1934 Israel HAIFA MAP Graphic BROCHURE Hebrew PHOTOS Palestine JEWISH Judaica

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Seller: Top-Rated Seller judaica-bookstore ✉️ (2,805) 100%, Location: TEL AVIV, IL, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 285709224115 1934 Israel HAIFA MAP Graphic BROCHURE Hebrew PHOTOS Palestine JEWISH Judaica. DESCRIPTION : Up for auction is a genuine authentic vintage almost 90 years old ZIONIST ADVERTISING BROCHURE for the city of HAIFA.  The beautifuly designed BROCHORE was created by the ARTIST - ESTHER BERLIN JOEL. Published in 1934 ( Dated ) by KEREN HAYESOD JERUSALEM. An illustrated STREET MAP of HAIFA and an illustrated MAP of HAIFA within its region are accompanied by quite a few typical PHOTOS of HAIFA STREETS and INSTITUTES. HEBREW explanatory TEXT.  Colorful COAT of ARMS  EMBLEM of HAIHA on the Hebrew and English covers. Size while folded  9 x 4.5". Sise while widely opened  18 x 18".  Very good condition. Slight wear along the central folding line. ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images )   Will be sent in a special protective rigid sealed packaging.   AUTHENTICITYThe BROCHURE  is fully guaranteed ORIGINAL from 1934 ( Dated ) , It is NOT a reproduction or a recently made reprint or an immitation , It holds a life long GUARANTEE for its AUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.

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Esther Berlin-Joel (also known as Esther Berli-Joel, Esther Barli-Joel, in Hebrew: אסתר ברלי-יואל, (May 2, 1895 – March 7, 1972[1]) was a German-born Israeli painter and graphic designer. She designed the coats of arms for the Israeli cities of Haifa and Holon.Contents1Biography2Coats of arms2.1Haifa coat of arms2.1.1Jerusalem coat of arms3Publications3.1Posters4Selected exhibitions5References6External linksBiography[edit]Esther Else Joel was born on March 2, 1895 in Hamburg, Germany. Joel was greatly interested in the arts and between 1915 and 1920 she went to study at the University of Fine Arts of Hamburg. After completion of her studies she moved to Berlin in 1920. While in Berlin she studied arts with Alexander Archipenko and Ludwig Meidner at the Berlin University of the Arts.[2] Berlin-Joel had her first personal exhibition in 1925, in Hamburg.In 1922 Esther married Dr. Haim Berlin, and their son Dan was born in 1923. At the end of 1925, the family immigrated to Mandatory Palestine and settled in Tel Aviv. In 1930, Haim Berlin and Esther divorced, and she continued to publish under the name E. Berlin-Joel. Following the movement for Hebraization of surnames, Esther changed her last name to Berli-Joel.Berli-Joel was a prolific graphic designer and artist, she had many exhibitions, including 12 solo exhibitions. She designed many posters, coat of arms and emblems. Berli-Joel also published several books showing her collective works.In 1936, she received first prize for her book of paintings about Haifa.Esther Berlin-Joel died on March 7, 1972 and is buried in Haifa, Israel.[1]Coats of arms[edit]Berlin-Joel designed the coats of arms of many organizations. She was also approached to design the coat of arms for Holon[3] and Haifa and suggested options for the Jerusalem coat of arms. The city of Holon, Israel, coat of Arms designed by E. Berlin JoelHaifa coat of arms[edit] The city of Haifa coat of armsIn early 1934, Hassan Bey Shukri, mayor of Haifa, started the process of selecting a coat of arms for the city. In July 1935, an external committee decided on a competition with a prize of 15 Palestine pounds. By 1936, the committee, comprising with additional judges including an artist, architect and an engineer, couldn't find a winner, but was impressed with the designs suggested by Esther Berlin-Joel. The committee decided to ask Berlin-Joel to finish the design, with specific guidelines provided. Berlin-Joel designed several swatches, combining Mount Carmel and the sea. On April 22, 1936 the committee convened for the final time to select the design and approve. The Haifa coat of arms was approved by June 1936.[4] [5]Jerusalem coat of arms[edit]In 1943, Berli-Joel approached Mustafa al-Khalidi, mayor of Jerusalem and provided several suggestions for the City of Jerusalem's coat of arms. The city hall adopted one of Berli-Joel's suggestions on May 20, 1943, but required the approval of the College of Arms. Due to the conditions during World War II, this approval was delayed. Following the death of al-Khalidi in 1944, and disagreements within city fractions for a rotation of Arab-Jewish mayors, the British High Commissioner disbanded the council and appointed an all-British council starting on July 11, 1945.[6] The discussion on the coat of arms was archived.Publications[edit]8 chalk drawings (1938) ("דמויות" in Hebrew:characters) [7][8]Collection of works: Folk in Israel (1955) [2][9]Collection of works: Children in Israel[2]Posters[edit]Posters designed by E. Berlin Joel:Palestine Maritime Lloyd Ltd. Haifa, Lithography, (1930)[10][11]Everybody To the Fair, advertising the Levant Fair, Woodcut (1932) [12]Every Penny for Every grain of earth (כל פרוטה שעל אדמה) at the National Library of Israelwe buy only local products E. Berlin Joel, at the National Library of IsraelDefense - Production - Absorption, (הגנה, יצירה, קליטה) for the Mapai party, Lithography, 1935[13]The Manufacturers Association, Lithography, 1935Zion - Would You Ask After the Well-Being of Thy Immigrants? (1938) ‏ woodcut[14]The Association of Working Mothers, woodcut, (1949)Fair for The Association of Working Mothers, Lithography, (1959)[15]Pidyon Shvuyim, woodcut, 1939Social work, woodcut, 1940Selected exhibitions[edit]Solo exhibitionsSolo Exhibition, Hamburg (1925)E. Berlin-Joel and Melita Schiffer, Haifa (1941)[16][17]Group exhibitionsAmong the group exhibitions Berli-Joel participated in:[18]Israeli contemporary artists (1951) Tel Aviv Museum of ArtGeneral exhibition of Israeli artists (1954) Tel Aviv Museum of ArtIsraeli contemporary artists (1955), Tel AvivGeneral exhibition of Israeli Artist celebrating 50 years since the foundation of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv Museum of ArtGeneral exhibition of Israeli artists (1960) Tel Aviv Museum of ArtGeneral exhibition of Israeli artists (1961) Tel Aviv Museum of ArtGeneral exhibition of Israeli artists (1963) Tel Aviv Museum of ArtArt Exhibition (1963), the Marc Chagall Artists center, HaifaGeneral exhibition of Israeli artists (1965) Tel Aviv Museum of ArtIsraeli Artists for Defence, (1967) The Helena Rubinstein Pavilion, Tel Aviv Museum of Art1976, Haifa Museum of Art ****** Haifa (Hebrew: חֵיפָה Ḥēyfā [χeˈfa]; Arabic: حيفا Ḥayfa)[2] is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of 285,316 in 2019. The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropolitan area in Israel.[3] It is home to the Baháʼí Faith's Baháʼí World Centre, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Baháʼí pilgrimage.[4]Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE).[5] In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the millennia, the Haifa area has changed hands: being conquered and ruled by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Canaanites, Israelites, Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, and the British. Since the establishment of the Israeli state in 1948, the Haifa Municipality has governed the city.As of 2016, the city is a major seaport located on Israel's Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 km2 (24.6 sq mi). It lies about 90 km (56 mi) north of Tel Aviv and is the major regional center of northern Israel. Two respected academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology the oldest and top ranked university in both Israel and the Middle East, are located in Haifa, in addition to the largest K–12 school in Israel, the Hebrew Reali School. The city plays an important role in Israel's economy. It is home to Matam, one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country; Haifa also owns the only underground rapid transit system located in Israel, known as the Carmelit.[6][7] Haifa Bay is a center of heavy industry, petroleum refining and chemical processing. Haifa formerly functioned as the western terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan.[8] It is one of Israel's mixed cities, with an Arab-Israeli population of c.10%.Contents1Etymology2Locations and names2.1Sycaminum and Efa2.2Porphyreon2.3Early Muslim Haifa2.4Crusader Caiphas2.5Late Ottoman "Old Haifa"2.6Haifa al-Jadida (New Haifa) and modern Haifa3History3.1Bronze Age: Tell Abu Hawam3.2In the Hebrew Bible3.3Persian and Hellenistic period: near Shikmona3.3.1Shikmona3.4Roman period3.5Byzantine period3.6Early Muslim period3.7Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk rule3.8Ottoman period3.9British Mandate3.101947–1948 Civil War in Palestine3.11State of Israel4Demographics4.1Religious and ethnic communities5Geography6Flora and fauna7Climate8Neighborhoods9Urban development10Economy10.1Tourism11Arts and culture11.1Museums12Government12.1Mayors13Medical facilities14Education15Transportation15.1Public transportation15.2Air and sea transport15.3Roads16Sports17Notable people18Twin towns – sister cities19See also20References21Further reading22External linksEtymology Western Haifa from the airThe ultimate origin of the name Haifa remains unclear. One theory holds it derives from the name of the high priest Caiaphas. Some Christians believe it was named for Saint Peter, whose Aramaic name was Keiphah.[9] Another theory holds it could be derived from the Hebrew verb root חפה (hafa), from H-f-h root (ח-פ-ה), meaning to cover or shield, i.e. Mount Carmel covers Haifa;[9] others point to a possible origin in the Hebrew word חוֹף (hof), meaning "shore", or חוֹף יָפֶה (hof yafe), meaning "beautiful shore".[9][10]Other spellings in English included Caipha, Kaipha, Caiffa, Kaiffa and Khaifa.[11]Locations and namesSycaminum and EfaThe earliest named settlement within the area of modern-day Haifa was a city known as Sycaminum.[12] The remains of the ancient town can be found in a coastal tell, or archaeological mound, known in Hebrew as Tel Shikmona,[13] meaning "mound of the Ficus sycomorus", and in Arabic as Tell el-Semak or Tell es-Samak, meaning "mound of the sumak trees", names that preserved and transformed the ancient name, by which the town is mentioned once in the Mishnah (composed c. 200 CE) for the wild fruits that grow around it.[13][14]The name Efa first appears during Roman rule, some time after the end of the 1st century, when a Roman fortress and small Jewish settlement were established not far from Tel Shikmona.[12][13] Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud, a work central to Judaism.[13]Hefa or Hepha in Eusebius of Caesarea's 4th-century work, Onomasticon (Onom. 108, 31), is said to be another name for Sycaminus.[15] This synonymizing of the names is explained by Moshe Sharon, who writes that the twin ancient settlements, which he calls Haifa-Sycaminon, gradually expanded into one another, becoming a twin city known by the Greek names Sycaminon or Sycaminos Polis.[13] References to this city end with the Byzantine period.[5]PorphyreonAround the 6th century, Porphyreon or Porphyrea is mentioned in the writings of William of Tyre,[dubious – discuss] and while it lies within the area covered by modern Haifa, it was a settlement situated south of Haifa-Sycaminon.[5][13]Early Muslim HaifaFollowing the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Haifa was used to refer to a site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon (Shiqmona).[13] Haifa (or Haifah) is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chronicler Nasir Khusraw, and the 12th- and 13th-century Arab chroniclers, Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.[16] Nasir-i-Khusrau visited in 1047; he noted that "Haifa lies on the seashore, and there are here palm-gardens and trees in numbers. There are in this town shipbuilders, who build very large craft."[17]Crusader CaiphasThe Crusaders, who captured Haifa briefly in the 12th century, call it Caiphas,[12] and believe its name related to Cephas, the Aramaic name of Simon Peter.[14] Eusebius is also said to have referred to Hefa as Caiaphas civitas,[18] and Benjamin of Tudela, the 12th-century Jewish traveller and chronicler, is said to have attributed the city's founding to Caiaphas, the Jewish high priest at the time of Jesus.[14]Late Ottoman "Old Haifa"Haifa al-'Atiqa (Arabic: "Ancient Haifa") is another name used by some locals to refer to Tell es-Samak, when it was the site of Haifa while a hamlet of 250 residents, before it was moved in 1764–5 to the site from which the modern city emerged.[19]Haifa al-Jadida (New Haifa) and modern HaifaIn 1764-5 Zahir al-Umar moved the village to a new site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east, which he also fortified.[19] The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first called al-imara al-jadida (Arabic: "the new construction") by some, but others residing there called it Haifa al-Jadida (Arabic: "New Haifa") at first, and then simply Haifa.[2]In the early 20th century, Haifa al 'Atiqa was repopulated with many Arab Christians in an overall neighborhood in which many Middle Eastern Jews were established inhabitants, as Haifa expanded outward from its new location.[20]HistoryMain article: History of HaifaFor a chronological guide, see Timeline of Haifa. Jars excavated at Tell Abu HawamBronze Age: Tell Abu HawamA town known today as Tell Abu Hawam was established during the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE).[5] It was a port and fishing village.In the Hebrew BibleMount Carmel and the Kishon River are mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.[21][22]A grotto on the top of Mount Carmel is known as the "Cave of Elijah",[23] traditionally linked to the Prophet Elijah and his apprentice, Elisha.[21] In Arabic, the highest peak of the Carmel range is called the Muhraka, or "place of burning," harking back to the burnt offerings and sacrifices there in Canaanite and early Israelite times.[24]Persian and Hellenistic period: near ShikmonaIn the 6th century BCE, during the Persian period, Greek geographer Scylax wrote of a city "between the bay and the Promontory of Zeus" (i.e., the Carmel), which may be a reference to Shikmona, a locality in the Haifa area.[5]By Hellenistic times, the city had moved to a new site south of what is now the Bat Galim neighborhood of modern Haifa because the old port's harbour had become blocked with sand.[5] A Greek-speaking population living along the coast at this time was engaged in commerce.[25]ShikmonaHaifa was located near the town of Shikmona, a center for making the traditional Tekhelet dye used in the garments of the high priests in the Temple. The archaeological site of Shikmona is southwest of Bat Galim.[26]Early Haifa is believed to have occupied the area which extends from the present-day Rambam Hospital to the Jewish Cemetery on Yafo Street. The inhabitants engaged in fishing and agriculture.[27]Roman periodIn about the 3rd century CE, Haifa was first mentioned in Talmudic literature, as a Jewish fishing village and the home of Rabbi Avdimi and other Jewish scholars. According to the Talmud, fishermen caught Murex, sea snails which yielded purple dye used to make tallit (Jewish prayer shawls) from Haifa to the Ladder of the Tyrians. Tombs dating from the Roman era, including Jewish burial caves, have been found in the area.[5][28][29]Byzantine periodUnder Byzantine rule, Haifa continued to grow but did not assume major importance.[30] A kinah speaks of the destruction of the Jewish community of Haifa along with other communities when the Byzantines reconquered the country from the Sasanian Empire in 628 during the Byzantine-Sasanian War.[29]Early Muslim periodFollowing the Arab conquest of Palestine in the 630s-40s, Haifa was largely overlooked in favor of the port city of 'Akka.[2] Under the Rashidun Caliphate, Haifa began to develop.[31]In the 9th century under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, Haifa established trading relations with Egyptian ports and the city featured several shipyards. The inhabitants, Arabs and Jews, engaged in trade and maritime commerce. Glass production and dye-making from marine snails were the city's most lucrative industries.[31]Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk rule Mount Carmel before 1899Prosperity ended in 1100 or 1101, when Haifa was besieged and blockaded by European Christians shortly after the end of the First Crusade, and then conquered after a fierce battle with its Jewish inhabitants and Fatimid garrison. Jews comprised the majority of the city's population at the time.[29][32][33] Under the Crusaders, Haifa was reduced to a small fortified coastal stronghold.[32] It was a part of the Principality of Galilee within the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Following their victory at the Battle of Hattin, Saladin's Ayyubid army captured Haifa in mid-July 1187 and the city's Crusader fortress was destroyed.[5][34] The Crusaders under Richard the Lionheart retook Haifa in 1191.[35]In the 12th century religious hermits started inhabiting the caves on Mount Carmel, and in the 13th century they formed a new Catholic monastic order, the Carmelites.[36] Under Muslim rule, the church which they had built on Mount Carmel was turned into a mosque, later becoming a hospital. In the 19th century, it was restored as a Carmelite monastery, the Stella Maris Monastery. The altar of the church as we see it today, stands over a cave associated with Prophet Elijah.[37]In 1265, the army of Mamluk sultan Baibars captured Haifa, destroying its fortifications, which had been rebuilt by King Louis IX of France, as well as the majority of the city's homes to prevent the European Crusaders from returning.[38] From the time of its conquest by the Mamluks to the 15th century, Haifa was an unfortified small village or uninhabited. At various times there were a few Jews living there and both Jews and Christians made pilgrimages to the Cave of Elijah on Mount Carmel.[29] During Mamluk rule in the 14th century, al-Idrisi wrote that Haifa served as the port for Tiberias and featured a "fine harbor for the anchorage of galleys and other vessels.[16]Ottoman period Haifa in 1898Haifa was apparently uninhabited at the time the Ottoman Empire conquered Palestine in 1516. The first indication of its resettlement was given in a description by German traveller Leonhard Rauwolf, who visited Palestine in 1575.[29] In 1596, Haifa appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Sahil Atlit of the Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 32 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, and goats or beehives.[39] Haifa was subsequently mentioned in the accounts of travelers as a half-ruined impoverished village with few inhabitants. The expansion of commercial trade between Europe and Palestine in the 17th century saw Haifa's revival as a flourishing port as more ships began docking there rather than Acre.[28]In 1742, Haifa was a small village and had a Jewish community composed mainly of immigrants from Morocco and Algeria which had a synagogue.[28] It had 250 inhabitants in 1764–5. It was located at Tell el-Semak, the site of ancient Sycaminum.[19][40]In 1765, Zahir al-Umar, the Arab ruler of Acre and the Galilee, moved the population to a new fortified site 1.5 mi (2.4 km) to the east and laid waste to the old site.[19][41] According to historian Moshe Sharon, the new Haifa was established by Zahir in 1769.[42] This event marked the beginning of modern Haifa.[19] After al-Umar's death in 1775, the town remained under Ottoman rule until 1918, with the exception of two brief periods.In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Haifa during his unsuccessful campaign to conquer Palestine and Syria, but he soon had to withdraw; in the campaign's final proclamation, Napoleon took credit for having razed the fortifications of "Kaïffa" (as the name was spelled at the time) along with those of Gaza, Jaffa and Acre. German Colony in the 19th centuryBetween 1831 and 1840, the Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali governed Haifa, after his son Ibrahim Pasha had wrested control over it from the Ottomans.[43][44] When the Egyptian occupation ended and Acre declined, the importance of Haifa rose. In 1858, the walled city of Haifa was overcrowded and the first houses began to be built outside the city walls on the mountain slope.[28] The British Survey of Western Palestine estimated Haifa's population to be about 3,000 in 1859.[45]Haifa remained majority Muslim throughout this time but a small Jewish community continued to exist there. In 1798, Rabbi Nachman of Breslov spent Rosh HaShana with the Jewish community of Haifa. In 1839 the Jewish population numbered 124.[46] Due to the growing influence of the Carmelite monks, Haifa's Christian population also grew. By 1840 approximately 40% of the inhabitants were Christian Arabs.[29] The new German Colony, Haifa is shown prominently in the 1880 PEF Survey of Palestine map.The arrival of German messianics, many of whom were Templers, in 1868, who settled in what is now known as the German Colony, was a turning point in Haifa's development.[44] The Templers built and operated a steam-based power station, opened factories and inaugurated carriage services to Acre, Nazareth and Tiberias, playing a key role in modernizing the city.[47] Haifa 1942 1:20,000The first major wave of Jewish immigration to Haifa took place in the mid-19th century from Morocco, with a smaller wave of immigration from Turkey a few years later.[48] In the 1870s, large numbers of Jewish and Arab migrants came to Haifa due to the town's growing prosperity. Jews constituted one-eighth of Haifa's population, almost all of whom were recent immigrants from Morocco and Turkey who lived in the Jewish Quarter, which was located in the eastern part of the town. Continued Jewish immigration gradually raised the Jewish population of Haifa, and included a small number of Ashkenazi families, most of whom opened hotels for Jewish migrants coming into the city. In 1875, the Jewish community of Haifa held its own census which counted the Jewish population at about 200.[49] The First Aliyah of the late 19th century and the Second Aliyah of the early 20th century saw Jewish immigrants, mainly from Eastern Europe, arrive in Haifa in significant numbers. In particular, a significant number of Jewish immigrants from Romania settled in Haifa in the 1880s during the First Aliyah period. The Central Jewish Colonisation Society in Romania purchased over 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) near Haifa. As the Jewish settlers had been city dwellers, they hired the former fellahin tenants to instruct them in agriculture.[50] The Jewish population rose from 1,500 in 1900 to 3,000 on the eve of World War I.[51] View of Haifa from Mount Carmel in 1930In 1909, Haifa became important to the Baháʼí Faith when the remains of the Báb, founder of the Bábí Faith and forerunner of Baháʼu'lláh in the Baháʼí Faith, were moved from Acre to Haifa and interred in the shrine built on Mount Carmel. Baháʼís consider the shrine to be their second holiest place on Earth after the Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh in Acre. Its precise location on Mount Carmel was shown by Baháʼu'lláh himself to his eldest son, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, in 1891. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá planned the structure, which was designed and completed several years later by his grandson, Shoghi Effendi. In a separate room, the remains of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá were buried in November 1921.[52]In the early 20th century, Haifa began to emerge as an industrial port city and growing population center. A branch of the Hejaz railway, known as the Jezreel Valley railway, was built between 1903 and 1905. The railway increased the city's volume of trade, and attracted workers and foreign merchants. In 1912, construction began on the Technion Institute of Technology, a Jewish technical school that was to later become one of Israel's top universities, although studies did not begin until 1924. The Jews of Haifa also founded numerous factories and cultural institutions.British Mandate Indian troops marching in Haifa in 1918 Kingsway (now HaAtzmaut Road) in the 1930s Haifa 1945Haifa was captured from the Ottomans in September 1918 by Indian horsemen of the British Army armed with spears and swords who overran Ottoman positions.[53] On 22 September, British troops were heading to Nazareth when a reconnaissance report was received indicating that the Turks were leaving Haifa. The British made preparations to enter the city and came under fire in the Balad al-Sheikh district (today Nesher). After the British regrouped, an elite unit of Indian horsemen were sent to attack the Turkish positions on the flanks and overrun their artillery guns on Mount Carmel.[53]Under the British Mandate, Haifa saw large-scale development and became an industrial port city.[44][54] The Baháʼí Faith in 1918 and today has its administrative and spiritual centre in the environs of Haifa.[55][56] Many Jewish immigrants of the Fourth Aliyah and Fifth Aliyah settled in Haifa. The port was a major source of income, and the nearby Jewish towns of the Krayot were established in the 1930s. At the same time, the Arab population also swelled by an influx of migrants, coming mainly from surrounding villages as well as the Syrian Hauran.[57] The Arab immigration mainly came as a result of prices and salary drop.[57] The 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British authorities, recorded Haifa as having a population of 9,377 Muslims, 8,863 Christians, 6,230 Jews, and 164 others. By the time of the 1931 census of Palestine, this had increased to 20,324 Muslims, 13,824 Christians, 15,923 Jews, and 332 others.[58][59] Between the censuses of 1922 and 1931, the Muslim, Jewish, and Christian populations rose by 217%, 256%, and 156%, respectively.[60] In 1938, 52,000 Jews and 51,000 Muslims and Christians lived in Haifa.[61]Haifa's development owed much to British plans to make it a central port and hub for Middle-East crude oil. The British Government of Palestine developed the port and built refineries, thereby facilitating the rapid development of the city as a center for the country's heavy industries. Haifa was also among the first towns to be fully electrified. The Palestine Electric Company inaugurated the Haifa Electrical Power Station already in 1925, opening the door to considerable industrialization.[62] The State-run Palestine Railways also built its main workshops in Haifa.By 1945 the population was 33% Muslim, 20% Christian and 47% Jewish.[63][64] In 1947, about 70,910 Arabs (41,000 Muslims and 29,910 Christians) and 74,230 Jews were living there.[65] The Christian community were mostly Greek-Melkite Catholics.1947–1948 Civil War in Palestine Haifa July 1947. British soldiers remove injured passenger from SS ExodusThe 1947 UN Partition Plan in late November 1947 designated Haifa as part of the proposed Jewish state. Arab protests over that decision evolved into violence between Jews and Arabs that left several dozen people dead during December.[66] The Arab city was in a state of chaos. The local Arab national committee tried to stabilize the situation by organizing garrison, calming the frightened residents and to stop the flight. In a public statement, the national committee called upon the Arab residents to obey orders, be alert, keep calm, and added: "Keep away the cowards who wish to flee. Expell them from your lines. Despise them, because they harm more than the enemy". Despite the efforts, Arab residents abandoned the streets which bordered Jewish neighborhoods and during the days of the general strike instigated by the Arab Higher Committee, some 250 Arab families abandoned the Khalisa neighborhood.[67]On 30 December 1947, members of the Irgun, a Jewish underground militia, threw bombs into a crowd of Arabs outside the gates of the Consolidated Refineries in Haifa, killing six and injuring 42. In response Arab employees of the company killed 39 Jewish employees in what became known as the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre.[68] The Jewish Haganah militia retaliated with a raid on the Arab village of Balad al-Shaykh, where many of the Arab refinery workers lived, in what became known as the Balad al-Shaykh massacre.[69]British forces in Haifa redeployed on 21 April 1948, withdrawing from most of the city while still maintaining control over the port facilities. Two days later the downtown, controlled by a combination of local and foreign (ALA) Arab irregulars was assaulted by Jewish forces in Operation Bi'ur Hametz, by the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded by Moshe Carmel.[citation needed] The operation led to a massive displacement of Haifa's Arab population. According to The Economist at the time, only 5,000–6,000 of the city's 62,000 Arabs remained there by 2 October 1948.[70]Contemporaneous sources emphasized the Jewish leadership's attempt to stop the Arab exodus from the city and the Arab leadership as a motivating factor in the refugees' flight. According to the British district superintendent of police, "Every effort is being made by the Jews to persuade the Arab populace to stay and carry on with their normal lives, to get their shops and business open and to be assured that their lives and interests will be safe."[71] Time magazine wrote on 3 May 1948: "The mass evacuation, prompted partly by fear, partly by orders of Arab leaders, left the Arab quarter of Haifa a ghost city. ... By withdrawing Arab workers their leaders hoped to paralyze Haifa."Benny Morris said Haifa's Arabs left due to a combination of Zionist threats and encouragement to do so by Arab leaders. Ilan Pappé writes that the shelling culminated in an attack on a Palestinian crowd in the old marketplace using three-inch (76 mm) mortars on 22 April 1948.[72][73][74] Shabtai Levy, the Mayor of the city, and some other Jewish leaders urged Arabs not to leave. According to Ilan Pappé, Jewish loudspeakers could be heard in the city ordering Arab residents to leave "before it's too late."[75] Morris quotes British sources as stating that during the battles between 22 and 23 April 100 Arabs were killed and 100 wounded, but he adds that the total may have been higher.[76]State of Israel View of Haifa Bay from Mount Carmel in 2004After the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948 Haifa became the gateway for Jewish immigration into Israel. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the neighborhoods of Haifa were sometimes contested. After the war, Jewish immigrants were settled in new neighborhoods, among them Kiryat Hayim, Ramot Remez, Ramat Shaul, Kiryat Sprinzak, and Kiryat Eliezer. Bnei Zion Hospital (formerly Rothschild Hospital) and the Central Synagogue in Hadar Hacarmel date from this period. In 1953, a master plan was created for transportation and the future architectural layout.[77] In 1959, a group of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews, mostly Moroccan Jews, rioted in Wadi Salib, claiming the state was discriminating against them.[78] Their demand for "bread and work" was directed at the state institutions and what they viewed as an Ashkenazi elite in the Labor Party and the Histadrut.[79]Tel Aviv gained in status, while Haifa suffered a decline in the role as regional capital. The opening of Ashdod as a port exacerbated this. Tourism shrank when the Israeli Ministry of Tourism placed emphasis on developing Tiberias as a tourist centre.[80] Nevertheless, Haifa's population had reached 200,000 by the early 1970s, and mass immigration from the former Soviet Union boosted the population by a further 35,000.[44] The Matam high-tech park, the first dedicated high-tech park in Israel, opened in Haifa in the 1970s. Many of Wadi Salib's historic Ottoman buildings have now been demolished, and in the 1990s a major section of the Old City was razed to make way for a new municipal center.[44][79]From 1999 to 2003, several Palestinian suicide attacks took place in Haifa (in Maxim and Matza restaurants, bus 37, and others), killing 68 civilians. In 2006, Haifa was hit by 93 Hezbollah rockets during the Second Lebanon War, killing 11 civilians and leading to half of the city's population fleeing at the end of the first week of the war.[81] Among the places hit by rockets were a train depot and the oil refinery complex.[82][83]DemographicsCity of Haifa population by year[84][85]YearPop.±%18001,000—    18402,000+100.0%18806,000+200.0%191420,000+233.3%192224,600+23.0%1947145,140+490.0%1961183,021+26.1%1972219,559+20.0%1983225,775+2.8%1995255,914+13.3%2008264,407+3.3%2016279,600+5.7% Downtown Haifa and port with the Sail Tower in the foregroundHaifa is Israel's third-largest city, consisting of 103,000 households,[86] or a population of 285,316. Immigrants from the former Soviet Union constitute 25% of Haifa's population,[87] thus making Russian one of the three main spoken languages of the city. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Israeli Arabs constitute 10% of Haifa's population, the majority living in Wadi Nisnas, Abbas and Khalisa neighborhoods.[87] Wadi Nisnas and Abbas neighborhoods, are largely Christian,[88][89] Khalisa and Kababir are largely Muslim,[89] while Ein HaYam is a mixed Arab Christian and Muslim neighborhood.[89] Haifa is commonly portrayed as a model of co-existence between Arabs and Jews, although tensions and hostility do still exist.[90]Between 1994 and 2009, the city had a declining and aging population compared to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, as young people moved to the center of the country for education and jobs, while young families migrated to bedroom communities in the suburbs. However, as a result of new projects and improving infrastructure, the city managed to reverse its population decline, reducing emigration while attracting more internal migration into the city. In 2009, positive net immigration into the city was shown for the first time in 15 years.[91][92]A development plan approved in 2016 seeks to raise Haifa's population to 330,000 residents by 2025.[93]Religious and ethnic communities The Hadar HaCarmel neighborhoodThe population is heterogeneous. Israeli Jews comprise some 82% of the population, almost 14% are Christians (the majority of whom are Arab Christians)[92] and, some 4% are Muslims (of which 20% are Ahmadis[94]). Haifa also includes Druze and Baháʼí Faith communities. In 2006, 27% of the Arab population was aged 14 and under, compared to 17% of the Jewish and other population groups. The trend continues in the age 15–29 group, in which 27% of the Arab population is found, and the age 30–44 group (23%). The population of Jews and others in these age groups are 22% and 18% respectively. Nineteen percent of the city's Jewish and other population is between 45 and 59, compared to 14% of the Arab population. This continues with 14% of Jews and others aged 60–74 and 10% over age 75, in comparison to 7% and just 2% respectively in the Arab population.[84] Arabs in Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated compare to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel.[95] St. Elijah Cathedral, Haifa; episcopal see of the Archeparchy of Akka.Haifa is home to the second-largest Arab Christian community in Israel,[96] many of them lives in the Arabic-speaking neighborhoods in the lowlands near the sea; neighborhoods such as German Colony, Wadi Nisnas and Abbas, are largely Arab Christian.[88][89] There are also a significant number of wealthy Christian Arabs in the Hadar West and Central.[89] The Christian communities of Haifa are varied and included various denominations, the most prominent among them the Melkite Greek Catholic, followed by Greek Orthodox, Latin Catholics, Maronites, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestants.[97] The Christian Arab communities in Haifa tend to be wealthier and better educated compare to other Arabs elsewhere in Israel.[98] The Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka is based in Haifa, and its Cathedral episcopal see is St. Elijah Greek-Melkite Cathedral.[99]Following Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000 some ex South Lebanon Army soldiers and officers who fled from Lebanon settled in Haifa with their families.[100]In 2006, 2.9% of the Jews in the city were Haredi, compared to 7.5% on a national scale.[84] However, the Haredi community in Haifa is growing fast due to a high fertility rate.[101] 66.6% were secular, compared to a national average of 43.7%.[84] A significant portion of the immigrants from the former Soviet Union either lack official religious-ethnic classification or are Non-Jews as their mothers were not Jewish (Jewishness is passes down through the mother.)[87] There is also a Scandinavian Seamen Protestant church, established by Norwegian Righteous Among the Nations pastor Per Faye-Hansen.[citation needed]Haifa is the center of liberal Arabic-speaking culture, as it was under British colonial rule. The Arabic-speaking neighborhoods, which are mixed Muslim and Christian, are in the lowlands near the sea, while Jewish neighborhoods are at higher elevation. An active Arab cultural life has developed in the 21st century.[95] The city is center of many Arab-owned businesses such as theaters, bars, cafes, restaurants and nightclubs which host also a different cultural discussions and art exhibitions.[95][54]      ebay5885 folder 206

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