular Diana further eroded support for the royal family, which was viewed by some as antiquated and unfeeling. The criticism intensified following Diana’s death in 1997, especially after Elizabeth initially refused to allow the national flag to fly at half-staff over Buckingham Palace. In line with her earlier attempts at modernizing the monarchy, the queen subsequently sought to present a less-stuffy and less-traditional image of the monarchy. These attempts were met with mixed success. British royal family In 2002 Elizabeth celebrated her 50th year on the throne. As part of her “Golden Jubilee,” events were held throughout the Commonwealth, including several days of festivities in London. The celebrations were somewhat diminished by the deaths of Elizabeth’s mother and sister early in the year. Beginning in the latter part of the first decade of the 21st century, the public standing of the royal family rebounded, and even Charles’s 2005 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles found much support among the British people. In April 2011 Elizabeth led the family in celebrating the wedding of Prince William of Wales—the elder son of Charles and Diana—and Catherine Middleton. The following month she surpassed George III to become the second longest-reigning monarch in British history, behind Victoria. Also in May, Elizabeth made a historic trip to Ireland, becoming both the first British monarch to visit the Irish republic and the first to set foot in Ireland since 1911. In 2012 Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the throne. On September 9, 2015, she surpassed Victoria’s record reign of 63 years and 216 days. In August 2017 Prince Philip officially retired from public life, though he periodically appeared at official engagements after that. In the meantime, Elizabeth began to reduce her own official engagements, passing some duties on to Prince Charles and other senior members of the royal family, though the pool of stand-ins shrank when Charles’s younger son, Prince Harry, duke of Sussex, and his wife, Meghan, duchess of Sussex, controversially chose to give up their royal roles in March 2020. During this period, public interest in the queen and the royal family grew as a result of the widespread popularity of The Crown, a Netflix television series about the Windsors that debuted in 2016. Having dealt with several physical setbacks in recent years, Philip, who had been Elizabeth’s husband for more than seven decades, died in April 2021. On their 50th wedding anniversary, in 1997, Elizabeth had said of Philip, “He has, quite simply, been my strength and stay all these years.” Because of social-distancing protocols brought about by the CVID-19 pandemic, the queen sat alone in a choir stall in St. George’s Chapel (in Windsor Castle) at Philip’s funeral. The widely disseminated images of her tragic isolation were heartbreaking but emblematic of the dignity and courage that she brought to her reign. In June 2022 Britain celebrated Elizabeth’s 70 years on the throne with the “Platinum Jubilee,” a four-day national holiday that included the Trooping the Colour ceremony, a thanksgiving service at St. Paul’s Cathedral, a  pop music concert at Buckingham Palace, and a pageant that employed street arts, theatre, music, circus, carnival, and costume to honour the queen’s reign. Health issues limited Elizabeth’s involvement. Concerns about the queen’s health also led to a break in tradition when, in September, she appointed Boris Johnson’s replacement as prime minister, Liz Truss, at Balmoral rather than at Buckingham Palace, where she had formally appointed more than a dozen prime ministers. Just days later, on September 8, Elizabeth’s death, at age 96, shocked Britain and the world. Prince Charles succeeded her on the throne as King Charles III. Ten days of national commemoration of her life and legacy—long planned as “Operation London Bridge”—followed. Notably, the queen lay in state for a day in St. Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh and then for three days in Westminster Hall in London, outside of which mourners stood in a line that stretched for miles, in some cases waiting for more than 24 hours to view Elizabeth’s casket. Her sombre funeral ceremony in Westminster Abbey on September 19 was attended by an estimated 100 heads of foreign governments. Following a procession to Wellington Arch, during which Big Ben tolled, the queen’s casket was borne by hearse to her final resting place in St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle. Elizabeth was known to favour simplicity in court life and was also known to take a serious and informed interest in government business, aside from the traditional and ceremonial duties. Privately, she became a keen horsewoman; she kept racehorses, frequently attended races, and periodically visited the Kentucky stud farms in the United States. Her financial and property holdings made her one of the world’s richest women. Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer Diana and Charles on their wedding day Date 29 July 1981; 41 years ago[1] Venue St Paul's Cathedral Location London, England Participants Charles, Prince of Wales Lady Diana Spencer The wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer took place on Wednesday, 29 July 1981,[1] at St Paul's Cathedral in London, United Kingdom. The groom was the heir apparent to the British and Commonwealth thrones, and the bride was a member of the Spencer family. The ceremony was a traditional Church of England wedding service. Alan Webster, Dean of St Paul's, presided at the service, and Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury, conducted the marriage. Notable figures in attendance included many members of other royal families, republican heads of state, and members of the bride's and groom's families. After the ceremony, the couple made the traditional appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. The United Kingdom had a national holiday on that day to mark the wedding.[2] The ceremony featured many ceremonial aspects, including use of the state carriages and roles for the Foot Guards and Household Cavalry. Their marriage was widely billed as a "fairytale wedding" and the "wedding of the century". It was watched by an estimated global television audience of 750 million people.[2][3] Events were held around the Commonwealth to mark the wedding. Many street parties were held throughout the United Kingdom to celebrate the occasion. The couple separated in 1992 and divorced in 1996 after fifteen years of marriage. Engagement Prince Charles had known Lady Diana Spencer for several years. They first met in 1977 while Charles was dating her elder sister Lady Sarah.[4] He took serious interest in her as a potential bride in 1980 when they were guests at a country weekend, where she watched him play polo. He invited her for a sailing weekend to Cowes aboard the royal yacht Britannia as their relationship began to develop. This was followed by an invitation to Balmoral Castle, the Royal family's Scottish home, to meet his family.[5][6] Diana was well received at Balmoral by the Queen, Prince Philip, and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The couple then had several dates in London. Diana and Charles had been seeing each other for about six months when he proposed on 3 February 1981 in the nursery at Windsor Castle. Diana had planned a holiday for the next week, and Charles hoped she would use the time to consider her answer.[7] Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks.[8] Diana later claimed that the couple had met only 13 times in total before the announcement of their engagement.[9] The wedding of Charles and Diana commemorated on a 1981 British crown coin Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981,[10] and the couple gave an exclusive interview.[11] During the public announcement of the engagement, Diana wore a "cobalt blue skirt suit" by the British label Cojana.[12][13] Diana selected a large engagement ring that consisted of 14 solitaire diamonds surrounding a 12-carat oval blue Ceylon sapphire set in 18-carat white gold,[3] which was similar to her mother's engagement ring. The ring was made by the Crown jewellers Garrard. In 2010, it became the engagement ring of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge.[14] The Queen Mother gave Diana a sapphire and diamond brooch as an engagement present.[15] A series of photographs taken by the Earl of Snowdon were published in Vogue in February 1981 to mark the engagement.[16][17] Clayton Howard did Diana's make-up and John Frieda did her hair for the official portrait.[18] The couple later sat down for another interview with BBC's Angela Rippon and ITV's Andrew Gardner.[19] Two nights before the wedding, a gala ball was held at Buckingham Palace, and the Queen subsequently hosted a dinner for a crowd of 90 individuals.[20] A reception with dancing for 1,500 people was also held. Among the invitees were the royal household's members and staff.[21] The night before the wedding 150 people, including heads of states and governments, were invited for a dinner with the Queen.[21] In a series of tapes recorded for her 1992 biography, Diana said that she recalled discovering a bracelet which Charles had bought for his longtime lover Camilla Parker Bowles shortly before their wedding. Due to her suspicions she wanted to call off the wedding but was put off the idea by her sisters.[22] In March 1981, she was photographed holding back tears at the airport where Charles was departing for a trip to Australia. Diana later revealed that she had been left disturbed after hearing a telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla in his study.[23] Wedding Combined coat of arms of Charles and Diana, the Prince and Princess of Wales The wedding took place on 29 July 1981. 3,500 guests made up the congregation at St Paul's Cathedral.[7] Charles and Diana selected St Paul's over Westminster Abbey, the traditional site of royal weddings, because St Paul's offered more seating[9] and permitted a longer procession through London. The ceremony was a traditional Church of England wedding service, presided over by the Most Reverend Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury,[2] and the Very Reverend Alan Webster, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral. Two million spectators lined the route of Diana's procession from Clarence House, with 4,000 police and 2,200 military officers to manage the crowds.[7] The security increased and sharpshooters were stationed due to the potential threat of an attack by the Irish Republican guerrillas.[9][20][24] The security screenings in the airports also increased.[25] The cost of the wedding was later estimated to be $48 million in total (between $70M and $110M when adjusted for inflation), with $600,000 being spent on security.[9][26][27] Regiments from the Commonwealth realms participated in the procession, including the Royal Regiment of Canada.[28] At 10:22 BST the Queen and the royal family were taken to the cathedral in eight carriages, the Prince of Wales in the 1902 State Landau, which was later used following the ceremony to take the couple back to Buckingham Palace.[21] Lady Diana arrived at the cathedral in the Glass Coach with her father, John Spencer; she was escorted by six mounted Metropolitan Police officers.[7] She arrived almost on time for the 11:20 BST ceremony.[2] The carriage was too small to hold the two of them comfortably due to her voluminous dress and train.[9] As the orchestra played Trumpet voluntary, an anthem by Jeremiah Clarke, the bride made the three-and-a-half minute walk up the aisle.[2][29] Diana accidentally changed the order of Charles's names during her vows, saying "Philip Charles Arthur George" instead of the correct "Charles Philip Arthur George".[2] She did not promise to "obey" him as part of the traditional vows. That word was eliminated at the couple's request, which caused a sensation at the time.[30] Charles also made an error. He said he would offer her "thy goods" instead of "my worldly goods".[31] In keeping with tradition, the couple's wedding rings were crafted from Welsh gold from the Clogau St David's mine in Bontddu.[29] The tradition of using Welsh gold within the wedding rings of the Royal Family dates back to 1923.[21] Upon marriage Diana automatically acquired the title of Princess of Wales.[32] Other church representatives present who gave prayers after the service were a former Archbishop of Canterbury, Donald Coggan, Cardinal Basil Hume, the Right Reverend Andrew Doig and the Reverend Harry Williams CR.[33][29] Music Three choirs, three orchestras and a fanfare ensemble played the music for the service. These were the Bach Choir, the Choir of St Paul's Cathedral, the Choir of the Chapel Royal, the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, the Philharmonia Orchestra and the English Chamber Orchestra and a fanfare ensemble from the Royal Military School.[34] The choirs were conducted by Barry Rose, the choirmaster at St Paul's. The cathedral's organist, Christopher Dearnley; and its sub-organist, John Scott; played the organ. The Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, the Philharmonia Orchestra and the English Chamber Orchestra were conducted by Sir David Willcocks, who was the director of the Royal College of Music and of the Bach Choir;[35] Richard Popplewell, the organist at Chapel Royal; and Sir Colin Davis, who was the musical director of Covent Garden.[34][33] Music and songs used during the wedding included the "Prince of Denmark's March", "I Vow to Thee, My Country", "Pomp and Circumstance No.4" and the British National Anthem ("God Save the Queen").[33] New Zealand soprano, Kiri Te Kanawa sang "Let The Bright Seraphim" from G. F. Handel's Samson.[21] Clothing Diana's wedding dress was valued at £9,000[36] (equivalent to £36,700 in 2021).[37] The dress was made of ivory silk taffeta, decorated with lace, hand embroidery, sequins, and 10,000 pearls. It was designed by Elizabeth and David Emanuel and had a 25-foot (7.6 m) train of ivory taffeta and antique lace.[9] The dress was designed according to Diana's wishes who wanted it to have the longest train in the royal wedding history.[9] The bride wore her family's heirloom tiara over an ivory silk tulle veil, and had her hair styled short crop down by hair dresser Kevin Shanley.[38][39] She wore a pair of low-heeled Clive Shilton shoes "with C and D initials hand-painted on her arches" and decorated with 542 sequins and 132 pearls.[9] For the customary bridal themes of "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue", Diana's wedding dress had an antique lace "made with a fabric spun at a British silk farm" (the "old"), the Spencer family tiara and her mother's earrings (the "borrowed"), and a blue bow sewn into the waistband (the "blue").[40] The official parfumeur of the royal wedding was Houbigant Parfum, the oldest French fragrance company. Diana chose the floral scent Quelques Fleurs, which featured "notes of tuberose, jasmine and rose".[41] She was reported to have accidentally spilled perfume over a part of her dress which she later covered with her hand during the ceremony.[9] The bride also had a pair of slippers made out of hand-made ivory silk with pearl and sequin embroidery.[42] Barbara Daly did the bride's make-up for the ceremony.[41] Per the Queen's orders, two similar bouquets were prepared for the bride by David Longman which contained "gardenias, stephanotis, odontolglossum orchid, lily of the valley, Earl Mountbatten roses, freesia, veronica, ivy, myrtle and trasdescantia".[43] Charles wore his full dress naval commander uniform.[44] He also wore stars of the orders of the Garter and the Thistle, the Queen's silver jubilee medal, and "the royal cipher of the Prince of Wales in gold on epaulettes on both shoulders."[21] He carried a "full dress sword tassled in gold."[21] Attendants The royal couple had seven bridal attendants. Eleven-year-old Lord Nicholas Windsor, son of the Duke and Duchess of Kent, and eight-year-old Edward van Cutsem, godsons of the Prince of Wales, were page boys. Diana's bridesmaids were seventeen-year-old Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, daughter of the Earl of Snowdon and Princess Margaret;[44] thirteen-year-old India Hicks, daughter of David and Lady Pamela Hicks, and granddaughter of Lord Louis Mountbatten; six-year-old Catherine Cameron, daughter of Donald and Lady Cecil Cameron and granddaughter of the Marquess of Lothian; eleven-year-old Sarah-Jane Gaselee, daughter of Nick Gaselee and his wife; and five-year-old Clementine Hambro, daughter of Rupert Hambro and the Hon Mrs Hambro and granddaughter of Lord and Lady Soames and great-granddaughter of Winston Churchill.[20][45] Princes Andrew and Edward were the Prince of Wales's supporters (the equivalent of "best man" for a royal wedding).[20] Guests Main article: List of wedding guests of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer Prime Minister of New Zealand Robert Muldoon and his wife Thea Muldoon attending the royal wedding All of the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms, as well as the reigning European monarchs, attended, with the exception of King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain. (The Spanish king was "advised" not to attend by his government because the newlyweds' honeymoon included a stopover in the disputed territory of Gibraltar).[46] Most of Europe's elected heads of state were among the guests, with the exceptions of the President of Greece, Constantine Karamanlis (who declined because Greece's exiled monarch, Constantine II, a kinsman and friend of the bridegroom, had been invited as "King of the Hellenes"), and the President of Ireland, Patrick Hillery (who was advised by Taoiseach Charles Haughey not to attend because of the dispute over the status of Northern Ireland).[fn 1] First Lady Nancy Reagan represented the United States at the wedding.[47] While Gambian President Dawda Jawara attended the wedding, the Gambia Socialist Revolutionary Party attempted a coup d'état in his home country.[48] Among other invitees were the couple's friends and the bride invited the staff of the nursery school in which she had worked to the wedding.[21] Spike Milligan and Harry Secombe were among the entertainers who were invited to the ceremony by the Prince of Wales.[21] Reception The couple and 120 guests went to Buckingham Palace for a wedding breakfast following the ceremony.[7] Diana and Charles made a traditional appearance on a balcony of Buckingham Palace at 13:10 BST, and delighted the crowd when they kissed,[2][7] initiating the tradition of kissing the bride on the balcony.[47] Over the night, fireworks were displayed above Hyde Park and 100 beacons were lit up across the country to celebrate the royal wedding.[21] The couple had 27 wedding cakes.[9] The Naval Armed Forces supplied the official wedding cake. David Avery, head baker at the Royal Naval cooking school in Chatham Kent, made the cake over 14 weeks. They made two identical cakes in case one was damaged. The Prince of Wales's coat of arms and the Spencer family's crest were used in the decoration of the five-foot-tall layered fruitcake which weighed 225 pounds.[9][49] The couple's other wedding cake was created by Belgian pastry chef SG Sender, who was known as the "cakemaker to the kings".[50] Another wedding cake was created by Chef Nicholas Lodge; Chef Nicholas had previously made the Queen Mother's 80th Birthday Cake and also commissioned to create a Christening Cake for Prince Harry.[51] A slice of the couple's wedding cake was later auctioned off by Julien's Auctions in 2018 and was estimated to sell between $800–$1,200.[52] Another slice sold for £1,850 ($2,565) in a 2021 auction.[53] An estimated 750 million people watched the ceremony worldwide,[2] and this figure allegedly rose to a billion when the radio audience is added in, although there are no means of verifying these figures.[7] 28.4 million watched the event on BBC and ITV in the UK.[54] Angela Rippon, Peter Woods, Tom Fleming, Wynford Vaughan-Thomas, Rolf Harris, and Terry Wogan provided the coverage for the BBC on television and radio.[54] BBC Two's coverage was designed to draw in hearing impaired viewers by providing subtitles, which marked "the first big outing for the Palantype system".[54] The event was broadcast in 50 countries with near 100 television companies covering it.[21] In the UK, the National Grid reported a huge surge in demand for power after the service.[55] The wedding ceremony was positively received by the public,[56] and according to The New York Times symbolised "the continuity of the monarchy" in the UK.[29] A number of ceremonies and parties were held at different places by the public to celebrate the occasion across the United Kingdom.[57][58][59] 600,000 people lined the streets of London to watch the ceremony,[54] and it was estimated that around 10 million people took part in the street parties.[60] The wedding was widely broadcast on television and radio in many countries, and news channels covered the ceremony in different languages.[61] Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom John Betjeman released a poem in honour of the couple.[57] A group of people left London and travelled to France and Ireland in protest to the wedding. Others released black balloons over London amidst the wedding procession.[29] Gifts The couple received gifts from foreign officials including "an engraved Steuben glass bowl and a handmade porcelain centerpiece by Boehm" from the US, a set of antique furniture and "a watercolor of loons" by Canadian Robert Bateman for Prince Charles, together with "a large brooch of gold, diamonds and platinum" for Diana from Canada, handcrafted silver platters from Australia, an "all-wool broadloom carpet" from New Zealand, "a matching diamond and sapphire watch, bracelet, pendant, ring, and earrings" from the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, and a "small oil painting by the American artist Henry Kohler of Prince Charles playing polo", and a clock in Art Deco style by Cartier's chief designer, Daniel Ciacquinot.[9][62] The Edinburgh District Council was among the organisations that made a charitable donation in honour of the couple's wedding and donated $92,500 to the Thistle Fund, "a charity for the disabled".[62] The Greater Manchester Council offered engineering apprenticeships for a small number of unemployed young people, and Cambridge University sent "a spare copy of The Complete English Traveller" by Robert Sanders.[62] The Worshipful Company of Glovers of London presented the couple with gloves made out of leather, silks and cotton. A number of these gifts were displayed at St James's Palace from 5 August to 4 October 1981.[62] Honeymoon A "just married" sign was attached to the landau by Princes Andrew and Edward.[29] The couple was driven over Westminster Bridge to catch the train from Waterloo station to Romsey in Hampshire to begin their honeymoon.[2] The couple left from Waterloo station in the British Royal Train + 975025 Caroline. They travelled to Broadlands, where Prince Charles's parents had spent their wedding night in 1947.[44] They stayed there for three days,[44] then flew to Gibraltar, where they boarded the Royal Yacht Britannia for an eleven-day cruise of the Mediterranean, visiting Tunisia, Sardinia, Greece and Egypt.[29] Then they flew to Scotland, where the rest of the royal family had gathered at Balmoral Castle, and spent time in a hunting lodge on the estate. During that time, the press was given an arranged opportunity to take pictures.[63] Despite their happy appearance, Diana's suspicion over Charles having an enduring affection for his former lover Camilla grew as Camilla's photographs fell out of his diary and Diana discovered that he was wearing cufflinks that were given to him by Camilla.[22][64] By the time the couple returned from their honeymoon, their wedding gifts were displayed at St James's Palace.[21] See also icon 1980s portal icon Monarchy portal Abduction of Vishal Mehrotra, infamous unsolved abduction of a child that occurred in London on the day of the wedding Notes  The period when the advice was given coincided with a change of government. Traditionally Irish presidents and British royalty did not meet publicly because of the Northern Ireland issue. References  "The Royal Wedding of HRH The Prince of Wales and the Lady Diana Spencer". BBC One. 29 July 1981. Archived from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.  "1981: Charles and Diana marry". On This Day. BBC News. 29 July 1982. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2008.  "International Special Report: Princess Diana, 1961–1997". The Washington Post. 30 January 1999. Archived from the original on 19 August 2000. Retrieved 13 October 2008.(registration required)  "Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer's wedding". BBC History. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2018.  "Royal weekend fuels rumours". The Age. 17 November 1980. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2013 – via Google News.  Dimbleby 1994, p. 279.  Jone Johnson Lewis. "Princess Diana's Wedding". ThoughtCo. DotDash. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2020.  Morton 1997, p. 118.  Miller, Julie (17 April 2018). "Inside Princess Diana's Royal Wedding Fairy Tale". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  "Prince Charles' engagement announcements". The Royal Wedding of The Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. BBC One. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.  Alexander, Ella (28 November 2017). "6 crucial differences between Charles & Diana and Harry & Meghan's engagement interviews". Harper's Bazaar. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.  Holt, Bethan (24 February 2017). "No gloves and high split skirts: How Princess Diana rewrote the rules of royal dressing". The Telegraph. Telegraph media Group. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018.  Bowles, Hamish (25 April 2011). "Photos: History of Royal Weddings". Vogue. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.  "Princess Diana's engagement ring". Ringenvy. September 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2010.  "Queen Mother on 'abhorrent' Diana, Princess of Wales". The Telegraph. London. 17 September 2009. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.  "NPG P218; Diana, Princess of Wales". National Portrait Gallery. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.  Berrington, Katie; Roy, Poppy (11 October 2018). "Royal Portraits In Vogue". British Vogue. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.  "Clayton Howard". The Times. 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2017.(registration required)  Rippon, Angela (8 November 2020). "Looking back now, my interview with Charles and Diana makes me so sad". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 August 2022.  Apple Jr, RW (28 July 1981). "Charles and Lady Diana Rehearse the Wedding". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  Downie Jr, Leonard (26 July 1981). "The Royal Wedding". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2018.  Dockterman, Eliana; Haynes, Suyin (15 November 2020). "The True Story Behind The Crown's Prince Charles, Princess Diana and Camilla Parker Bowles Love Triangle". Time. Retrieved 17 November 2020.  Elser, Daniela (26 July 2019). "The moment Diana discovered Prince Charles's love affair with Camilla". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 1 September 2022.  "Increased security for Charles and Diana's wedding". BBC Midday News. BBC One. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.  Phillips, Mark (27 July 1981). "Policing the 1981 royal wedding". Digital Archives. CBC. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  Lubin, Gus (28 April 2011). "The 12 Most Expensive Weddings In History". Business Insider. Insider. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  "Most expensive weddings of all time". CBS News. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  "Command: Regimental Sergeant Major". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 8 April 2011.[dead link]  Apple Jr, RW (29 July 1981). "Amid Splendor, Charles Weds Diana". On this Day. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.  Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York City: Basic Books. p. 98. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.  Proudfoot, Jenny (26 April 2017). "Here's the big mistake that happened on Princess Diana and Prince Charles' wedding day". Marie Claire. TI Media. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.  Mulligan, Hugh (25 August 2017). "AP Was There: Prince Charles and Princess Diana's wedding". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.  Royal Wedding[dead link] The Times, 29 July 1981, page 15  Rothstein, Edward (22 July 1981). "Anthem is Composed for Royal Bridal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.  "Sir David Willcocks (1919–2015) Musical Director of The Bach Choir for 38 Years". The Bach Choir. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2020.  Denney, Colleen (April 2005). Representing Diana, Princess of Wales: cultural memory and fairy tales revisited. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8386-4023-4. Retrieved 30 April 2011.  UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 11 June 2022.  Shunatona, Brooke (19 May 2018). "4 Ways Meghan Markle's Wedding Hair and Makeup is Totally Different From Princess Diana and Kate's". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.  Stolman, Steven (11 June 2018). "Princess Diana's Personal Hairdresser Shares his Memories of the Late Royal". Town & Country. Hearst Digital Media. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.  Vargas, Chanel (7 March 2018). "Every Detail About Princess Diana's Iconic Wedding Dress". Town & Country. Hearst Digital Media. Archived from the original on 24 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.  Hill, Erin (29 July 2018). "All About Princess Diana's Wedding Day Perfume — and How She Accidentally Spilled It on Her Dress!". People. Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.  "Royal Wedding Dresses throughout history". UK Royal Family. 11 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2018.  Proudfoot, Jenny (2 May 2018). "This is why the Queen made Princess Diana have two wedding bouquets". Marie Claire. TI Media. Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018.  Downie Jr., Leonard (29 July 1981). "Britain Celebrates, Charles Takes a Bride". Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2013.(registration required)  Perry, Simon (3 May 2018). "The Surprising Link Between Harry and Meghan's Royal Wedding and Charles and Diana's". People. Meredith Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.  Apple Jr, RW (25 July 1981). "Prince's Guest List embraces Kings and Charwomen". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.  Moss, Hilary (29 April 2011). "A Look Back At Princess Diana & Prince Charles' Wedding". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2018.  Kisangani, Emizet F.; Pickering, Jeffrey (30 November 2021). African Interventions: State Militaries, Foreign Powers, and Rebel Forces (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108550802.002. ISBN 978-1-108-55080-2. S2CID 240255564.  Goldman, Leah (29 April 2011). "Flashback: Diana's Wedding Was Four Times As Expensive, And Her Train Was 17-Feet Longer". Business Insider. Insider. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  "Belgian "cakemaker to the kings" dies". Expatica. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.  "About Nicholas Lodge". International Sugar Art Collection. Nicholas Lodge. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.  Samuelson, Kate (4 May 2018). "Endlessly Appetizing 37-Year-Old Royal Wedding Cake Up For Auction". Time. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.  Guy, Jack (12 August 2021). "Slice of Charles and Diana's 1981 wedding cake sells for 'unexpected' price". CNN. Retrieved 18 August 2021.  "The Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer". BBC. 29 July 1981. Retrieved 20 August 2022.  Hornby, Win; Gammie, Robert; Wall, Stuart (2001). Business Economics. Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780273646037. Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2020.  Soames, Emma (3 December 2017). "From The Archive: Remembering The Prince Of Wales And Lady Diana Spencer's Wedding". British Vogue. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.  Bates, Stephen (24 April 2011). "'The stuff of fairytales': royal wedding celebrations 30 years ago". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018.  "Scotland celebrates as Prince Charles marries Diana". BBC Midday News. BBC One. 22 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  "Wales celebrates the marriage of Charles and Diana". BBC Midday news. BBC One. 24 January 2011. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  Fraser, Katie (6 April 2011). "Royal wedding: Why so few street parties?". BBC. Retrieved 31 May 2022. Although the figures are hard to come by, the Daily Telegraph recently said there were 10 million street party-goers in 1981 for Charles and Diana's wedding.  "Translators prepare for Prince Charles' wedding coverage". BBC News. 10 January 2011. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.  Goodman, Susan (27 July 1981). "Royal Wedding Gifts: Extraordinary and Ordinary Diana". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.  "Charles and Diana's Short Honeymoon". Los Angeles Times. 1 July 1992. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2018.  Rose, Hilary (9 November 2020). "The Crown: why Charles and Camilla may not be amused". The Times. Retrieved 19 November 2020. Bibliography Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-12996-X. Morton, Andrew (1997) [1992]. Diana: Her True Story – In Her Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-85080-X. External links Order of Service for the wedding "Wedding of Charles and Diana". Times Online. Times Newspapers. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. The Royal Wedding Cakes Classic Celebration Cakes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer. vte Charles III King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms (2022–present) Realms Antigua and BarbudaAustraliaBahamasBelizeCanadaGrenadaJamaicaNew ZealandPapua New GuineaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSolomon IslandsTuvaluUnited Kingdom Titles and honours Head of the CommonwealthDefender of the FaithSupreme Governor of the Church of EnglandHead of the British Armed ForcesCommander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed ForcesLord of MannDuke of NormandyKing's Official Birthday Family Diana, Princess of Wales (first wife)Queen Camilla (second wife)William, Prince of Wales (elder son)Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)Elizabeth II (mother)Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (father)Anne, Princess Royal (sister)Prince Andrew, Duke of York (brother)Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Forfar (brother)Mountbatten-Windsor (family) Life as Prince of Wales Investiture of the Prince of WalesFirst wedding guest listSecond weddingOverseas visits 2022 royal tour of Canada2022 State Opening of ParliamentBlack spider memosPrince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd Accession and coronation Proclamation of AccessionCoronation Royal guestsParticipants in the processionMedalHonoursAward Reign HouseholdPrime ministersOperation Menai Bridge Charities and campaigns Mutton Renaissance CampaignThe Prince's Charities British Asian TrustBusiness in the CommunityChildren & the ArtsIn Kind Directiwill CampaignThe Prince's FoundationThe Prince's Foundation for Integrated HealthThe Prince's School of Traditional ArtsThe Prince of Wales's Charitable FundRoyal Drawing SchoolTurquoise Mountain FoundationYouth Business ScotlandThe Prince's May Day NetworkThe Prince's TrustSustainable Markets Initiative Great Reset Residences As King Buckingham Palace (official)Windsor Castle (official)Holyrood Palace (official, Scotland)Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland)Sandringham House (private)Balmoral Castle (private)Craigowan Lodge (private) As Prince of Wales Clarence House (official)Highgrove House (private)BirkhallLlwynywermod Awards given and created List of environmental/social interest awards receivedPrince of Wales's Intelligence Community AwardsPrince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage LeadershipThe Sun Military Awards Business ventures Duchy Home FarmDumfries HouseHighgrove House ShopsPoundburyWaitrose Duchy Organic Popular culture Documentaries Royal Family (1969)Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016) Film and television Her Royal Highness..? (1981)Chorus Girls (1981)Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982)The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–)Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen (2006 film)The Queen (2009 TV serial)King Charles III (play, 2014; film, 2017)The Windsors (TV series, 2016–2020; play, 2021)The Crown (2019–)The Prince (2021) Publications Bibliography The Old Man of Lochnagar (1980)A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture (1989)Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010) Miscellaneous Prince Charles IslandPrince Charles stream tree frog vte Diana, Princess of Wales 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997 Titles (1981–1996) Princess of WalesDuchess of CornwallDuchess of RothesayCountess of ChesterBaroness of Renfrew Family Charles III (former husband)William, Prince of Wales (elder son)Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer (father)Frances Shand Kydd (mother)Lady Sarah McCorquodale (sister)Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes (sister)Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer (brother) Extended family Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer (paternal grandfather)Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer (paternal grandmother)Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy (maternal grandfather)Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy (maternal grandmother)Edmund Roche, 5th Baron Fermoy (maternal uncle) Life events Wedding guest listSquidgygatePanorama interview Fashion Wedding dressJewelsTravolta dressRevenge dressLady DiorGucci Diana Charities International Campaign to Ban LandminesLandmine Survivors NetworkBarnardo'sCentrepointTurning PointNational AIDS Trust The Leprosy MissionEnglish National BalletThe Royal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustGreat Ormond Street Hospital Death People's princessFuneralOperation PagetConspiracy theories People Dodi Fayed (romantic partner)Trevor Rees-Jones (bodyguard) Memorials "Candle in the Wind"Concert for DianaDiana AwardDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial FountainDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial FundDiana, Princess of Wales HospitalDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial PlaygroundDiana, Princess of Wales: TributeDiana, Princess of Wales Tribute ConcertDiana, Princess of Wales Memorial WalkInnocent VictimsPlace Diana Flame of LibertyPrincess Diana MemorialPrincess of Wales BridgePrincess of Wales TheatreRosa 'Diana, Princess of Wales'Rosa 'Princess of Wales'Statue of Diana, Princess of WalesWest Heath School Popular culture Books Diana in Search of Herself (1999)69 Things to Do with a Dead Princess (2002)If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things (2002)Diana: Closely Guarded Secret (2002)The Little White Car (2004)The Murder of Princess Diana (2004)Princess Diana's Revenge (2006)The Diana Chronicles (2007)The Accident Man (2011)Untold Story (2011) Film and television Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982)The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)Spitting Image (1984–1996)Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992)Willi und die Windzors (1996)Diana: Her True Story (1993)Diana: A Tribute to the People's Princess (1998)Diana: The Rose Conspiracy (2005)Whatever Love Means (2005)The Queen (2006)Diana: Last Days of a Princess (2007)The Murder of Princess Diana (2007)Diana (2013)The Crown (2020–)Spencer (2021) Documentaries The Queen (2009 TV serial)Unlawful Killing (2011)Diana, Our Mother: Her Life and Legacy (2017)The Story of Diana (2017)Diana: In Her Own Words (2017)Diana, 7 Days (2017)The Princess (2022) Plays and musicals Her Royal Highness..? (1981)Diana (2019) Songs "Diana" (Bryan Adams song)"Ain't Nuttin' But Music""Dance in the Dark" Portraits Diana, Princess of Wales (Bryan Organ portrait) vte British royal weddings since 1840 19th century Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (1840)Princess Victoria and Prince Frederick (1858)Princess Alice and Prince Louis (1862)Prince Albert Edward and Princess Alexandra (1863)Princess Helena and Prince Christian (1866)Princess Louise and John Campbell (1871)Prince Alfred and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna (1874)Prince Arthur and Princess Louise Margaret (1879)Prince Leopold and Princess Helena (1882)Princess Beatrice and Prince Henry (1885)Princess Louise and Alexander Duff (1889)Prince George and Princess Mary (1893)Princess Maud and Prince Carl (1896) 20th century Princess Mary and Henry Lascelles (1922)Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1923)Prince George and Princess Marina (1934)Prince Henry and Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott (1935)Prince Edward and Wallis Simpson (1937)Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten (1947)Princess Margaret and Antony Armstrong-Jones (1960)Prince Edward and Katharine Worsley (1961)Princess Alexandra and Angus Ogilvy (1963)Prince Richard and Birgitte van Deurs (1972)Princess Anne and Mark Phillips (1973)Prince Michael and Baroness Marie Christine von Reibnitz (1978)Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer (1981)Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson (1986)Princess Anne and Timothy Laurence (1992)Prince Edward and Sophie Rhys-Jones (1999) 21st century Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles (2005)Prince William and Catherine Middleton (2011)Prince Harry and Meghan Markle (2018)Princess Eugenie and Jack Brooksbank (2018)Princess Beatrice and Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi (2020)  Category Categories: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer1981 in British television1981 in LondonBritish royal weddingsJuly 1981 events in the United KingdomMarriage, unions and partnerships in EnglandParades in LondonRoyal weddings in the 20th centurySt Paul's Cathedral
  • Condition: Used
  • Condition: In Good Condition for its age over 40 years old
  • Royal: Princess Diana
  • To Commemorate: Wedding
  • Type: Horse Brass
  • Royalty: UK Royalty
  • Year: 1981
  • Signed: No
  • Manufacturer: Unknown
  • Theme: Royalty
  • Features: Illustrated
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Vintage: Yes

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