Antique Alsatian Figurine Solid Brass Dog Gold Lustre German Shepherd Vintage

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Seller: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3,666) 99.9%, Location: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 276154089136 Antique Alsatian Figurine Solid Brass Dog Gold Lustre German Shepherd Vintage. Alsation Brass Ornament This is a solid brass with Golden Lustre 60 mm x 50 mm x 30 mm Labrador Statuette Figurine It Weighs just over 100 grams

A wonderful collectable piece for any dog lover

It would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop. It is in Very Good Condition considering its age   Comes from a pet and smoke free home
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Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra German Shepherd Adult male Other names    Alsatian Alsatian Wolf Dog Berger Allemand Deutscher Schäferhund Altdeutsche Schäferhunde Origin    Germany Traits Height    males    60–65 cm (24–26 in)[1] females    55–60 cm (22–24 in)[1] Weight    males    30–40 kg (66–88 lb)[1] females    22–32 kg (49–71 lb)[1] Coat    Double coat Colour    Tan with black saddle, sable, solid black or bi-colour Litter size    4–9 Life span    9–13 Kennel club standards VDH    standard Fédération Cynologique Internationale    standard Dog (domestic dog) The German Shepherd[a] or Alsatian is a German breed of working dog of medium to large size. The breed was developed by Max von Stephanitz using various traditional German herding dogs from 1899. It was originally bred as a herding dog, for herding sheep. It has since been used in many other types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police work, and warfare. It is commonly kept as a companion dog, and according to the Fédération Cynologique Internationale had the second-highest number of annual registrations in 2013.[2] History Max von Stephanitz, the founder of the breed (with Horand von Grafrath), circa 1900 Illustration from 1909 During the 1890s, attempts were being made to standardise dog breeds.[3] Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators.[4] In Germany this was practised within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was recognised that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell.[4] The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.[3] To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany.[4] The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote;[4] some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance.[5] While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently. With the rise of large, industrialised cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary.[4] At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.[4] Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working.[4] He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog.[4] In 1899, von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein.[4] Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty, and beauty, that he purchased him immediately.[3] After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for German Shepherd Dogs).[3] Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog, and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.[4] In just a few decades of the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde's establishment, the breed became one of the world's most popular and numerous, a position it has maintained to this day. By 1923, the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde claimed 50,000 dues-paying members in more than 500 branches in Germany alone.[6] Horand became the center-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia, Franconia, and Württemberg.[4] Fathering many pups, Horand's most prolific was Hektor von Schwaben.[4][7] Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf, and Pilot, who later sired a total of 84 pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring.[4] This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed.[4] Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.[8] During the first half of the twentieth century, the breed came to be strongly identified with Imperial and Nazi Germany, because of its association with purity and militarism.[6] German Shepherds were coveted as "germanische Urhunde", being close to the wolf, and became very fashionable during the Nazi era.[9] Adolf Hitler acquired a German Shepherd named "Prinz" in 1921, during his years of poverty, but he had been forced to lodge the dog elsewhere. However, she managed to escape and return to him. Hitler, who adored the loyalty and obedience of the dog, thereafter developed a great liking for the breed.[10] Hitler kept several more of the breed, including Blondi, who was among several dogs in the 'Führerbunker' during the Battle of Berlin at the end of the Second World War. Dogs played a role in Nazi propaganda by portraying Hitler as an animal lover.[9] Preparing for his suicide, Hitler ordered Dr. Werner Haase to test a cyanide capsule on Blondi, and the dog died as a result.[11] Erna Flegel, a nurse who worked at the emergency casualty station in the Reich Chancellery stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than Eva Braun's suicide.[12] German Shepherds were also used widely as guard dogs at Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust.[13] When the German Shepherd was introduced to the United States it was initially a popular dog.[14] But as the dogs' popularity grew, it became associated as a dangerous breed owned by gangsters and bootleggers.[15][16] The reputation of the German Shepherds as a dangerous breed had grown to such an extent that it was briefly banned to import them in Australia in 1929.[17] Potential legislation was even considered to require that all German shepherds in South Australia be sterilised.[18] Naming Sable bitch (left) and dog (right) The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund, by von Stephanitz, literally translating to "German Shepherd Dog".[19] At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde, or old German herding dogs. The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the stud-book; however, at the end of the First World War, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity,[20] due to the anti-German sentiment of the era.[21] The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog",[20] after the French region of Alsace bordering Germany.[4] Eventually,[when?] the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped,[20] after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog hybrid would affect the breed's popularity and legality.[4] The name Alsatian remained for five decades,[20] until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds.[22] The word "Alsatian" once appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name of the American Kennel Club and was removed in 2010.[23] Description Skeleton in the Museum of Veterinary Anatomy of São Paulo, Brazil German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs.[24] The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females.[25][26][27] German Shepherds are longer than they are tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8+1⁄2. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range.[28] They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace as well as stalking. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.[26] German Shepherds have a double coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants: medium and long. The gene for long hair is recessive, and therefore the long-haired variety is rarer. Treatment of the long-haired variation differs across standards; it is accepted but does not compete against standard-coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while it can compete with standard-coated dogs, but is considered a fault, in the American Kennel Club.[26][28][29] The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b, while the short-haired type is listed as the variety a.[30] Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an overall "blanket". Rarer colour variations include sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver, silver, blue, and panda varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.[28] Saddle black-and-tan coat Saddle black-and-tan coat   Black mask and sable Black mask and sable   Solid black Solid black   Bi-colour Bi-colour   Long-haired black-and-tan Long-haired black-and-tan Intelligence German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence.[31] In a list of breeds most likely to bark as watchdogs, Stanley Coren ranked the breed in second place.[32] Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds.[33] Temperament An infant with two dogs German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self assured.[28] The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become overprotective of their family and territory, especially if not socialised correctly.[34] They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers.[35] German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as protective of their owners.[36] Aggression and biting Further information: Dog bite prevention A 2020 literature review in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found that from 1971 to 2018, of all pure breed dogs in the United States, the German Shepherd was responsible for the most bites severe enough to require hospital treatment.[37] While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales,[38] once their popularity is taken into account, the percentages of attacks by German Shepherds drops to 38th.[39] According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a Rottweiler, over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a Pit bull, 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a Labrador Retriever, of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)).[40] Modern breed A common breed club's goal for German Shepherd body conformity, criticised by the UK Kennel Club The modern German Shepherd breed is criticised by experts for straying away from Max von Stephanitz's original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly.[41]: 6 [42] He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability.[4] Controversy The Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show strain of the breed.[43][44] Some show strains have been bred with an extremely roached topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. The issue was raised in the BBC documentary, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopaedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal". The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement."[43] The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalise dogs with these problems.[45] The Kennel Club also recommends testing for haemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.[46][47] Variants East-European Shepherd Main article: East-European Shepherd East-European Shepherd The East-European Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the former Soviet Union with the purpose of creating a larger, more cold-resistant version of the German Shepherd. It lacks the physical deformities bred into western show lines of German Shepherds and has become one of Russia's most popular dog types.[48] King Shepherd The King Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States, its breeders hoping to rectify the physical deformities that have been bred into the original breed.[49] Shiloh Shepherd Shiloh Shepherd The Shiloh Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. It was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to correct behavioural and conformational issues that have been bred into modern German Shepherds, and was bred for its large size, length of back, temperament and soundness of hips.[50][51] It has been recognised since 1990 by the American Rare Breed Association.[52] White Shepherd Main article: White Shepherd White Shepherd The White Shepherd is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in the United States. White-coated German Shepherds were once banned from registration in their native Germany, but in the United States and Canada the coloration gained a following and a breed club was formed specifically for white German Shepherds, calling their variety the White Shepherd. The variety is recognised as a separate breed by the United Kennel Club.[53] White Swiss Shepherd Dog Main article: White Swiss Shepherd Dog White Swiss Shepherd Dog The White Swiss Shepherd Dog (French: Berger Blanc Suisse, German: Weisser Schweizer Schäferhund, Italian: Pastore Svizzero Bianco) is a variety of the German Shepherd bred in Switzerland. It descends from the American White Shepherds; the first stud dog of what was to become the breed was an American dog born in 1966 and imported to Switzerland. The variety was recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale as a separate breed in 2003, and it is now recognised by a number of national kennel clubs.[53] Use as a working dog German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as working dogs.[54] They are known for being easy to train and good for performing tasks and following instructions. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally, thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. These military working dogs (MWD) are usually trained for scout duty, and they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards.[55] German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft[56] or as anti-tank weapons. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs.[4] A number of these dogs were taken home by foreign servicemen, who were impressed by their intelligence.[4] The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.[55] At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females.[57] An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability, ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behaviour and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behaviour. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work.[58] Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America were German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[59] The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom trains some German Shepherds,[60] while the comparable organisation in the US only trains Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.[61] German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as Herdengebrauchshund (HGH) herding utility dog trials.[62] One Mexican German Shepherd, Zuyaqui, was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena's "Narco Museum" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history.[63] German night-watchman with dog, 1950 German night-watchman with dog, 1950   Swedish police dogs, 2007 Swedish police dogs, 2007   Rescue dog at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center, 2001 Rescue dog at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center, 2001   Military dog during training Military dog during training Numbers Globe icon. The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A nine-week-old puppy When the UK Kennel accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8000.[3] The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further.[64] The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring had defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to decline in popularity during the late 1920s.[64] Popularity increased again after Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to have another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment.[64] Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States. As of 2016, the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US.[64][65] It is typically among the most frequently registered breeds in other countries.[64] It was the third-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club in 2020,[66] and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom in 2016.[67] Health Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practised early in the breed's life.[68] One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause arthritis.[69] A study conducted by the University of Zurich found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used.[70] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.[71] There are, however, ways to help prevent hip dysplasia, including getting a pup from a good breeder, keeping it on a healthy diet, and limiting the amount of jumping or rough play.[72] German Shepherds have low frequency of ear infections, since this breed is well known for hyperactivity of its cerumen-producing glands.[73] According to a recent survey in the UK, the median life span of German Shepherds is 10.95 years,[74] which is normal for a dog of their size. Degenerative myelopathy, a neurological disease, occurs with enough regularity specifically in the breed to suggest that the breed is predisposed to it. A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is now available to screen for degenerative myelopathy. The test screens for the mutated gene that has been seen in dogs with degenerative myelopathy. A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic German Shepherds to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.[75] Now that a test is available the disease can be bred out of breeds with a high preponderance. The test is only recommended for predisposed breeds, but can be performed on DNA samples from any dog, collected through swabbing the inside of the animal's cheek with a sterile cotton swab. Prospective German Shepherd buyers can now request the test from the breeder or buy from a breeder who is known to test their dogs.[76] German Shepherds have a higher-than-normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder,[77] and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a degenerative disease of the pancreas. It is estimated that 1% of the UK population of German Shepherds has this disease.[78] Treatment is usually provided in the form of pancreatic supplements taken with food. Skeletal health and supplementation Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events.[79] Some breeds like the German Shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, Cauda equina syndrome, and osteoarthritis.[80][81] These conditions can be a result of poor breeding or induced by intense exercise and poor diet. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is an orthopaedic condition resulting from abnormal development of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing the instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, inflammation, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint.[80][82] German Shepherds are genetically predisposed to CHD and the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany found its prevalence estimated to be approximately 35% of veterinary cases associated with the disorder.[81] Osteoarthritis is one of the main contributors of musculoskeletal pain and disabilities that commonly affect German Shepherds.[83][84] Mechanical stress, oxidative damage and inflammatory mediators combine to induce the gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage in the joint, resulting in reduced muscle mass, pain, and locomotion.[83][85] Feeding a well-balanced diet designed for large breeds like the German Shepherd to ensure adequate growth rates and proper maintenance of musculoskeletal health is essential.[79] Dietary energy levels should be monitored and controlled throughout all life stages and activity levels of the German Shepherd to assist in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms.[79] Several dietary factors play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal health and are described as follows: Appropriate calcium levels are vital in developing a strong skeletal system and aid in preventing orthopaedic diseases like Canine Hip Dysplasia.[79] Furthermore, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus must be balanced and at a recommended ratio of 1.2:1 to ensure proper bone development and structure.[79] Imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels can result in various skeletal complications.[79] Excess phosphorus can produce lesions in bones whereas excessive calcium can lead to hypocalcaemia and result in excess bone deposition, interfering with normal bone development.[79] In extreme circumstances of insufficient calcium intake, bone resorption can occur due to the body withdrawing calcium deposits from the skeletal frame as a last resort to fulfill dietary needs.[79] Omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of cartilage catabolism in in vitro models, suggesting that its supplementation in food could aid in decreasing the symptoms of osteoarthritis in German Shepherds.[86] Furthermore, EPA and DHA inhibit key regulators of the inflammatory process and suppress their activation which can help alleviate pain and reduce inflamed joints associated with many skeletal disorders.[85] Ensuring an appropriate ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids of approximately 5:1 is very important for inflammation processes.[79] Animals source, specifically marine life such as fish, krill, and mussels, and plant sources such as flaxseed, soybean and canola oil, are particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids.[85] Glucosamine is an amino-monosaccharide that naturally occurs in all tissues, particularly in articular cartilage of joints and from the biosynthesis of glucose.[84] Natural synthesis of glucosamine occurs in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in joints.[79] However, as a result of damage to the joint or cartilage, there is decreased ability to synthesize glucosamine resulting in the deterioration of the joint, and supplementation is required.[79] Clinical trials of long term administration of glucosamine in German Shepherds have reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease and accelerated cartilage healing.[87] Anti-inflammatory effects of glucosamine are believed to contribute to the reduction of pain, promote joint recovery and mobility, and prevent further cartilage degradation.[87] Similarly, chondroitin supplementation is proposed to have comparable results in inhibiting degradative enzymes within the cartilage matrix to reduce the effects of osteoarthritis, but further research is required to assess long term benefits.[79] Vitamins such as A and D also have crucial roles in bone development and maintenance by regulating bone and calcium metabolism.[79] Adequate levels should be incorporated into a German Shepherd diet to promote a healthy musculoskeletal system.[79] In popular culture Strongheart, one of the earliest canine stars (1921) German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media.[88] In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin, who is considered[by whom?] the most famous German Shepherd. Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[89] Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955,[90] through 1964.[91] From 1964 onwards, his appearances have been sporadic. A German Shepherd named Inspector Rex is the star of an Austrian Police procedural drama program of the same name, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.[92] The show was aired in many languages.[93] Kántor [hu] was a famous and very successful police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s. After his death his story was fictionalised by two crime novels by Rudolf Szamos [hu], titled Kántor Investigates [hu] and Kántor in the Big City. A five-part thriller series for television titled Kántor was produced in 1975, which was loosely based on the actual dog's story, setting the events more than a decade after the real Kántor died. It became one of the staple productions of Hungarian television history, making German Shepherds the most popular dog breed in the country ever since. The taxidermy mount of Kántor's body is on display at the Police Museum in Budapest.[94][95] Notable individual German Shepherds The dog on which the breed was founded Horand von Grafrath (January 1, 1895 – after 1899), considered the first German Shepherd and the genetic basis for modern German Shepherds In film, television and fiction Strongheart (1 October 1917 – 24 June 1929), featured in Hollywood films of 1921–1927 Rin Tin Tin (September 1918 – 10 August 1932), Rin Tin Tin Jr., and Rin Tin Tin III, featured in Hollywood films of 1922–1947 Thunder the Dog (7 September 1921 – after October 1928), featured in Hollywood films of 1923–1927 Silver Streak (born 1924), featured in Hollywood films of 1924–1928 Lightning, grandson of Strongheart, featured in Hollywood films of 1934–1938 Ace the Wonder Dog, featured in Hollywood films and serials of 1938–1946 Rex the Wonder Dog, fictional superhero in the DC Comics universe 1952–present Ace the Bat-Hound, fictional partner of Batman in DC Comics 1955–present Joe, protagonist in the NBC television series Run, Joe, Run in 1974–1975 Won Ton Ton, protagonist of the 1976 comedy film Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood, a spoof of Rin Tin Tin Koton, sometimes identified as Rando, police dog later featured in the 1989 film K-9 with James Belushi Rex, protagonist of the Austrian-Italian comedy-drama television series Inspector Rex of 1994–2015, and remakes in other countries Pets of political figures Blondi (1941 – 29 April 1945), Hitler's pet on which he tested the cyanide capsules he later consumed to commit suicide, killing her Champ (11 November 2008 – 19 June 2021), Commander (born 1 September 2021), and Major (born 17 January 2018), pets of US President Joe Biden Major, police dog later kept as a pet of United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt while he was in office, which bit a United States senator and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1933 while living at the White House PDSA Dickin Medal recipients (for military and civil defence service dogs)[96] Awards in the original 1943–1949 series for service in the Second World War Antis (1939–1953), 28 January 1949 for war service in North Africa and England and post-war assistance in an escape from communist Czechoslovakia Bing, a.k.a. Brian (c. 1943 – October 1955), 29 March 1947 for service with the 13th (Lancashire) Parachute Battalion paratroopers Irma, 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the London Blitz Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949), 12 January 1945 for rescuing people trapped under destroyed buildings in civil defence service in the London Blitz Rex, April 1945 for locating casualties in thick smoke in burning buildings in civil service in England Rifleman Khan, 27 March 1945 for rescuing a drowning soldier in November 1944 in the Netherlands in the Battle of Walcheren Causeway, an engagement of the Battle of the Scheldt Thorn, 2 March 1945 for locating air-raid casualties in thick smoke in a burning building in civil service After revival of the medal in 2000 Apollo (c. 1992 – 2006), 5 March 2002 on behalf of all search and rescue dogs that served at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon in the aftermath of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City, United States Lucca (c. 2003 – 20 January 2018), 5 April 2016 for service with the United States Marine Corps of 2006–2012 in two tours in Iraq and one in Afghanistan for explosives and insurgent detection until injured by an IED Lucky (service c. 1950), 6 February 2007 for anti-insurgency service with the Royal Air Force against the Malayan National Liberation Army in the Malayan Emergency in 1949–1952 (the only surviving dog of a four-dog team) Sam (died 2000), 14 January 2003 for service in April 1998 in apprehending a gunman and in crowd control during protection of refugees in the Royal Army Veterinary Corps of the British Army in the Bosnia and Herzegovina conflict PDSA Gold Medal recipients (for non-military dogs)[97][98] Ajax, 11 June 2013 for service in the civil guard that saved lives by detection of an ETA bomb near a guard barracks site on the Spanish island of Majorca in 2009 under dangerous circumstances Anya, 6 July 2010 for service as a British police dog in defending an officer from a knife attack in January 2008 Ellie and Jones (Shepherd mixes), 22 August 2013 for saving their owner who collapsed and lost consciousness due to diabetic shock in November 2010 Finn (born March 2009), 6 May 2018 for service as a police dog in a knife attack on a police officer in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England, on 5 October 2016[99] Gage (died 13 July 2010), 22 August 2013 (posthumously) for service as a police dog in a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand, defending an officer in an attack by a man with a rifle (in which the dog was killed) Other military, police, search-and-rescue, and institutional guard dogs Gabi, 1980s guard dog at the Belgrade Zoo that protected a security guard and the public by fighting with an escaped jaguar Kántor [hu], police dog in Hungary in the 1950s and early 1960s, later portrayed in fictionalized versions for novels and television Lex (1999 – March 25, 2012), used by the United States Marine Corps in Iraq and later adopted by the family of a soldier who died in a rocket attack while serving as his handler Mancs (1994–2006), earthquake search and rescue dog of Miskolc, Hungary, that helped rescue a 3-year-old girl who had spent 82 hours under ruins of a 1999 earthquake in Turkey Nemo A534 (died December 1972), served in battle in the United States Air Force during the Vietnam War Rajah, performing and unofficial police dog in New Zealand, suggested as a candidate replacement for Rin Tin Tin in films Trakr (c. 1994 – April 2009), Canadian police dog that discovered the last survivor of the 11 September 2001 attacks in New York City, United States Zuyaqui (died 2000s), used by Mexican military and police forces for detection of illegal drugs Notes  German: Deutscher Schäferhund, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃɐ ˈʃɛːfɐˌhʊnt] References Citations  Deutscher Schäferhund (Langstockhaar) (in German). 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ISBN 9780750688987. Choron, Sandra (2005). Planet Dog: A Doglopedia. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 0618517529. Fogle, Bruce (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Dog. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8. Kern, Francis G. (1990). German Shepherds. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-86622-865-9.} Hancock, David (2014). Dogs of the shepherds: a review of the pastoral breeds. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-808-0. Pickeral, Tamsin (2014). Dogs unleashed. San Diego: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781626862739. Rice, Dan (1999). Training Your German Shepherd Dog. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 0-7641-0852-2. Stevens, Katrina (2002). The German Shepherd Dog. Willow Creek Press. ISBN 1-57223-512-8.} Strickland, Winifred Gibson; Moses, James A. (1998). The German Shepherd Today. Howell Book House. ISBN 0-87605-154-9. von Stephanitz, Max (1994). The German Shepherd Dog in Word and Picture. Revised by Schwabacher, Joseph. Hoflin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-99932-80-05-7. Willis, Malcolm B. (1976). The German Shepherd Dog: Its History, Development and Genetics. K and R Books. ISBN 0-903264-15-3. Further reading Cree, John (1977). Training the Alsatian, the Obedient Companion or Working Partner. Pelham. ISBN 0-7207-0993-8. "Extended Breed Standard of The German Shepherd Dog" (PDF). German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia in conjunction with Australian National Kennel Council. 26 March 2012 [3 February 2007]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014. Hart, Ernest H. (1985). The German Shepherd Dog. New Jersey: T. F. H. ISBN 0-86622-031-3. "FCI Standard No 166 Translated by German Shepherd Dog Council of Australia". Australian National Kennel Council. 20 August 2013 [23 March 1991]. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to German Shepherd Dog. Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde e.V.—The original registrar of the German Shepherd "German Shepherd Dog". Dogs 101. Animal Planet. Archived from the original (Video) on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2018. Portals: icon Animals icon Dogs flag Germany vte Dogs originating in Germany Hounds    Bavarian Mountain HoundDeutsche BrackeHanover HoundWestphalian Dachsbracke Germany Gundogs    German Longhaired PointerGerman Roughhaired PointerGerman Shorthaired PointerGerman SpanielGerman Wirehaired PointerLarge MünsterländerPoodlePudelpointerSmall MünsterländerWeimaraner Herding dogs    German ShepherdOld German herding dogs Earth dogs    DachshundJagdterrierMiniature Schnauzer Toy dogs    AffenpinscherMiniature PinscherPomeranian Others    BoxerDobermannEurasierGerman PinscherGerman SpitzGiant SchnauzerGreat DaneHovawartKeeshondKromfohrländerLeonbergerRottweilerStandard Schnauzer Extinct    Bullenbeisser vte Herding and droving dogs ArmantAustralian Cattle DogAustralian KelpieAustralian ShepherdAustralian Stumpy Tail Cattle DogBasque Shepherd DogBearded CollieBeauceronBelgian ShepherdBergamasco ShepherdBerger PicardBlue LacyBohemian ShepherdBorder CollieBouvier des ArdennesBouvier des FlandresBriardCan de ChiraCane Lupino del GiganteCane di OropaCane ToccatoreCão da Serra de AiresCardigan Welsh CorgiCarea Castellano ManchegoCarea LeonésCatahoula Leopard DogCatalan SheepdogCollie (Rough)Collie (Smooth)Croatian SheepdogDutch ShepherdEnglish ShepherdFaroese SheepdogFinnish LapphundGalician PalleiroGarafian ShepherdGaucho sheepdogGerman ShepherdHuntawayIcelandic SheepdogKing ShepherdKoolieLancashire HeelerLapponian HerderMagellan sheep dogMcNab dogMiniature American ShepherdMudiNenets Herding LaikaNew Zealand Heading DogNorwegian BuhundOld English SheepdogOld German Herding Dogs (Altdeutsche)Pastore della Lessinia e del LagoraiPembroke Welsh CorgiPolish Lowland SheepdogPortuguese SheepdogPuliPumiPyrenean SheepdogSardinian Shepherd DogSchapendoesSchipperkeShetland SheepdogSmithfieldSpanish Water DogSwedish LapphundSwedish VallhundTibetan TerrierWelsh SheepdogWhite ShepherdWhite Swiss Shepherd Dog The dog or domestic dog (Canis familiaris[4][5] or Canis lupus familiaris[5]) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. The dog is derived from an ancient, extinct wolf,[6][7] and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog was the first species to be domesticated,[9][8] by hunter–gatherers over 15,000 years ago,[7] before the development of agriculture.[1] Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals[10] and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.[11] The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.[12] Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.[13] This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend".[14] Taxonomy Further information: Canis lupus dingo § Taxonomic debate – the domestic dog, dingo, and New Guinea singing dog In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog",[15] and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus.[2] Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.[16] In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other.[17] In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one of the guides informing his decision.[3] Mammalogists have noted the inclusion of familiaris and dingo together under the "domestic dog" clade[18] with some debating it.[19] In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the dingo and the New Guinea singing dog to be feral Canis familiaris and therefore did not assess them for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4] Evolution Main article: Evolution of the wolf Location of a dog's carnassials; the inside of the 4th upper premolar aligns with the outside of the 1st lower molar, working like scissor blades The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event occurred 65 million years ago and brought an end to the dinosaurs and the appearance of the first carnivorans.[20] The name carnivoran is given to a member of the order Carnivora. Carnivorans possess a common arrangement of teeth called carnassials, in which the first lower molar and the last upper premolar possess blade-like enamel crowns that act similar to a pair of shears for cutting meat. This dental arrangement has been modified by adaptation over the past 60 million years for diets composed of meat, for crushing vegetation, or for the loss of the carnassial function altogether as in seals, sea lions, and walruses. Today, not all carnivorans are carnivores, such as the insect-eating Aardwolf.[5] The carnivoran ancestors of the dog-like caniforms and the cat-like feliforms began their separate evolutionary paths just after the end of the dinosaurs. The first members of the dog family Canidae appeared 40 million years ago,[21] of which only its subfamily the Caninae survives today in the form of the wolf-like and fox-like canines. Within the Caninae, the first members of genus Canis appeared six million years ago,[15] the ancestors of modern domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, and golden jackals. Domestication Main article: Domestication of the dog The earliest remains generally accepted to be those of a domesticated dog were discovered in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany. Contextual, isotopic, genetic, and morphological evidence shows that this dog was not a local wolf.[22] The dog was dated to 14,223 years ago and was found buried along with a man and a woman, all three having been sprayed with red hematite powder and buried under large, thick basalt blocks. The dog had died of canine distemper.[23] Earlier remains dating back to 30,000 years ago have been described as Paleolithic dogs, but their status as dogs or wolves remains debated[24] because considerable morphological diversity existed among wolves during the Late Pleistocene.[1] This timing indicates that the dog was the first species to be domesticated[9][8] in the time of hunter–gatherers,[7] which predates agriculture.[1] DNA sequences show that all ancient and modern dogs share a common ancestry and descended from an ancient, extinct wolf population which was distinct from the modern wolf lineage.[6][7] Most dogs form a sister group to the remains of a Late Pleistocene wolf found in the Kessleroch cave near Thayngen in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, which dates to 14,500 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of both is estimated to be from 32,100 years ago.[25] This indicates that an extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog,[8][1][26] with the modern wolf being the dog's nearest living relative.[8] The dog is a classic example of a domestic animal that likely travelled a commensal pathway into domestication.[24][27] The questions of when and where dogs were first domesticated have taxed geneticists and archaeologists for decades.[9] Genetic studies suggest a domestication process commencing over 25,000 years ago, in one or several wolf populations in either Europe, the high Arctic, or eastern Asia.[10] In 2021, a literature review of the current evidence infers that the dog was domesticated in Siberia 23,000 years ago by ancient North Siberians, then later dispersed eastward into the Americas and westward across Eurasia.[22] Breeds Main article: Dog breed Further information: Dog type Dog breeds show a range of phenotypic variation Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds.[10] In the Victorian era, directed human selection developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes.[8] Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years,[8][10] and since then dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to artificial selection imposed by humans. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour.[8] Their behavioural traits include guarding, herding, and hunting,[8] retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and aggression,[10] which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs.[8] As a result, present day dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world.[10] The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the Victorian era.[7] Biology Anatomy Main article: Dog anatomy Skeleton A lateral view of a dog skeleton All healthy dogs, regardless of their size and type, have an identical skeletal structure with the exception of the number of bones in the tail, although there is significant skeletal variation between dogs of different types.[28][29] The dog's skeleton is well adapted for running; the vertebrae on the neck and back have extensions for powerful back muscles to connect to, the long ribs provide plenty of room for the heart and lungs, and the shoulders are unattached to the skeleton allowing great flexibility.[28][29] Compared to the dog's wolf-like ancestors, selective breeding since domestication has seen the dog's skeleton greatly enhanced in size for larger types as mastiffs and miniaturised for smaller types such as terriers; dwarfism has been selectively utilised for some types where short legs are advantageous such as dachshunds and corgis.[29] Most dogs naturally have 26 vertebrae in their tails, but some with naturally short tails have as few as three.[28] The dog's skull has identical components regardless of breed type, but there is significant divergence in terms of skull shape between types.[29][30] The three basic skull shapes are the elongated dolichocephalic type as seen in sighthounds, the intermediate mesocephalic or mesaticephalic type, and the very short and broad brachycephalic type exemplified by mastiff type skulls.[29][30] Senses Further information: Dog anatomy § Senses A dog's senses include vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and sensitivity to Earth's magnetic field. Another study has suggested that dogs can see Earth's magnetic field.[31] Coat Main article: Dog coat Dogs display wide variation in coat type, density, length, color, and composition The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside.[32] Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.[33] Tail There are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or corkscrew. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be crucial in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. Health Main article: Dog health Some breeds of dogs are prone to specific genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two severe medical conditions significantly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all breeds and ages, and Gastric dilatation volvulus (bloat), which affects larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, mites, hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms, which is a roundworm species that lives in the hearts of dogs. Several human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids, causing theobromine poisoning, onions and garlic, causing thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning, grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, and xylitol.[34] The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous to dogs. Signs of ingestion can include copious vomiting (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other symptoms are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death.[35][page needed] Dogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis. Lifespan Further information: Aging in dogs The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years.[36][37] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[36][37][38] For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.[39] Reproduction Main article: Canine reproduction A female dog nursing newborn puppies. In domestic dogs, sexual maturity happens around six months to one year for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds, and is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will become estrous, mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and can be fertilized for a week after ovulation, more than one male can sire the same litter.[12] Fertilization typically occurs two to five days after ovulation; 14–16 days after ovulation, the embryo attaches to the uterus and after seven to eight more days, a heartbeat is detectable.[40][41] Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization,[12][42] with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies.[43] Neutering Neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removing the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of dogs' overpopulation in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may later be euthanized.[44] According to the Humane Society of the United States, three to four million dogs and cats are euthanized each year.[45] Many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down.[46] Neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs.[47] Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop cancers affecting the mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs.[48][page needed] However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs[49] and prostate cancer in males[50] and osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.[51] Inbreeding depression A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g., between half and full siblings).[52] Inbreeding depression is considered to be due mainly to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[53] Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.[54] In a study of seven dog breeds (the Bernese Mountain Dog, Basset Hound, Cairn Terrier, Brittany, German Shepherd Dog, Leonberger, and West Highland White Terrier), it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival.[55] Another analysis of data on 42,855 Dachshund litters found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.[56] In a study of Boxer litters, 22% of puppies died before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth was the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection increased significantly with increases in inbreeding.[57] Behavior Main article: Dog behavior See also: Dog behavior § Behavior compared with other canids Dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and external stimuli.[58] As the oldest domesticated species, dogs' minds inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans more than any other species and they are uniquely attuned to human behaviors.[13] Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in domestic dogs. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine relatives or other highly intelligent mammals, such as great apes, but rather parallel to children's social-cognitive skills.[59] Unlike other domestic species selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.[60][61] In 2016, a study found that only 11 fixed genes showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response[61][62] (i.e., selection for tameness) and emotional processing.[61] Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared with wolves.[61][63] Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and later in breed formation.[61] Traits of high sociability and lack of fear in dogs may include genetic modifications related to Williams-Beuren syndrome in humans, which cause hypersociability at the expense of problem-solving ability.[64] Intelligence Main article: Dog intelligence Dog intelligence is the dog's ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Studies of two dogs suggest that dogs can learn by inference and have advanced memory skills. A study with Rico, a Border Collie, showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel things by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those new items immediately and four weeks after the initial exposure. A study of another Border Collie, Chaser, documented his learning and memory capabilities. He had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.[65] Dogs can read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing and human voice commands. One study of canine cognitive abilities found that dogs' capabilities are no more exceptional than those of other animals, such as horses, chimpanzees, or cats.[66] One limited study of 18 household dogs found that they lacked spatial memory, and were more focussed on the "what" of a task rather than the "where".[67] Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception.[68] An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans.[69] Another study revealed that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs faced with an unsolvable version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not.[70] Communication Main article: Dog communication Dog sounds 0:15 A dog making noises and barking Problems playing this file? See media help. Dog communication is how dogs convey information to other dogs, understand messages from humans and translate the information that dogs are transmitting.[71]: xii  Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste). Humans communicate to dogs by using vocalization, hand signals, and body posture. Ecology Population The dog is probably the most widely abundant large carnivoran living in the human environment.[72][73] In 2013, the estimated global dog population was between 700 million[74] and 987 million.[75] About 20% of dogs live as pets in developed countries.[76] In the developing world, dogs are more commonly feral or communally owned, with pet dogs uncommon. Most of these dogs live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers is to run away (52%) or respond aggressively (11%).[77] Little is known about these dogs, or the dogs in developed countries that are feral, strays, or are in shelters because the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.[78] Competitors and predators Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans.[72] For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves.[79][80] Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.[79][81] Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together.[82] In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed.[83] Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.[79] Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size.[84] Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way.[85] Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range.[86] Diet See also: Dog food A Golden Retriever gnawing on a pig's foot Dogs have been described as omnivores.[12][87][88] Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.[11] Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet.[89] However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. Also more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain its nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.[90] Range As a domesticated or semi-domesticated animal, the dog is nearly universal among human societies. Notable exceptions once included:     The Aboriginal Tasmanians, who were separated from Australia before the arrival of dingos on that continent     The Andamanese peoples, who were isolated when rising sea levels covered the land bridge to Myanmar     The Fuegians, who instead domesticated the Fuegian dog, a different canid species     Individual Pacific islands whose maritime settlers did not bring dogs, or where dogs died out after original settlement, notably the Mariana Islands,[91] Palau[92] and most of the Caroline Islands with exceptions such as Fais Island and Nukuoro,[93] the Marshall Islands,[94] the Gilbert Islands,[94] New Caledonia,[95] Vanuatu,[95][96] Tonga,[96] Marquesas,[96] Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Rapa Iti in French Polynesia, Easter Island,[96] the Chatham Islands[97] and Pitcairn Island (settled by the Bounty mutineers, who killed off their dogs to escape discovery by passing ships).[98] Dogs were introduced to Antarctica as sled dogs, but were later outlawed by international agreement due to the possible risk of spreading infections.[99] Roles with humans Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with a complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness and ability to fit into human households and social situations. These attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful animals today.[100] The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship and aiding disabled individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.[101][102] Pets Siberian Huskies are pack animals that still enjoy some human companionship It is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.[103][page needed] "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs"[104] and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history.[14] Pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased.[14] In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today[105](the expression "in the doghouse" - recorded since 1932[106] - to describe exclusion from the group implies a distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the pet dog's role, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians.[107][page needed] People and their dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives[108][page needed] to the point where pet dogs actively shape how a family and home are experienced.[109] There have been two significant trends occurring within the second half of the 20th century in pet dogs' changing status. The first has been "commodification", shaping it to conform to social expectations of personality and behavior.[109] The second has been the broadening of the family's concept and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.[109] A vast range of commodity forms aims to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion.[110] The list of goods, services, and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries.[110] Dog training books, classes, and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.[111] The majority of contemporary dog owners describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog-human family as a pack.[109] Some dog trainers, such as on the television program Dog Whisperer, have promoted a dominance model of dog-human relationships. However, it has been disputed that "trying to achieve status" is characteristic of dog-human interactions.[112] The idea of the "alpha dog" trying to be dominant is based on a disproved theory about wolf packs.[113][114] Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog-human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog; to mediate their interactions with each other.[115] Increasingly, human family-members engage in activities centered on the dog's perceived needs and interests, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.[110] According to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009–2010, an estimated 77.5 million people in the United States have pet dogs.[116] The same source shows that nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of male and female pet dogs. Although several programs promote pet adoption, less than one-fifth of the owned dogs come from shelters.[116] A study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compare humans and dogs showed that dogs have the same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize human emotional sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.[117] Workers Dogs have lived and worked with humans in many roles. In addition to dogs' role as companion animals, dogs have been bred for herding livestock (collies, sheepdogs),[118][page needed][12] hunting (hounds, pointers)[119][page needed] and rodent control (terriers).[12] Other types of working dogs include search and rescue dogs,[120] detection dogs trained to detect illicit drugs[121] or chemical weapons;[122] guard dogs; dogs who assist fishermen with the use of nets; and dogs that pull loads.[12] In 1957, the dog Laika became the first animal to be launched into Earth orbit, aboard the Soviets' Sputnik 2; she died during the flight.[123][124] Various kinds of service dogs and assistance dogs, including guide dogs, hearing dogs, mobility assistance dogs and psychiatric service dogs, assist individuals with disabilities.[125][126] Some dogs owned by people with epilepsy have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[127] Athletes and models See also: Conformation show People often enter their dogs in competitions, such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions. In conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the dog's externally observable qualities (such as appearance, movement and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows. Food Main article: Dog meat Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea,[128][page needed] China,[101] Vietnam[102] and the Philippines,[129] which dates back to antiquity.[130] Based on limited data, it is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year.[131] In China, debates have ensued over banning the consumption of dog meat.[132] Following the Sui and Tang dynasties of the first millennium, however, people living on northern China's plains began to eschew eating dogs, which is likely due to Buddhism and Islam's spread, two religions that forbade the consumption of certain animals, including the dog. As members of the upper classes shunned dog meat, it gradually became a social taboo to eat it, even though the general population continued to consume it for centuries afterward.[133] Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.[134] Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. Dog fat is also reportedly believed to be beneficial for the lungs in some parts of Poland[135][136] and Central Asia.[137][138] Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is Western hypocrisy and that there is no difference in eating different animals' meat.[139][140][141][142] In Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the Nureongi, differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.[143] The most popular Korean dog dish is called bosintang, a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's gi, or the body's vital energy. A 19th-century version of bosintang explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still prevalent in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, pork and chicken.[143] Health risks Further information: Dog bite, Canine vector-borne disease, and Dog bite prevention In 2018, the WHO reported that 59,000 people died globally from rabies, with 59.6% in Asia and 36.4% in Africa. Rabies is a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.[144] Significant dog bites affect tens of millions of people globally each year. Children in mid-to-late childhood are the largest percentage bitten by dogs, with a greater risk of injury to the head and neck. They are more likely to need medical treatment and have the highest death rate.[145] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[146] In the U.S., cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[147] It has been estimated that around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in U.K. hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[148] Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[149] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[150] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[151][152] Health benefits Walking a dog Dogs suffer from the same common disorders as humans; these include cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurologic disorders. Their pathology is similar to humans, as is their response to treatment and their outcomes. Researchers are identifying the genes associated with dog diseases similar to human disorders, but lack mouse models to find cures for both dogs and humans. The genes involved in canine obsessive-compulsive disorders led to the detection of four genes in humans' related pathways.[10] The scientific evidence is mixed as to whether a dog's companionship can enhance human physical health and psychological well-being.[153] Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological well-being[154] have been criticized for being poorly controlled.[155] It found that "the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal." Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.[156] A 2005 paper states "recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets."[153] In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition. This effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.[157] People with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behavior and that for guardians of dogs, these effects are relatively long-term.[157] Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival. Human guardians are significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[158] The association between dog ownership and adult physical activity levels has been reviewed by several authors.[159][160] The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in a pet dog's presence, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral and psychological indicators of anxiety.[161] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases according to the hygiene hypothesis. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs cannot only provide companionship and social support themselves but also act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[162] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[163] In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.[164] Using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[165] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease.[166] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared with those not in an animal-assisted program.[167] Cultural importance Main articles: Cultural depictions of dogs and Dogs in religion Further information: List of fictional dogs Cerberus, with the gluttons in Dante's Third Circle of Hell. William Blake. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, alertness, and love.[168] In ancient Mesopotamia, from the Old Babylonian period until the Neo-Babylonian, dogs were the symbol of Ninisina, the goddess of healing and medicine,[169] and her worshippers frequently dedicated small models of seated dogs to her.[169] In the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, dogs were used as emblems of magical protection.[169] In China, Korea and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.[170] In mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.[170] Stories of dogs guarding the gates of the underworld recur throughout Indo-European mythologies[171][172] and may originate from Proto-Indo-European religion.[171][172] In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed, dragon-tailed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades.[170] Dogs are also associated with the Greek goddess Hecate.[173] In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim.[170] In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge.[170] In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.[170] In Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death, owns two watchdogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka.[174] A black dog is also considered to be the vahana (vehicle) of Bhairava (an incarnation of Shiva).[175] In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.[170] Within the Roman Catholic denomination specifically, the iconography of Saint Dominic includes a dog, after the hallow's mother dreamt of a dog springing from her womb and becoming pregnant shortly after that.[176] As such, the Dominican Order (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis) means "dog of the Lord" or "hound of the Lord" (Ecclesiastical Latin: Domini canis).[176] In Christian folklore, a church grim often takes the form of a black dog to guard Christian churches and their churchyards from sacrilege.[177] Jewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets.[178] Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.[178] The view on dogs in Islam is mixed, with some schools of thought viewing it as unclean,[170] although Khaled Abou El Fadl states that this view is based on "pre-Islamic Arab mythology" and "a tradition to be falsely attributed to the Prophet."[179] Therefore, Sunni Malaki and Hanafi jurists permit the trade of and keeping of dogs as pets.[180] Terminology     Dog – the species (or subspecies) as a whole, also any male member of the same.[181]     Bitch – any female member of the species (or subspecies).[182]     Puppy or pup – a young member of the species (or subspecies) under 12 months old.[183]     Sire – the male parent of a litter.[183]     Dam – the female parent of a litter.[183]     Litter – all of the puppies resulting from a single whelping.[183]     Whelping – the act of a bitch giving birth.[183]     Whelps – puppies still dependent upon their dam.[183] See also     Lists of dogs         List of individual dogs     Cat–dog relationship     Dognapping     Cynanthropy     Domesticated silver fox     Miller's Anatomy of the Dog     Dogs portal     Mammals portal References Thalmann, Olaf; Perri, Angela R. 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dybowskii) Helogale         Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula) Herpestes         Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta) Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea) Ichneumia         White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda) Liberiictus         Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni) Mungos         Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose (M. mungo) Paracynictis         Selous's mongoose (P. selousi) Rhynchogale         Meller's mongoose (R. melleri) Suricata         Meerkat (S. suricatta) Urva         Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) Javan mongoose (U. javanica) Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla) Xenogale         Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso) Hyaenidae (Hyenas)     Crocuta         Spotted hyena (C. crocuta) Hyaena         Striped hyena (H. hyaena) Parahyaena         Brown hyena (P. brunnea) Proteles         Aardwolf (P. cristata) Felidae     Large family listed below Viverridae     Large family listed below Eupleridae     Small family listed below Family Felidae Felinae     Acinonyx         Cheetah (A. jubatus) Caracal         African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal) Catopuma         Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) Felis         Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Domestic cat (F. catus) Jungle cat (F. chaus) African wildcat (F. lybica) Sand cat (F. margarita) Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) European wildcat (F. silvestris) Herpailurus         Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) Leopardus         Pantanal cat (L. braccatus) Pampas cat (L. colocola) Eastern oncilla (L. emiliae) Northern colocolo (L. garleppi) Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod (L. guigna) Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita) Muñoa's colocolo (L. munoai) Southern colocolo (L. pajeros) Ocelot (L. pardalis) Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Margay (L. wiedii) Leptailurus         Serval (L. serval) Lynx         Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat (L. rufus) Otocolobus         Pallas's cat (O. manul) Pardofelis         Marbled cat (P. marmorata) Prionailurus         Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) Puma         Cougar (P. concolor) Pantherinae     Panthera         Lion (P. leo) Jaguar (P. onca) Leopard (P. pardus) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia) Neofelis         Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa) Family Viverridae Paradoxurinae     Arctictis         Binturong (A. binturong) Arctogalidia         Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) Macrogalidia         Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii) Paguma         Masked palm civet (P. larvata) Paradoxurus         Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis) Hemigalinae     Chrotogale         Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni) Cynogale         Otter civet (C. bennettii) Diplogale         Hose's palm civet (D. hosei) Hemigalus         Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus) Prionodontinae (Asiatic linsangs)     Prionodon         Banded linsang (P. linsang) Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor) Viverrinae     Civettictis         African civet (C. civetta) Genetta (Genets)         Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica) Angolan genet (G. angolensis) Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni) Crested servaline genet (G. cristata) Common genet (G. genetta) Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni) Letaba genet (G. letabae) Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata) Pardine genet (G. pardina) Aquatic genet (G. piscivora) King genet (G. poensis) Servaline genet (G. servalina) Hausa genet (G. thierryi) Cape genet (G. tigrina) Giant forest genet (G. victoriae) Poiana         Central African oyan (P. richardsonii) West African oyan (P. leightoni) Viverra         Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet (V. zibetha) Viverricula         Small Indian civet (V. indica) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae     Cryptoprocta         Fossa (C. ferox) Eupleres         Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major) Fossa         Malagasy civet (F. fossana) Galidiinae     Galidia         Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans) Galidictis         Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri) Mungotictis         Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata) Salanoia         Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli) Suborder Caniformia (cont. below) Ursidae (Bears)     Ailuropoda         Giant panda (A. melanoleuca) Helarctos         Sun bear (H. malayanus) Melursus         Sloth bear (M. ursinus) Tremarctos         Spectacled bear (T. ornatus) Ursus         American black bear (U. americanus) Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian black bear (U. thibetanus) Mephitidae (Skunks)     Conepatus (Hog-nosed skunks)         Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus) Mephitis         Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk (M. mephitis) Mydaus         Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger (M. marchei) Spilogale (Spotted skunks)         Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea) Procyonidae (Raccoons, coatis, olingos)     Bassaricyon (Olingos)         Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni) Northern olingo (B. gabbii) Western lowland olingo (B. medius) Olinguito (B. neblina) Bassariscus         Ringtail (B. astutus) Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti) Nasua (Coatis inclusive)         White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati (N. nasua) Nasuella (Coatis inclusive)         Western mountain coati (N. olivacea) Potos         Kinkajou (P. flavus) Procyon         Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus) Ailuridae     Ailurus         Himlayan red panda (A. fulgens) Chinese red panda (A. styani) Suborder Caniformia (cont. above) Otariidae (Eared seals) (includes fur seals and sea lions) (Pinniped inclusive)     Arctocephalus         South American fur seal (A. australis) Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri) Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii) Brown fur seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) Callorhinus         Northern fur seal (C. ursinus) Eumetopias         Steller sea lion (E. jubatus) Neophoca         Australian sea lion (N. cinerea) Otaria         South American sea lion (O. flavescens) Phocarctos         New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri) Zalophus         California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki) Odobenidae (Pinniped inclusive)     Odobenus         Walrus (O. rosmarus) Phocidae (Earless seals) (Pinniped inclusive)     Cystophora         Hooded seal (C. cristata) Erignathus         Bearded seal (E. barbatus) Halichoerus         Grey seal (H. grypus) Histriophoca         Ribbon seal (H. fasciata) Hydrurga         Leopard seal (H. leptonyx) Leptonychotes         Weddell seal (L. weddellii) Lobodon         Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus) Mirounga (Elephant seals)         Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Southern elephant seal (M. leonina) Monachus         Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus) Neomonachus         Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi) Ommatophoca         Ross seal (O. rossi) Pagophilus         Harp seal (P. groenlandicus) Phoca         Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal (P. vitulina) Pusa         Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal (P. sibirica) Canidae     Large family listed below Mustelidae     Large family listed below Family Canidae (includes dogs) Atelocynus         Short-eared dog (A. microtis) Canis         Golden jackal (C. aureus) Domestic dog (C. familiaris) Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Eastern wolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis) Cerdocyon         Crab-eating fox (C. thous) Chrysocyon         Maned wolf (C. brachyurus) Cuon         Dhole (C. alpinus) Lupulella         Side-striped jackal (L. adustus) Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas) Lycalopex         Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox (L. vetulus) Lycaon         African wild dog (L. pictus) Nyctereutes         Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides) Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus) Otocyon         Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis) Speothos         Bush dog (S. venaticus) Urocyon         Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox (U. littoralis) Vulpes (Foxes)         Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox (V. zerda) Family Mustelidae     vte Extant gray wolf subspecies     Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae Genus: Canis Species: lupus Old World subspecies         Tundra wolf (C. l. albus) Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs) Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris) Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco) Himalayan wolf (C. l. chanco) Dingo (C. l. dingo) Domestic dog (C. l. familiaris or C. familiaris) Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus) Indian wolf (C. l. pallipes) New World subspecies         Arctic wolf (C. l. arctos) Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) British Columbian wolf (C. l. columbianus) Vancouver Coastal Sea wolf (C. l. crassodon) Hudson Bay wolf (C. l. hudsonicus) Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (C. l. irremotus) Labrador wolf (C. l. labradorius) Alexander Archipelago wolf (C. l. ligoni) Eastern wolf (C. l. lycaon) Mackenzie River wolf (C. l. mackenzii) Baffin Island wolf (C. l. manningi) Northwestern wolf (C. l. occidentalis) Greenland wolf (C. l. orion) Alaskan Interior wolf (C. l. pambasileus) Red wolf (C. l. rufus) Alaskan tundra wolf (C. l. tundrarum) Taxon identifiers Canis lupus familiaris         Wikidata: Q26972265 ADW: Canis_lupus_familiaris CoL: 5G6ZJ EoL: 1228387 EPPO: CANIFA GBIF: 6164210 ISC: 90295 ITIS: 726821 MSW: 14000752 NCBI: 9615 NZOR: db725874-7d02-4221-a93d-18894fb55417 Canis familiaris         Wikidata: Q20717272 AFD: Canis_familiaris CoL: QLXF Fossilworks: 104153 GBIF: 5219200 iNaturalist: 47144 IRMNG: 10681653 ITIS: 183815 WoRMS: 1461482 ZooBank: 05C23FE8-F45D-4EA6-A309-46864DE24097 Authority control Edit this at Wikidata National libraries         Spain France (data) Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other         Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Categories:     Domesticated animalsDogsWolvesScavengersCosmopolitan mammalsAnimal modelsExtant Late Pleistocene first appearancesMammals described in 1758Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus List of dog breeds This list of dog breeds includes both extant and extinct dog breeds, varieties, landraces, and dog types. A research article on dog genomics published in Science/AAAS defines modern dog breeds as "a recent invention defined by conformation to a physical ideal and purity of lineage".[1] Extant breeds, landraces, varieties and types Note: not all dogs listed below are recognized breeds by an official breed registry that can certify the dog is a purebred, including The Kennel Club (TKC-1873), the oldest and first official dog breed registry in the world, located in the United Kingdom,[2] and the three oldest breed registries in North America, and largest in the world, including the American Kennel Club (AKC-1884),[3][4] United Kennel Club (UKC-1898),[5] and Canadian Kennel Club (CKC-1888).[6] A–C     Affenpinscher[7]     Afghan Hound[8]     Africanis[9]     Aidi[10]     Airedale Terrier[11]     Akbash[12]     Akita[13]     Aksaray Malaklisi     Alano Español[14]     Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog[15]     Alaskan husky[16]     Alaskan Klee Kai[17]     Alaskan Malamute[18]     Alopekis     Alpine Dachsbracke[19]     American Bulldog[20]     American bully     American Cocker Spaniel[21]     American English Coonhound[22]     American Eskimo Dog[23]     American Foxhound[24]     American Hairless Terrier[25]     American Pit Bull Terrier[26]     American Staffordshire Terrier[26]     American Water Spaniel[27]     Andalusian Hound[28]     Anglo-Français de Petite Vénerie[29]     Appenzeller Sennenhund[30]     Ariegeois[31]     Armant[32]     Armenian Gampr dog     Artois Hound[33]     Assyrian Mastiff     Australian Cattle Dog[34]     Australian Kelpie[34]     Australian Shepherd[35]     Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog[36]     Australian Terrier[37]     Austrian Black and Tan Hound[38]     Austrian Pinscher[39]     Azawakh[40]     Bakharwal dog     Banjara Hound[41]     Barbado da Terceira[42]     Barbet[43]     Basenji[44]     Basque Shepherd Dog[45]     Basset Artésien Normand[46]     Basset Bleu de Gascogne[47]     Basset Fauve de Bretagne[48]     Basset Hound[49]     Bavarian Mountain Hound[50]     Beagle[49]     Beagle-Harrier[51]     Belgian Shepherd[52]     Bearded Collie[53]     Beauceron[54]     Bedlington Terrier[55]     Bergamasco Shepherd[56]     Berger Picard[57]     Bernese Mountain Dog[30]     Bichon Frisé[58]     Billy[59]     Black and Tan Coonhound[60]     Black Norwegian Elkhound[61]     Black Russian Terrier[62]     Black Mouth Cur[63]     Bloodhound[64]     Blue Lacy[65]     Blue Picardy Spaniel[66]     Bluetick Coonhound[60]     Boerboel[67]     Bohemian Shepherd[68]     Bolognese[69]     Border Collie[70]     Border Terrier[71]     Borzoi[72]     Bosnian Coarse-haired Hound[73]     Boston Terrier[74]     Bouvier des Ardennes[75]     Bouvier des Flandres[76]     Boxer[77]     Boykin Spaniel[78]     Bracco Italiano[79]     Braque d'Auvergne[80]     Braque de l'Ariège[80]     Braque du Bourbonnais[81]     Braque Francais[82]     Braque Saint-Germain[81]     Briard[54]     Briquet Griffon Vendéen[83]     Brittany[66]     Broholmer[84]     Bruno Jura Hound[85]     Brussels Griffon[86]     Bucovina Shepherd Dog[87]     Bull Arab     Bull Terrier[88]     Bulldog[89]     Bullmastiff[89]     Bully Kutta     Burgos Pointer[90]     Buryat-Mongolian Wolfhound     Ca de Bou     Ca Mè Mallorquí[91]     Cairn Terrier[92]     Calupoh     Campeiro Bulldog     Can de Chira     Can de Palleiro     Canaan Dog[93]     Canadian Eskimo Dog[18]     Cane Corso[10]     Cane di Oropa     Cane Paratore     Cantabrian Water Dog     Cão da Serra de Aires[94]     Cão de Castro Laboreiro[95]     Cão de Gado Transmontano[96]     Cão Fila de São Miguel[97]     Cardigan Welsh Corgi[98]     Carea Castellano Manchego[99]     Carea Leonés     Carolina Dog[100]     Carpathian Shepherd Dog[101]     Catahoula Leopard Dog[102]     Catalan Sheepdog[103]     Caucasian Shepherd Dog[104]     Cavalier King Charles Spaniel[105]     Central Asian Shepherd Dog[106]     Cesky Fousek[107]     Cesky Terrier[108]     Chesapeake Bay Retriever[109]     Chien Français Blanc et Noir[110]     Chien Français Blanc et Orange[111]     Chien Français Tricolore[110]     Chihuahua[112]     Chilean Terrier     Chinese Crested Dog[113]     Chinook[114]     Chippiparai[115]     Chongqing dog     Chortai[116]     Chow Chow[117]     Chukotka sled dog     Cimarrón Uruguayo     Cirneco dell'Etna[118]     Clumber Spaniel[119]     Colombian fino hound     Continental bulldog     Coton de Tulear[120]     Cretan Hound[121]     Croatian Sheepdog[101]     Curly-Coated Retriever[109]     Cursinu[68]     Czechoslovakian Wolfdog[122] D–K     Dachshund[123]     Dalmatian[124]     Dandie Dinmont Terrier[125]     Danish Spitz     Danish-Swedish Farmdog[126]     Denmark Feist[127]     Dingo [note 1]     Dobermann[50]     Dogo Argentino[129]     Dogo Guatemalteco     Dogo Sardesco     Dogue Brasileiro[129]     Dogue de Bordeaux[130]     Drentse Patrijshond[131]     Drever[132]     Dunker[133]     Dutch Shepherd[134]     Dutch Smoushond[135]     East Siberian Laika[136]     East European Shepherd[137]     Ecuadorian Hairless Dog[138]     English Cocker Spaniel[139]     English Foxhound[140]     English Mastiff[130]     English Setter[141]     English Shepherd[142]     English Springer Spaniel[143]     English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan)[144]     Entlebucher Mountain Dog[145]     Estonian Hound[146]     Estrela Mountain Dog[95]     Eurasier[117]     Field Spaniel[147]     Fila Brasileiro[129]     Finnish Hound[148]     Finnish Lapphund[149]     Finnish Spitz[150]     Flat-Coated Retriever[151]     French Bulldog[152]     French Spaniel[153]     Galgo Español[154]     Garafian Shepherd[155]     Gascon Saintongeois[29]     Georgian Shepherd     German Hound     German Longhaired Pointer[156]     German Pinscher[7]     German Roughhaired Pointer[157]     German Shepherd[158]     German Shorthaired Pointer[156]     German Spaniel[119]     German Spitz[159]     German Wirehaired Pointer[156]     Giant Schnauzer[160]     Glen of Imaal Terrier[161]     Golden Retriever[162]     Gończy Polski[163]     Gordon Setter[141]     Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir[164]     Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange[164]     Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore[164]     Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen[165]     Grand Bleu de Gascogne[166]     Grand Griffon Vendéen[83]     Great Dane[167]     Greater Swiss Mountain Dog[145]     Greek Harehound[168]     Greek Shepherd[169]     Greenland Dog[170]     Greyhound[72]     Griffon Bleu de Gascogne[47]     Griffon Fauve de Bretagne[48]     Griffon Nivernais[46]     Gull Dong     Gull Terrier     Hällefors Elkhound     Halden Hound     Hamiltonstövare[171]     Hanover Hound[172]     Harrier[173]     Havanese[69]     Himalayan Sheepdog[174]     Hierran Wolfdog     Hokkaido[13]     Hovawart[175]     Huntaway[176]     Hygen Hound[148]     Ibizan Hound[118]     Icelandic Sheepdog[177]     Indian pariah dog     Indian Spitz     Irish Red and White Setter[178]     Irish Setter[178]     Irish Terrier[11]     Irish Water Spaniel[179]     Irish Wolfhound[180]     Istrian Coarse-haired Hound[181]     Istrian Shorthaired Hound[73]     Italian Greyhound[182]     Jack Russell Terrier[183]     Jagdterrier[108]     Japanese Chin[184]     Japanese Spitz[185]     Japanese Terrier[186]     Jindo[187]     Jonangi     Kai Ken     Kaikadi[188]     Kangal Shepherd Dog[12]     Kanni[41]     Karakachan dog     Karelian Bear Dog[189]     Kars[190]     Karst Shepherd[191]     Keeshond[192]     Kerry Beagle[51]     Kerry Blue Terrier[193]     Khala [194]     King Charles Spaniel[184]     King Shepherd[75]     Kintamani     Kishu[195]     Kokoni     Kombai[196]     Komondor[197]     Kooikerhondje[198]     Koolie     Koyun dog     Kromfohrländer[186]     Kuchi[199]     Kuvasz[200] L–R     Labrador Retriever[201]     Lagotto Romagnolo[202]     Lakeland Terrier[71]     Lancashire Heeler[35]     Landseer[203]     Lapponian Herder[150]     Large Münsterländer[204]     Leonberger[129]     Levriero Sardo     Lhasa Apso     Liangshan Dog[205]     Lithuanian Hound[146]     Lobito Herreño     Löwchen[120]     Lupo Italiano     Mackenzie River husky     Magyar agár[206]     Mahratta Greyhound[207]     Maltese[58]     Manchester Terrier[144]     Maneto[208]     Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog[56]     McNab dog     Miniature American Shepherd     Miniature Bull Terrier[88]     Miniature Fox Terrier     Miniature Pinscher[39]     Miniature Schnauzer[209]     Molossus of Epirus     Montenegrin Mountain Hound[210]     Mountain Cur[168]     Mountain Feist[127]     Mucuchies[211]     Mudhol Hound[212]     Mudi[213]     Neapolitan Mastiff[214]     Nenets Herding Laika     New Guinea singing dog     New Zealand Heading Dog     Newfoundland[215]     Norfolk Terrier[92]     Norrbottenspets[216]     Northern Inuit Dog     Norwegian Buhund[177]     Norwegian Elkhound[217]     Norwegian Lundehund[218]     Norwich Terrier[219]     Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever[198]     Old Croatian Sighthound     Old Danish Pointer[220]     Old English Sheepdog[60]     Old English Terrier[221]     Olde English Bulldogge[20]     Otterhound[140]     Pachon Navarro     Pampas Deerhound     Papillon[222]     Parson Russell Terrier[223]     Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai     Patagonian Sheepdog     Patterdale Terrier[224]     Pekingese[225]     Pembroke Welsh Corgi[98]     Perro Majorero     Perro de Pastor Mallorquin     Perro de Presa Canario[226]     Perro de Presa Mallorquin[227]     Peruvian Inca Orchid[228]     Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen[165]     Petit Bleu de Gascogne[166]     Phalène[222]     Pharaoh Hound[229]     Phu Quoc Ridgeback     Picardy Spaniel[153]     Plummer Terrier[224]     Plott Hound[230]     Podenco Canario[93]     Podenco Valenciano     Pointer[151]     Poitevin[181]     Polish Greyhound[231]     Polish Hound[232]     Polish Lowland Sheepdog[233]     Polish Tatra Sheepdog[234]     Pomeranian[235]     Pont-Audemer Spaniel[236]     Poodle[237]     Porcelaine[59]     Portuguese Podengo[238]     Portuguese Pointer[239]     Portuguese Water Dog[240]     Posavac Hound[241]     Pražský Krysařík[242]     Pshdar dog     Pudelpointer[220]     Pug[152]     Puli[240]     Pumi[197]     Pungsan dog     Pyrenean Mastiff[243]     Pyrenean Mountain Dog[243]     Pyrenean Sheepdog[215]     Rafeiro do Alentejo[244]     Rajapalayam[245]     Rampur Greyhound[35]     Rat Terrier[246]     Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz     Ratonero Mallorquin     Ratonero Murciano     Ratonero Valenciano     Redbone Coonhound[247]     Rhodesian Ridgeback[172]     Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog[101]     Romanian Raven Shepherd Dog[101]     Rottweiler[167]     Rough Collie[70]     Russian Spaniel     Russian Toy[213][248]     Russo-European Laika[136]     Ryukyu Inu S–Z     Saarloos Wolfdog[122]     Sabueso Español[249]     Saint Bernard[203]     Saint Hubert Jura Hound[85]     Saint-Usuge Spaniel     Saluki[154]     Samoyed[185]     Sapsali     Sarabi dog[250]     Sardinian Shepherd Dog     Šarplaninac[101]     Schapendoes[57]     Schillerstövare[132]     Schipperke[251]     Schweizer Laufhund[111]     Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund[252]     Scottish Deerhound[180]     Scottish Terrier[253]     Sealyham Terrier[125]     Segugio dell'Appennino     Segugio Italiano[249]     Segugio Maremmano     Serbian Hound[254]     Serbian Tricolour Hound[210]     Serrano Bulldog     Shar Pei     Shetland Sheepdog[255]     Shiba Inu[256]     Shih Tzu[205]     Shikoku[114]     Shiloh Shepherd[242]     Siberian Husky[170]     Silken Windhound     Silky Terrier[37]     Sinhala Hound     Skye Terrier[253]     Sloughi[40]     Slovakian Wirehaired Pointer[157]     Slovenský Cuvac[200]     Slovenský Kopov[232]     Smalandstövare[163]     Small Greek domestic dog     Small Münsterländer[204]     Smooth Collie[255]     Smooth Fox Terrier[257]     Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier[161]     South Russian Ovcharka[258]     Spanish Mastiff[214]     Spanish Water Dog[179]     Spinone Italiano[79]     Sporting Lucas Terrier[126]     Stabyhoun[131]     Staffordshire Bull Terrier[259]     Standard Schnauzer[160]     Stephens Stock[260]     Styrian Coarse-haired Hound[19]     Sussex Spaniel[147]     Swedish Elkhound[261]     Swedish Lapphund[261]     Swedish Vallhund[76]     Swedish White Elkhound     Taigan[207]     Taiwan Dog     Tamaskan Dog     Tang Dog     Tazy     Teddy Roosevelt Terrier     Telomian     Tenterfield Terrier     Terrier Brasileiro[246]     Thai Bangkaew Dog     Thai Ridgeback[262]     Tibetan Kyi Apso     Tibetan Mastiff[263]     Tibetan Spaniel[264]     Tibetan Terrier[264]     Tonya Finosu     Torkuz[174]     Tornjak[174]     Tosa Inu[265]     Toy Fox Terrier[74]     Toy Manchester Terrier[144]     Transylvanian Hound[266]     Treeing Cur     Treeing Feist[267]     Treeing Tennessee Brindle     Treeing Walker Coonhound[230]     Trigg Hound[268]     Tyrolean Hound[269]     Vikhan[270]     Villano de Las Encartaciones     Villanuco de Las Encartaciones     Vizsla[271]     Volpino Italiano[235]     Weimaraner[272]     Welsh Sheepdog     Welsh Springer Spaniel[143]     Welsh Terrier[193]     West Country Harrier[273]     West Highland White Terrier[219]     West Siberian Laika[189]     Westphalian Dachsbracke[132]     Wetterhoun[236]     Whippet[206]     White Shepherd     White Swiss Shepherd Dog[68]     Wire Fox Terrier[257]     Wirehaired Pointing Griffon[274]     Wirehaired Vizsla     Xiasi Dog     Xoloitzcuintle[275]     Yakutian Laika     Yorkshire Terrier[276]     Zerdava Extinct varieties and types     Alaunt[277]     Alpine Mastiff[278]     Argentine Polar Dog     Belgian Mastiff[279]     Black and Tan Terrier[280]     Blue Paul Terrier[281]     Braque Dupuy[282]     Buckhound     Bull and terrier     Bullenbeisser[283]     Chien-gris[284]     Chiribaya Dog     Cordoba Fighting Dog     Cumberland Sheepdog     Cur[285]     Dalbo dog[286]     Dogo cubano[287]     Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhound     English Water Spaniel     English White Terrier[280]     Fila da Terceira     Fuegian dog     Grand Fauve de Bretagne[48]     Halls Heeler[288]     Hare Indian Dog     Hawaiian Poi Dog     King's White Hound     Kurī[289]     Lapponian Shepherd     Limer     Marquesan Dog     Molossus     Moscow Water Dog     Norfolk Spaniel     Norman Hound     North Country Beagle     Old Croatian Sighthound     Old English Bulldog     Old Spanish Pointer     Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog     Paisley Terrier     Polynesian Dog     Rache     Rastreador Brasileiro[290]     Saint John's water dog     Sakhalin Husky     Salish Wool Dog     Sleuth hound     Southern Hound[82]     Staghound     Tahitian Dog     Tahltan Bear Dog[291]     Talbot Hound[60]     Tesem     Toy Bulldog     Toy Trawler Spaniel     Turnspit dog     Tweed Water Spaniel[292]     Welsh Hillman[293] Notes     Debate exists about the classification of the dingo, it is sometimes considered a form of the domestic dog and sometimes a separate species.[128] References Citations Morrill, Kathleen; Hekman, Jessica; Li, Xue; McClure, Jesse; Logan, Brittney; Goodman, Linda; et al. (29 April 2022). "Ancestry-inclusive dog genomics challenges popular breed stereotypes". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 376 (6592). doi:10.1126/science.abk0639. ISSN 0036-8075. "Breeds A to Z". The Kennel Club. 1 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2022. "Breeds by Year Recognized – American Kennel Club". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 June 2022. Asmelash, Leah (4 January 2022). "Meet the new dog breeds officially recognized by the American Kennel Club". CNN. Retrieved 26 June 2022. "Breed Recognition". United Kennel Club (UKC). Retrieved 26 June 2022. Reznik, Allan (15 June 2020). "What Are the Differences Between the AKC, CKC and UKC Registries? – Dogster". Dogster. Retrieved 26 June 2022. Fogle (2009), p. 84. Hancock (1984), p. 27.     Hancock (2014a), p. 11. Bibliography     Alderton, David (2000). Hounds of the World. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press. ISBN 1-85310-912-6.     Fernández Rodríguez, Miguel; Gómez Fernández, Mariano; Delgado Bermejo, Juan Vicente; Adán Belmonte, Silvia; Jiménez Cabras, Miguel, eds. (2009). Guía de campo de las razas autóctonas españolas [Field guide to native Spanish breeds] (PDF) (in Spanish). Madrid: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. ISBN 978-84-491-0946-1.     Fogle, Bruce (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Dog. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-6004-8.     Hancock, David (2014a). Dogs of the Shepherds: A Review of the Pastoral Breeds. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-808-0.     Hancock, David (2013). Gundogs: Their Past, their Performance and their Prospects. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-492-1.     Hancock, David (2014b). Hounds: Hunting by Scent. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-601-7.     Hancock, David (1984). Old Working Dogs. Botley, Oxfordshire: Shire Publications Ltd. ISBN 0852636784.     Hancock, David (2012). Sighthounds: Their Form, their Function and their Future. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-392-4.     Hancock, David (2011). Sporting Terriers: Their Form, their Function and their Future. Ramsbury, Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84797-303-0.     Jackson, Stephen; Groves, Colin (2015). Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 9781486300136.     Mehus-Roe, Kristin (2005). The Original Dog Bible: The Definitive Source for All Things Dog. Irvine, CA: Bow Tie Press. ISBN 1-931993-34-3.     Morris, Desmond (2001). Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing. ISBN 1-57076-219-8.     Soman, W.V. (1962). The Indian Dog. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan.     Taefehshokr, Sina; Key, Yashar; Maleki, Mehrdad (2014). "Survey on Iran's breeds of dogs". Journal of Veterinary Medicine (in Persian). Tabriz: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University (21). Retrieved 20 May 2020.     vte Dogs Types         African village dogs Feral dogs         Pye-dogs Street dogs Hairless dogs Herding dogs         Livestock guardian dogs Hunting dogs         Gun dogs             Pointers Retrievers Setters Spaniels Water dogs Hounds             Scenthounds                 Bassets Coonhounds Foxhounds Sighthounds Lurchers Terriers             Bull-type terriers Curs Feists Pinschers Schnauzers Mastiffs         Bulldogs Spitz         Huskies Laikas Toy dogs         Bichons Turnspit dogs Breeds         List of breeds List of crossbreeds Mixed-breed dogs Crossbreeds Extinct breeds Most popular Roles         Assistance dogs         Autism dogs Guide dogs Hearing dogs Medical response dogs             Seizure dogs Mobility assistance dogs Therapy dogs             Psychiatric service dogs Attack dogs Bay dogs Carriage dogs Catch dogs Companion dogs Detection dogs Fighting dogs Guard dogs Lap dogs Meat dogs Mercy dogs Pet dogs Police dogs Search and rescue dogs Sled dogs War dogs Behavior         Communication         Barking Howling Human–canine bond Intelligence Dog–cat relationship Human–dog interaction         Animal testing Baiting Breed-specific legislation Dog bite Dog fighting Dog park Dog show Human–canine bond Dog sports Dog walking Dog daycare Dog grooming Therapy Fear of dogs Dog licence Dog meat Dog food         dog biscuit 2007 recalls Dogs in religion Dogs in space Origin of the domestic dog Health         Aging (Longest living dogs) Anatomy Breeding Coat Conformation Diseases Dog food Odor Rabies Reproduction Skin disorders Vaccination Training         Clicker Crate training Training Housebreaking Socialization Related         List of individual dogs List of fictional dogs     Category Portal     vte Breeds and cultivars     Lists of breeds Lists of cultivars Methods         Backcrossing Crossbreed Inbreeding Marker-assisted selection Mutation breeding Outcrossing Preservation breeding Selective breeding Smart breeding (Marker-assisted selection) Hybrid Purebred Animal breeds         Cat Cattle Chicken Dog         breeding Donkey Duck Goat Goose Guinea pig Horse         breeding Pig Pigeon         breeding Rabbit Sheep Turkey Water buffalo     Backyard breeder Breed standard Breeding back Breeding pair Breeding program Captive breeding Designer crossbreed Plant cultivars         Apple         Japanese Banana Basil Callistemon Canna Cannabis Capsicum Cherimoya Citrus         hybrids Coffee Cucumber Gazania Grape Grevillea Hop Mango Narcissus (daffodils) Nemesia Nepenthes Olives Onion Pear Rice Rose         breeders cultivars Strawberry Sweet potato Sweetcorn Tomato Venus flytrap Heirloom plant Plant breeding in Nepal Tree breeding Selection methods and genetics         Culling Marker-assisted selection Natural selection         balancing directional disruptive negative selective sweep stabilizing Selection methods in plant breeding Genotype Phenotype Dominance Codominance Epistasis Dwarfing Heterosis Outbreeding depression Inbreeding depression Recessive trait Sex linkage F1 hybrid Other         Breed registry Breeder Germline Landrace Rare breed Categories:     Dog breedsLists of dogsLists of breeds
  • Condition: Used
  • Condition: In Very Good Condition considering it is age
  • Brand: German Shepherd
  • Dog Breed: Alsatian/German Shepherd
  • Manufacturer: German Shepherd
  • Animal Type: Dog
  • Material: Metal
  • Item Type: Ornament/ Figurine
  • Mounted/ Unmounted: Unmounted
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom

PicClick Insights - Antique Alsatian Figurine Solid Brass Dog Gold Lustre German Shepherd Vintage PicClick Exclusive

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