1935 Hirohito Vintage Original Photo Battle Of Japan In Naval Uniform Rare

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Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176290343497 1935 HIROHITO VINTAGE ORIGINAL PHOTO BATTLE OF JAPAN IN NAVAL UNIFORM RARE. A RARE PHOTO MEASURING 7X 9 1.8 INCHES OF EMPEROR HIROHITO FROM 1935 NIPPON CELEBRATES BATTLE OF JAPAN SEA THE 30TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE VICTORY OF THE BATTLE OF JAPAN WAS OBSERVED AT THE NAVAL CLUB, TOKYO AT A SOLEMN CEREMONY HELD MAY 27TH. HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY EMPEROR HIROHITIO OF JAPAN, IN A NAVAL UNIFORM, WITNESSING THE GAMES OF THE PROFESSIONAL JAPANESE WERESTLERE HELD IN THE COMPOUND OF THE NAVAL CLUB
Hirohito[a] (裕仁, 29 April 1901 – 7 January 1989) was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned as the emperor of the Empire of Japan (大日本帝國) from 25 December 1926 until 2 May 1947 and of the state of Japan (日本国) from 3 May 1947 until his death on 7 January 1989. He was succeeded by his fifth child and the eldest son, Akihito. Emperor Showa and his wife Empress Kojun had seven children, two sons and five daughters. In Japan, reigning emperors are known simply as "the Emperor" and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name, Shōwa (昭和), which is the name of the era coinciding with his reign; for this reason, he is also known as the Shōwa Emperor or Emperor Shōwa. At the start of his reign, Japan was already one of the great powers—the ninth-largest economy in the world, the third-largest naval power, and one of the four permanent members of the council of the League of Nations.[3] He was the head of state under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan during Japan's imperial expansion, militarization, and involvement in World War II. After Japan's surrender, he was not prosecuted for war crimes as many other leading government figures were, and his degree of involvement in wartime decisions remains controversial.[4] During the post-war period, he became the symbol of the new state under the post-war constitution and Japan's recovery, and by the end of his reign, Japan had emerged as the world's second largest economy.[5] Contents 1 Early life 2 Regency 3 Marriage 4 Ascension 5 Early reign 6 Second Sino-Japanese War 7 World War II 7.1 Preparations 7.2 War: advance and retreat 7.3 Surrender 7.4 Accountability for Japanese war crimes 8 Postwar reign 8.1 Imperial status 8.2 Yasukuni Shrine 9 Death and state funeral 10 Honours 10.1 Military appointments 10.2 Foreign military appointments 10.3 National honours 10.4 Foreign honours 11 Issue 12 Ancestry 13 Scientific publications 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Sources 17 External links Early life Hirohito in 1902 as an infant Emperor Taishō's four sons in 1921: Hirohito, Takahito, Nobuhito and Yasuhito Born in Tokyo's Aoyama Palace (during the reign of his grandfather, Emperor Meiji) on 29 April 1901,[6] Hirohito was the first son of 21-year-old Crown Prince Yoshihito (the future Emperor Taishō) and 17-year-old Crown Princess Sadako (the future Empress Teimei).[7] He was the grandson of Emperor Meiji and Yanagihara Naruko. His childhood title was Prince Michi. On the 70th day after his birth, Hirohito was removed from the court and placed in the care of the family of Count Kawamura Sumiyoshi, a former vice-admiral, who was to rear him as if he were his own grandchild. At the age of 3, Hirohito and his brother Yasuhito were returned to court when Kawamura died – first to the imperial mansion in Numazu, Shizuoka, then back to the Aoyama Palace.[8] In 1908 he began elementary studies at the Gakushūin (Peers School). When his grandfather, Emperor Meiji, died on 30 July 1912, Hirohito's father, Yoshihito, assumed the throne, and Hirohito became the heir apparent. At the same time, he was formally commissioned in both the army and navy as a second lieutenant and ensign, respectively, and was also decorated with the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum. In 1914, he was promoted to the ranks of lieutenant in the army and sub-lieutenant in the navy, then to captain and lieutenant in 1916. He was formally proclaimed Crown Prince and heir apparent on 2 November 1916; but an investiture ceremony was not strictly necessary to confirm this status as heir to the throne.[9] Hirohito attended Gakushūin Peers' School from 1908 to 1914 and then a special institute for the crown prince (Tōgū-gogakumonsho) from 1914 to 1921. In 1920 Hirohito was promoted to the rank of Major in the army and Lieutenant Commander in the navy. In 1921 Hirohito took a six-month tour of Western Europe, including the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Regency Prince Hirohito and British Prime Minister Lloyd George, 1921 After his return to Japan, Hirohito became Regent of Japan (Sesshō) on 29 November 1921, in place of his ailing father who was affected by a mental illness. In 1923 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the army and Commander in the navy, and to army Colonel and Navy Captain in 1925. During Hirohito's regency, a number of important events occurred: In the Four-Power Treaty on Insular Possessions signed on 13 December 1921, Japan, the United States, Britain, and France agreed to recognize the status quo in the Pacific, and Japan and Britain agreed to terminate formally the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. The Washington Naval Treaty was signed on 6 February 1922. Japan withdrew troops from the Siberian Intervention on 28 August 1922. The Great Kantō earthquake devastated Tokyo on 1 September 1923. On 27 December 1923, Daisuke Namba attempted to assassinate Hirohito in the Toranomon Incident but his attempt failed. During interrogation, he claimed to be a communist and was executed, but some have suggested that he was in contact with the Nagacho faction in the Army.[citation needed] Marriage Prince Hirohito and his wife, Princess Nagako, in 1924 Prince Hirohito married his distant cousin Princess Nagako Kuni (the future Empress Kōjun), the eldest daughter of Prince Kuniyoshi Kuni, on 26 January 1924. They had two sons and five daughters[10] (see Issue). The daughters who lived to adulthood left the imperial family as a result of the American reforms of the Japanese imperial household in October 1947 (in the case of Princess Shigeko) or under the terms of the Imperial Household Law at the moment of their subsequent marriages (in the cases of Princesses Kazuko, Atsuko, and Takako). Ascension Imperial Standard as Emperor On 25 December 1926, Hirohito assumed the throne upon the death of his father, Yoshihito. The Crown Prince was said to have received the succession (senso).[11] The Taishō era's end and the Shōwa era's beginning (Enlightened Peace) were proclaimed. The deceased Emperor was posthumously renamed Emperor Taishō within days. Following Japanese custom, the new Emperor was never referred to by his given name but rather was referred to simply as "His Majesty the Emperor" which may be shortened to "His Majesty." In writing, the Emperor was also referred to formally as "The Reigning Emperor." In November 1928, the Emperor's ascension was confirmed in ceremonies (sokui)[11] which are conventionally identified as "enthronement" and "coronation" (Shōwa no tairei-shiki); but this formal event would have been more accurately described as a public confirmation that his Imperial Majesty possesses the Japanese Imperial Regalia,[12] also called the Three Sacred Treasures, which have been handed down through the centuries.[13] Early reign Emperor Hirohito after his enthronement ceremony in 1928, dressed in sokutai Hirohito in his early years as Emperor The first part of Hirohito's reign took place against a background of financial crisis and increasing military power within the government through both legal and extralegal means. The Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy held veto power over the formation of cabinets since 1900, and between 1921 and 1944 there were no fewer than 64 incidents of political violence. Hirohito narrowly escaped assassination by a hand grenade thrown by a Korean independence activist, Lee Bong-chang, in Tokyo on 9 January 1932, in the Sakuradamon Incident. Another notable case was the assassination of moderate Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi in 1932, which marked the end of civilian control of the military. This was followed by an attempted military coup in February 1936, the February 26 incident, mounted by junior Army officers of the Kōdōha faction who had the sympathy of many high-ranking officers including Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito), one of the Emperor's brothers. This revolt was occasioned by a loss of political support by the militarist faction in Diet elections. The coup resulted in the murders of a number of high government and Army officials. When Chief Aide-de-camp Shigeru Honjō informed him of the revolt, the Emperor immediately ordered that it be put down and referred to the officers as "rebels" (bōto). Shortly thereafter, he ordered Army Minister Yoshiyuki Kawashima to suppress the rebellion within the hour, and he asked reports from Honjō every 30 minutes. The next day, when told by Honjō that little progress was being made by the high command in quashing the rebels, the Emperor told him "I Myself, will lead the Konoe Division and subdue them." The rebellion was suppressed following his orders on 29 February.[14] Second Sino-Japanese War The Emperor and the Imperial stallion Shirayuki (literally: 'white-snow') Starting from the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan occupied Chinese territories and established puppet governments. Such "aggression was recommended to Hirohito" by his chiefs of staff and prime minister Fumimaro Konoe, and Hirohito never personally objected to any invasion of China.[15] His main concern seems to have been the possibility of an attack by the Soviet Union in the north. His questions to his chief of staff, Prince Kan'in, and minister of the army, Hajime Sugiyama, were mostly about the time it could take to crush Chinese resistance. According to Akira Fujiwara, Hirohito endorsed the policy of qualifying the invasion of China as an "incident" instead of a "war"; therefore, he did not issue any notice to observe international law in this conflict (unlike what his predecessors did in previous conflicts officially recognized by Japan as wars), and the Deputy Minister of the Japanese Army instructed the Chief of staff of Japanese China Garrison Army on 5 August not to use the term "prisoners of war" for Chinese captives. This instruction led to the removal of the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners.[16] The works of Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno show that the Emperor also authorized, by specific orders (rinsanmei), the use of chemical weapons against the Chinese.[17] During the invasion of Wuhan, from August to October 1938, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions,[18] despite the resolution adopted by the League of Nations on 14 May condemning Japanese use of toxic gas. World War II This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hirohito" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Preparations On 27 September 1940, ostensibly under Hirohito's leadership, Japan was a contracting partner of the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy forming the Axis Powers. Before that, in July 1939, the Emperor quarrelled with his brother, Prince Chichibu, who was visiting him three times a week to support the treaty, and reprimanded the army minister Seishirō Itagaki.[19] But after the success of the Wehrmacht in Europe, the Emperor consented to the alliance. On 4 September 1941, the Japanese Cabinet met to consider war plans prepared by Imperial General Headquarters and decided that: Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defence and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... [and is] ... resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain, and the French if necessary. Our Empire will concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-à-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives ... In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the French.[citation needed] The objectives to be obtained were clearly defined: a free hand to continue with the conquest of China and Southeast Asia, no increase in US or British military forces in the region, and cooperation by the West "in the acquisition of goods needed by our Empire."[citation needed] On 5 September, Prime Minister Konoe informally submitted a draft of the decision to the Emperor, just one day in advance of the Imperial Conference at which it would be formally implemented. On this evening, the Emperor had a meeting with the chief of staff of the army, Sugiyama, chief of staff of the navy, Osami Nagano, and Prime Minister Konoe. The Emperor questioned Sugiyama about the chances of success of an open war with the Occident. As Sugiyama answered positively, the Emperor scolded him: —At the time of the China Incident, the army told me that we could achieve peace immediately after dealing them one blow with three divisions ... but you can't still beat Chiang Kai-shek even today! Sugiyama, you were army minister at that time. —China is a vast area with many ways in and ways out, and we met unexpectedly big difficulties ... —You say the interior of China is huge; isn't the Pacific Ocean even bigger than China? ... Didn't I caution you each time about those matters? Sugiyama, are you lying to me?[20] Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague, "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice."[citation needed] Emperor Hirohito riding Shirayuki during an Army inspection on 8 January 1938 Nevertheless, all speakers at the Imperial Conference were united in favor of war rather than diplomacy.[21] Baron Yoshimichi Hara, President of the Imperial Council and the Emperor's representative, then questioned them closely, producing replies to the effect that war would be considered only as a last resort from some, and silence from others. At this point, the Emperor astonished all present by addressing the conference personally and, in breaking the tradition of Imperial silence, left his advisors "struck with awe." (Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe's description of the event.) Hirohito stressed the need for peaceful resolution of international problems, expressed regret at his ministers' failure to respond to Baron Hara's probings, and recited a poem written by his grandfather, Emperor Meiji, which, he said, he had read "over and over again": The seas of the four directions— all are born of one womb: why, then, do the wind and waves rise in discord?[22] Recovering from their shock, the ministers hastened to express their profound wish to explore all possible peaceful avenues. The Emperor's presentation was in line with his practical role as leader of the State Shinto religion.[citation needed] At this time, Army Imperial Headquarters was continually communicating with the Imperial household in detail about the military situation. On 8 October, Sugiyama signed a 47-page report to the Emperor (sōjōan) outlining in minute detail plans for the advance into Southeast Asia. During the third week of October, Sugiyama gave the Emperor a 51-page document, "Materials in Reply to the Throne," about the operational outlook for the war.[23] As war preparations continued, Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe found himself more and more isolated and gave his resignation on 16 October. He justified himself to his chief cabinet secretary, Kenji Tomita, by stating: Of course His Majesty is a pacifist, and there is no doubt he wished to avoid war. When I told him that to initiate war was a mistake, he agreed. But the next day, he would tell me: "You were worried about it yesterday, but you do not have to worry so much." Thus, gradually, he began to lean toward war. And the next time I met him, he leaned even more toward. In short, I felt the Emperor was telling me: my prime minister does not understand military matters, I know much more. In short, the Emperor had absorbed the view of the army and navy high commands.[24] The army and the navy recommended the candidacy of Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, one of the Emperor's uncles. According to the Shōwa "Monologue," written after the war, the Emperor then said that if the war were to begin while a member of the imperial house was prime minister, the imperial house would have to carry the responsibility and he was opposed to this.[25] The Emperor as head of the Imperial General Headquarters on 29 April 1943 Instead, the Emperor chose the hard-line General Hideki Tōjō, who was known for his devotion to the imperial institution, and asked him to make a policy review of what had been sanctioned by the Imperial Conferences.[citation needed] On 2 November Tōjō, Sugiyama, and Nagano reported to the Emperor that the review of eleven points had been in vain. Emperor Hirohito gave his consent to the war and then asked: "Are you going to provide justification for the war?"[26] The decision for war against the United States was presented for approval to Hirohito by General Tōjō, Naval Minister Admiral Shigetarō Shimada, and Japanese Foreign Minister Shigenori Tōgō.[27] On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor.[28] On 5 November Emperor Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for a war against the Occident and had many meetings with the military and Tōjō until the end of the month.[citation needed] On 25 November Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of War, noted in his diary that he had discussed with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt the severe likelihood that Japan was about to launch a surprise attack and that the question had been "how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves." On the following day, 26 November 1941, US Secretary of State Cordell Hull presented the Japanese ambassador with the Hull note, which as one of its conditions demanded the complete withdrawal of all Japanese troops from French Indochina and China. Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo said to his cabinet, "This is an ultimatum." On 1 December an Imperial Conference sanctioned the "War against the United States, United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands."[citation needed] War: advance and retreat On 8 December (7 December in Hawaii), 1941, in simultaneous attacks, Japanese forces struck at the Hong Kong Garrison, the US Fleet in Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines, and began the invasion of Malaya. With the nation fully committed to the war, the Emperor took a keen interest in military progress and sought to boost morale. According to Akira Yamada and Akira Fujiwara, the Emperor made major interventions in some military operations. For example, he pressed Sugiyama four times, on 13 and 21 January and 9 and 26 February, to increase troop strength and launch an attack on Bataan. On 9 February 19 March, and 29 May, the Emperor ordered the Army Chief of staff to examine the possibilities for an attack on Chungking, which led to Operation Gogo.[29] As the tide of war began to turn against Japan (around late 1942 and early 1943), the flow of information to the palace gradually began to bear less and less relation to reality, while others suggest that the Emperor worked closely with Prime Minister Hideki Tojo, continued to be well and accurately briefed by the military, and knew Japan's military position precisely right up to the point of surrender. The chief of staff of the General Affairs section of the Prime Minister's office, Shuichi Inada, remarked to Tōjō's private secretary, Sadao Akamatsu: There has never been a cabinet in which the prime minister, and all the ministers, reported so often to the throne. In order to effect the essence of genuine direct imperial rule and to relieve the concerns of the Emperor, the ministers reported to the throne matters within the scope of their responsibilities as per the prime minister's directives ... In times of intense activities, typed drafts were presented to the Emperor with corrections in red. First draft, second draft, final draft and so forth, came as deliberations progressed one after the other and were sanctioned accordingly by the Emperor.[30] The Emperor with his wife Empress Kōjun and their children on 7 December 1941 In the first six months of war, all the major engagements had been victories. Japanese advances were stopped in the summer of 1942 with the battle of Midway and the landing of the American forces on Guadalcanal and Tulagi in August. The emperor played an increasingly influential role in the war; in eleven major episodes he was deeply involved in supervising the actual conduct of war operations. Hirohito pressured the High Command to order an early attack on the Philippines in 1941-42, including the fortified Bataan peninsula. He secured the deployment of army air power in the Guadalcanal campaign. Following Japan's withdrawal from Guadalcanal he demanded a new offensive in New Guinea, which was duly carried out but failed badly. Unhappy with the navy's conduct of the war, he criticized its withdrawal from the central Solomon Islands and demanded naval battles against the Americans for the losses they had inflicted in the Aleutians. The battles were disasters. Finally, it was at his insistence that plans were drafted for the recapture of Saipan and, later, for an offensive in the Battle of Okinawa.[31] With the Army and Navy bitterly feuding, he settled disputes over the allocation of resources. He helped plan military offenses.[32] The media, under tight government control, repeatedly portrayed him as lifting the popular morale even as the Japanese cities came under heavy air attack in 1944-45 and food and housing shortages mounted. Japanese retreats and defeats were celebrated by the media as successes that portended "Certain Victory."[33] Only gradually did it become apparent to the Japanese people that the situation was very grim due to growing shortages of food, medicine, and fuel as U.S submarines began wiping out Japanese shipping. Starting in mid 1944, American raids on the major cities of Japan made a mockery of the unending tales of victory. Later that year, with the downfall of Tojo's government, two other prime ministers were appointed to continue the war effort, Kuniaki Koiso and Kantarō Suzuki—each with the formal approval of the Emperor. Both were unsuccessful and Japan was nearing disaster.[34] Surrender Main article: Surrender of Japan This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hirohito" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Emperor Hirohito of Japan or the Shōwa Emperor on the ship Musashi, 24 June 1943. This ship sunk in the Battle of Leyte in 1945. In early 1945, in the wake of the losses in Battle of Leyte, Emperor Hirohito began a series of individual meetings with senior government officials to consider the progress of the war. All but ex-Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe advised continuing the war.[citation needed] Konoe feared a communist revolution even more than defeat in war and urged a negotiated surrender. In February 1945 during the first private audience with the Emperor which he had been allowed in three years,[35] Konoe advised Hirohito to begin negotiations to end the war. According to Grand Chamberlain Hisanori Fujita, the Emperor, still looking for a tennozan (a great victory) in order to provide a stronger bargaining position, firmly rejected Konoe's recommendation.[36] With each passing week victory became less likely. In April the Soviet Union issued notice that it would not renew its neutrality agreement. Japan's ally Germany surrendered in early May 1945. In June the cabinet reassessed the war strategy, only to decide more firmly than ever on a fight to the last man. This strategy was officially affirmed at a brief Imperial Council meeting, at which, as was normal, the Emperor did not speak.[citation needed] The following day, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Kōichi Kido prepared a draft document which summarized the hopeless military situation and proposed a negotiated settlement. Extremists in Japan were also calling for a death-before-dishonor mass suicide, modeled on the "47 Ronin" incident. By mid-June 1945 the cabinet had agreed to approach the Soviet Union to act as a mediator for a negotiated surrender but not before Japan's bargaining position had been improved by repulse of the anticipated Allied invasion of mainland Japan.[citation needed] On 22 June the Emperor met with his ministers saying, "I desire that concrete plans to end the war, unhampered by existing policy, be speedily studied and that efforts be made to implement them."[citation needed] The attempt to negotiate a peace via the Soviet Union came to nothing. There was always the threat that extremists would carry out a coup or foment other violence.[citation needed] On 26 July 1945, the Allies issued the Potsdam Declaration demanding unconditional surrender. The Japanese government council, the Big Six, considered that option and recommended to the Emperor that it be accepted only if one to four conditions were agreed upon, including a guarantee of the Emperor's continued position in Japanese society. The Emperor decided not to surrender.[citation needed] That changed after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet declaration of war. On 9 August Emperor Hirohito told Kōichi Kido: "The Soviet Union has declared war and today began hostilities against us."[37] On 10 August, the cabinet drafted an "Imperial Rescript ending the War" following the Emperor's indications that the declaration did not compromise any demand which prejudiced the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler.[citation needed] On 12 August 1945, the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender. One of his uncles, Prince Yasuhiko Asaka, asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai (national polity) could not be preserved. The Emperor simply replied "Of course."[38] On 14 August the Suzuki government notified the Allies that it had accepted the Potsdam Declaration. On 15 August a recording of the Emperor's surrender speech ("Gyokuon-hōsō", literally "Jewel Voice Broadcast") was broadcast over the radio (the first time the Emperor was heard on the radio by the Japanese people) announcing Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. During the historic broadcast the Emperor stated: "Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is, indeed, incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." The speech also noted that "the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage" and ordered the Japanese to "endure the unendurable." The speech, using formal, archaic Japanese, was not readily understood by many commoners. According to historian Richard Storry in A History of Modern Japan, the Emperor typically used "a form of language familiar only to the well-educated" and to the more traditional samurai families.[39] A faction of the army opposed to the surrender attempted a coup d'état on the evening of 14 August, prior to the broadcast. They seized the Imperial Palace (the Kyūjō incident), but the physical recording of the emperor's speech was hidden and preserved overnight. The coup was crushed by the next morning, and the speech was broadcast.[citation needed] In his first ever press conference given in Tokyo in 1975, when he was asked what he thought of the bombing of Hiroshima, the Emperor answered: "It's very regrettable that nuclear bombs were dropped and I feel sorry for the citizens of Hiroshima but it couldn't be helped because that happened in wartime" (shikata ga nai).[40] Accountability for Japanese war crimes Some historians believe Emperor Hirohito was directly responsible for the atrocities committed by the imperial forces in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II. They feel that he, and some members of the imperial family such as his brother Prince Chichibu, his cousins Prince Takeda and Prince Fushimi, and his uncles Prince Kan'in, Prince Asaka, and Prince Higashikuni, should have been tried for war crimes.[41][42] The debate over Hirohito's responsibility for war crimes concerns how much real control the Emperor had over the Japanese military during the two wars. Officially, the imperial constitution, adopted under Emperor Meiji, gave full power to the Emperor. Article 4 prescribed that, "The Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty, and exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution," while according to article 6, "The Emperor gives sanction to laws and orders them to be promulgated and executed," and article 11, "The Emperor has the supreme command of the Army and the Navy." The Emperor was thus the leader of the Imperial General Headquarters.[43] Poison gas weapons, such as phosgene, were produced by Unit 731 and authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the chief of staff of the army. For example, Hirohito authorised the use of toxic gas 375 times during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938.[4] Historians such as Herbert Bix, Akira Fujiwara, Peter Wetzler, and Akira Yamada assert that the post-war view focusing on imperial conferences misses the importance of numerous "behind the chrysanthemum curtain" meetings where the real decisions were made between the Emperor, his chiefs of staff, and the cabinet. Historians such as Fujiwara[44] and Wetzler,[45] based on the primary sources and the monumental work of Shirō Hara,[b] have produced evidence suggesting that the Emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military and was neither bellicose nor a pacifist but an opportunist who governed in a pluralistic decision-making process. American historian Herbert P. Bix argues that Emperor Hirohito might have been the prime mover of most of the events of the two wars.[42] The view promoted by both the Japanese Imperial Palace and the American occupation forces immediately after World War II portrayed Emperor Hirohito as a powerless figurehead behaving strictly according to protocol while remaining at a distance from the decision-making processes. This view was endorsed by Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita in a speech on the day of Hirohito's death in which Takeshita asserted that the war "had broken out against [Hirohito's] wishes." Takeshita's statement provoked outrage in nations in East Asia and Commonwealth nations such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[46] According to historian Fujiwara, "The thesis that the Emperor, as an organ of responsibility, could not reverse cabinet decision is a myth fabricated after the war."[47] In Japan, debate over the Emperor's responsibility was taboo while he was still alive. After his death, however, debate began to surface over the extent of his involvement and thus his culpability.[46] In the years immediately after Hirohito's death, the debate in Japan was fierce. Susan Chira reported, "Scholars who have spoken out against the late Emperor have received threatening phone calls from Japan's extremist right wing."[46] One example of actual violence occurred in 1990 when the mayor of Nagasaki, Hitoshi Motoshima, was shot and critically wounded by a member of the ultranationalist group, Seikijuku. A year before, in 1989, Motoshima had broken what was characterized as "one of [Japan's] most sensitive taboos" by asserting that Emperor Hirohito bore responsibility for World War II.[48] Kentarō Awaya argues that post-war Japanese public opinion supporting protection of the Emperor was influenced by U.S. propaganda promoting the view that the Emperor together with the Japanese people had been fooled by the military.[49] Postwar reign Black and White photo of two men Gaetano Faillace's photograph of General MacArthur and the Emperor at Allied GHQ in Tokyo, 27 September 1945 As the Emperor chose his uncle Prince Higashikuni as prime minister to assist the occupation, there were attempts by numerous leaders to have him put on trial for alleged war crimes. Many members of the imperial family, such as Princes Chichibu, Takamatsu, and Higashikuni, pressured the Emperor to abdicate so that one of the Princes could serve as regent until Crown Prince Akihito came of age.[50] On 27 February 1946, the Emperor's youngest brother, Prince Mikasa (Takahito), even stood up in the privy council and indirectly urged the Emperor to step down and accept responsibility for Japan's defeat. According to Minister of Welfare Ashida's diary, "Everyone seemed to ponder Mikasa's words. Never have I seen His Majesty's face so pale."[51] U.S. General Douglas MacArthur insisted that Emperor Hirohito retain the throne. MacArthur saw the Emperor as a symbol of the continuity and cohesion of the Japanese people. Some historians criticize the decision to exonerate the Emperor and all members of the imperial family who were implicated in the war, such as Prince Chichibu, Prince Asaka, Prince Higashikuni, and Prince Hiroyasu Fushimi, from criminal prosecutions.[52] Before the war crime trials actually convened, the SCAP, its International Prosecution Section (IPS) and Japanese officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the Imperial family from being indicted, but also to influence the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Japanese government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.[53] Thus, "months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tōjō"[54] by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment."[55] According to John W. Dower, "This successful campaign to absolve the Emperor of war responsibility knew no bounds. Hirohito was not merely presented as being innocent of any formal acts that might make him culpable to indictment as a war criminal, he was turned into an almost saintly figure who did not even bear moral responsibility for the war."[56] According to Bix, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war."[57] Imperial status Emperor Hirohito visiting Hiroshima in 1947 Hirohito was not put on trial, but he was forced[58] to explicitly reject the quasi-official claim that the Emperor of Japan was an arahitogami, i.e., an incarnate divinity. This was motivated by the fact that, according to the Japanese constitution of 1889, the Emperor had a divine power over his country which was derived from the Shinto belief that the Japanese Imperial Family was the offspring of the sun goddess Amaterasu. Hirohito was however persistent in the idea that the Emperor of Japan should be considered a descendant of the gods. In December 1945, he told his vice-grand-chamberlain Michio Kinoshita: "It is permissible to say that the idea that the Japanese are descendants of the gods is a false conception; but it is absolutely impermissible to call chimerical the idea that the Emperor is a descendant of the gods."[59] In any case, the "renunciation of divinity" was noted more by foreigners than by Japanese, and seems to have been intended for the consumption of the former.[c] The theory of a constitutional monarchy had already had some proponents in Japan. In 1935, when Tatsukichi Minobe advocated the theory that sovereignty resides in the state, of which the Emperor is just an organ (the tennō kikan setsu), it caused a furor. He was forced to resign from the House of Peers and his post at the Tokyo Imperial University, his books were banned, and an attempt was made on his life.[60] Not until 1946 was the tremendous step made to alter the Emperor's title from "imperial sovereign" to "constitutional monarch." The Empress, First Lady Betty Ford, the Emperor, and President Gerald Ford at the White House before a state dinner held in honor of the Japanese head of state for the first time. 2 October 1975. Although the Emperor had supposedly repudiated claims to divinity, his public position was deliberately left vague, partly because General MacArthur thought him probable to be a useful partner to get the Japanese to accept the occupation and partly due to behind-the-scenes maneuvering by Shigeru Yoshida to thwart attempts to cast him as a European-style monarch. Nevertheless, Hirohito's status as a limited constitutional monarch was formalized with the enactment of the 1947 Constitution–officially, an amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It defined the Emperor as "the symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and stripped him of even nominal power in government matters. His role was limited to matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and in most cases his actions in that realm were carried out in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet. Emperor Hirohito and U.S. President Ronald Reagan, Tokyo, 9 November 1983 For the rest of his life, Hirohito was an active figure in Japanese life and performed many of the duties commonly associated with a constitutional head of state. He and his family maintained a strong public presence, often holding public walkabouts and making public appearances on special events and ceremonies. He also played an important role in rebuilding Japan's diplomatic image, traveling abroad to meet with many foreign leaders, including Queen Elizabeth II (1971) and President Gerald Ford (1975). He was not only the first reigning emperor to travel beyond Japan, but also the first to meet a President of the United States.[61] His status and image became strongly positive in the United States.[62] However, partially as a result of intense economic rivalry between British and Japanese manufacturers in the 1970s, the image of Hirohito was widely seen as negative amid a growing racism against the Japanese. During Hirohito's 1971 visit to the UK, the satirical magazine Private Eye used a racist double entendre to refer to the emperor's visit ("nasty Nip in the air").[63] Following the Iranian Revolution and the end of the short-lived Central African Empire, both in 1979, Hirohito found himself the last monarch in the world to bear any variation of the highest royal title "emperor." By pure coincidence he was also the longest-reigning monarch in the world[64] by this time, which meant that he was ranked first in the diplomatic order of precedence which distinguishes monarchs only by time in office and not by title. The Emperor was deeply interested in and well-informed about marine biology, and the Imperial Palace contained a laboratory from which the Emperor published several papers in the field under his personal name "Hirohito."[65] His contributions included the description of several dozen species of Hydrozoa new to science.[66] Yasukuni Shrine Emperor Hirohito maintained an official boycott of the Yasukuni Shrine after it was revealed to him that Class-A war criminals had secretly been enshrined after its post-war rededication. This boycott lasted from 1978 until his death. This boycott has been maintained by his son Akihito. On 20 July 2006, Nihon Keizai Shimbun published a front-page article about the discovery of a memorandum detailing the reason that the Emperor stopped visiting Yasukuni. The memorandum, kept by former chief of Imperial Household Agency Tomohiko Tomita, confirms for the first time that the enshrinement of 14 Class-A war criminals in Yasukuni was the reason for the boycott. Tomita recorded in detail the contents of his conversations with the Emperor in his diaries and notebooks. According to the memorandum, in 1988, the Emperor expressed his strong displeasure at the decision made by Yasukuni Shrine to include Class-A war criminals in the list of war dead honored there by saying, "At some point, Class-A criminals became enshrined, including Matsuoka and Shiratori. I heard Tsukuba acted cautiously." Tsukuba is believed to refer to Fujimaro Tsukuba, the former chief Yasukuni priest at the time, who decided not to enshrine the war criminals despite having received in 1966 the list of war dead compiled by the government. "What's on the mind of Matsudaira's son, who is the current head priest?" "Matsudaira had a strong wish for peace, but the child didn't know the parent's heart. That's why I have not visited the shrine since. This is my heart." Matsudaira is believed to refer to Yoshitami Matsudaira, who was the grand steward of the Imperial Household immediately after the end of World War II. His son, Nagayoshi, succeeded Fujimaro Tsukuba as the chief priest of Yasukuni and decided to enshrine the war criminals in 1978.[67] Nagayoshi Matsudaira died in 2006, which some commentators have speculated is the reason for release of the memo. Death and state funeral Main article: Death and funeral of Hirohito Hirohito's tomb in the Musashi Imperial Graveyard, Hachiōji, Tokyo On 22 September 1987, the Emperor underwent surgery on his pancreas after having digestive problems for several months. The doctors discovered that he had duodenal cancer. The Emperor appeared to be making a full recovery for several months after the surgery. About a year later, however, on 19 September 1988, he collapsed in his palace, and his health worsened over the next several months as he suffered from continuous internal bleeding. On 7 January 1989, at 7:55 AM, the grand steward of Japan's Imperial Household Agency, Shoichi Fujimori, officially announced the death of Emperor Hirohito at 6:33 AM and revealed details about his cancer for the first time. Hirohito was survived by his wife, his five surviving children, ten grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.[10] At the time of his death he was both the longest-lived and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, as well as the longest-reigning monarch in the world at that time. The latter distinction would pass to king Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. The Emperor was succeeded by his son, the Emperor Akihito, whose enthronement ceremony was held on 12 November 1990. The Emperor's death ended the Shōwa era. On the same day a new era began: the Heisei era, effective at midnight the following day. From 7 January until 31 January, the Emperor's formal appellation was "Departed Emperor." His definitive posthumous name, Shōwa Tennō, was determined on 13 January and formally released on 31 January by Toshiki Kaifu, the prime minister. On 24 February, Emperor Hirohito's state funeral was held, and unlike that of his predecessor, it was formal but not conducted in a strictly Shinto manner. A large number of world leaders attended the funeral. Emperor Hirohito is buried in the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji, alongside Emperor Taishō, his father. Honours This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hirohito" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Military appointments Second Lieutenant, IJA and Second Sub-Lieutenant, IJN (9 September 1912) Lieutenant, IJA and Sub-Lieutenant, IJN (31 October 1914) Captain, IJA and Lieutenant, IJN (31 October 1916) Major, IJA and Lieutenant-Commander, IJN (31 October 1920) Lieutenant-Colonel, IJA and Commander, IJN (31 October 1923) Colonel, IJA and Captain, IJN (31 October 1924) Grand Marshal and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Empire of Japan (25 December 1926; upon ascending the throne)[68] Foreign military appointments  United Kingdom: Honorary General in the British Army; appointed in May 1921[69][70]  United Kingdom: Field-Marshal of Regular Army in the British Army; appointed in June 1930[71] National honours Collar and Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Blossoms Grand Cordon of the Order of the Golden Kite (abolished in 1947) Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure Foreign honours Emblem of Hirohito as knight of the Spanish branch of the Order of the Golden Fleece  Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany  Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland; conferred in 1942 (Finland and Japan were on the same side in World War II 1941–1944), the swastika collar was replaced by fir cross collar within the state visit of the president of Finland Mauno Koivisto in 1986  Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav  Sweden: Knight with Collar of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (8 May 1919)[72]  Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (24 January 1923)[73]  Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle  Thailand: The Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn  Thailand: Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri (30 January 1925)[74]    Nepal: Member of the Order of Ojaswi Rajanya (19 April 1960)[75]  Philippines: Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna (28 September 1966)[76]  Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross  Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic  Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Royal Order of Leopold I  Tonga: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Order of Pouono[77]  United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – conferred in May 1921  United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – conferred in May 1921[78]  United Kingdom: Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG); conferred in 1929, revoked in 1941, restored in 1971[79]  United Kingdom: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1971[80]  Brunei: 1st Class of the Order of the Crown of Brunei  Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (6 October 1928)[81][82]  Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer  Greece: Collar of the Order of Saints George and Constantine Issue Emperor Showa and Empress Kojun had seven children, two sons and five daughters. Name Birth Death Marriage Issue Shigeko, Princess Teru 9 December 1925 23 July 1961 10 October 1943 Prince Morihiro Higashikuni Prince Nobuhiko Higashikuni Princess Fumiko Higashikuni Naohiko Higashikuni Hidehiko Higashikuni Yūko Higashikuni Sachiko, Princess Hisa 10 September 1927 8 March 1928 Kazuko, Princess Taka 30 September 1929 26 May 1989 20 May 1950 Toshimichi Takatsukasa Naotake Takatsukasa (adopted) Atsuko, Princess Yori 7 March 1931 10 October 1952 Takamasa Ikeda Akihito, Emperor Emeritus of Japan 23 December 1933 10 April 1959 Michiko Shōda Naruhito, Emperor of Japan Fumihito, Prince Akishino Sayako, Princess Nori Masahito, Prince Hitachi 28 November 1935 30 September 1964 Hanako Tsugaru Takako, Princess Suga 2 March 1939 10 March 1960 Hisanaga Shimazu Yoshihisa Shimazu Ancestry [83][better source needed] 8. Osahito, Emperor Kōmei (1831–1867) 4. Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji (1852–1912) 9. Lady Nakayama Yoshiko (1836–1907) 2. Yoshihito, Emperor Taishō (1879–1926) 10. Yanagihara Mitsunaru (1818–1885) 5. Lady Yanagihara Naruko (1859–1943) 11. Utano Hasegawa (1832–1891) 1. Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa 12. Kujō Hisatada (1798–1871) 6. Prince Kujō Michitaka (1839–1906) 13. Lady Karahashi Meiko (1796–1881) 3. Sadako, Empress Teimei (1884–1951) 14. Noma Yorioki 7. Noma Ikuko 15. Yamokushi Kairi Scientific publications (1967) A review of the hydroids of the family Clathrozonidae with description of a new genus and species from Japan.[84] (1969) Some hydroids from the Amakusa Islands.[85] (1971) Additional notes on Clathrozoon wilsoni Spencer.[86] (1974) Some hydrozoans of the Bonin Islands[87] (1977) Five hydroid species from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.[88] (1983) Hydroids from Izu Oshima and Nijima.[89] (1984) A new hydroid Hydractinia bayeri n. sp. (family Hydractiniidae) from the Bay of Panama.[90] (1988) The hydroids of Sagami Bay collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan.[91] (1995) The hydroids of Sagami Bay II. (posthumous)[92] 昭和天皇 编辑 同义词 裕仁天皇一般指昭和天皇 昭和天皇(日语:ひろひと,英语:Hirohito;1901年4月29日~1989年1月7日),名裕仁,称号迪宫。日本第124代天皇(1926年-1989年在位),是日本最长寿以及在位时期最长的天皇,执政长达63年。 [1]  1901年4月29日晚,裕仁出生。大正十五年(1926年)大正天皇因病退位,裕仁登基成为日本新一任天皇。在位期间,指挥和策划日本相继发动侵华战争和太平洋战争,侵略和践踏了中国和东南亚以及太平洋十几个国家,导致了数千万无辜人民的死亡。昭和二十年(1945年)8月15日发布“终战诏书”,代表日本帝国向同盟国无条件投降。因美国的干涉,战后免除了审判,天皇制得到了保留。 战后在位期间日本经济高速发展,促成神武景气。昭和六十四年(1989年)1月7日,昭和天皇因患十二指肠癌于东京逝世,终年88岁。次日皇太子明仁即天皇位,改年号“平成”,昭和时代落下帷幕。裕仁对生物分类学很有研究,发表有《相模湾产后鳃类图谱》、《相模湾产海鞘类图谱》以及《那须植物志》等著作。 人物关系 纠错 儿子 明仁 父亲 大正天皇 母亲 贞明皇后       TA说 二战后,侵华天皇裕仁为啥没受到惩处?2018-05-29 19:05 日本天皇是全体日本和族的祖先后裔,祖先是不能被惩处的,否则日本人完全有集体自杀的理由。 不仅天皇本人不能被惩处,连天皇的近亲们都不能惩处。...详情 内容来自 日本最有名的天皇 其亲外甥在开封被刺杀更多 1940年5月17日,日本侵华特务机关的重要人物吉川贞佐少将和数名日军头目在开封被人刺杀。他是裕仁天皇的亲外甥。 中国的葬礼外交更多 1989年2月24日,中国外交部长钱其琛利用参加裕仁天皇葬礼之机,会见了英国、西德、印度、南斯拉夫等国外长。其中中国、印尼就启动复交进程达成协议,是这次葬礼外交的最大成果。 相关词条: 钱其琛希特勒东条英机 中文名裕仁外文名ひろひと;Hirohito(Emperor Shōwa)别    名迪宫国    籍日本民    族大和族出生地东京赤坂青山御所 [2] 出生日期明治三十四年(1901年)4月29日逝世日期昭和六十四年(1989年)1月7日上午6时33分(88岁)职    业日本天皇毕业院校东宫御学问所信    仰神道教主要成就英国皇家科学院名誉会员,日本在位最长的天皇代表作品《水母的书》、《相模湾产后鳃类图谱》、《那须植物志》、《相模湾产水螅虫类》陵    墓武藏野陵在位时间1926年—1989年(63年) 目录 1 人物生平 ▪ 少年时代 ▪ 立储理政 ▪ 出访欧洲 ▪ 继位天皇 ▪ 狂热侵华 ▪ 扩大战争 ▪ 战败投降 ▪ 战后昭和 ▪ 因病逝世 2 为政举措 ▪ 军事 ▪ 政治 ▪ 外交 3 人物评价 4 亲属成员 ▪ 父母 ▪ 妻儿 ▪ 兄弟 5 轶事典故 ▪ 访欧趣闻 ▪ 险些废黜 ▪ 不追究责任 6 人物争议 人物生平编辑 少年时代 明治三十四年(1901年)4月29日 1902年的裕仁 1902年的裕仁 晚10点10分,裕仁出生。父亲是明治天皇的皇太子明宫嘉仁亲王(后为大正天皇)。明治天皇对于裕仁宠爱有加,此日马上命令宫内的御用文人为皇孙取名与号。最初的名有三个,为裕仁、雍仁以及穆仁,号则是迪宫和谦宫。最后,明治天皇亲自拍板,选择了裕仁与迪宫,分别作为其名与号。 裕仁的父亲大正天皇嘉仁,从小多病,身心发育不佳,终生为病痛所困。而裕仁幼时也似乎继承了其父的遗传缺点(日本皇室自孝明天皇之后,天皇的配偶都必须从皇族公卿的“五摄家”中选择。这种过于狭窄的婚配范围,往往也就造成了劣性遗传的可能)。 明治四十一年(1908年),裕仁6岁入学的时候,被发现其右手的手指活动不便,被怀疑是遗传的产物,其课程中的美术和音乐两门因此被迫放弃。除了手指的问题外,裕仁也有着先天近视的毛病,虽然自小就进行矫正,但是效果一直不佳。 作为一个充斥军国主义思想国家的准皇储,裕仁从小就被有意识地培养尚武的性格。其刚刚出生70天,就被寄养在了海军中将川村纯义的家里长达四年。6岁的时候,裕仁进入了“皇室”学习院,而他的院长则是日俄战争中的“肉弹将军”乃木希典陆军大将。 [2]  明治天皇亲自指示乃木要努力将裕仁培养为“质实刚健”之辈。如此教育之下,裕仁自小就被种下了崇尚武力的祸根,而且自己也对乃木极为尊敬,总是称其为“院长阁下”。大概也就是从这个时候,裕仁开始摆脱了给人的“病弱”印象而开始向他的祖父明治天皇看齐。 立储理政 明治四十五年(1912年)7月30日,明治天皇驾崩,裕仁之父嘉仁亲王继位,即大正天皇,裕仁成为皇太子。也就是在明治天皇正式大葬的前两天,乃木希典突然拜见裕仁,向时为陆海军少尉的裕仁赠送由山鹿素行所著的《中朝事实》和《日本帝国史》。两日后,乃木希典与其妻双双自裁于赤坂的家中,为明治天皇殉死。 [3]  这个事件给年幼的裕仁造成了极大的刺激。祖父的去世和“严师”的自裁,使其变得极为自闭孤寂,往往舍弃左右随从,而开始渐渐对无言的生物学起了兴趣。当其去世的时候,在宫内的“生物学御研究所”里,还保存着裕仁幼年采集的5大箱各式各样的标本。 大正三年(1914年),从学习院初 1919年身着军装的裕仁 1919年身着军装的裕仁 等科毕业的裕仁,随即被送往了“东宫御学问所”继续学习了7年。 [4]  而“东宫御学问所”的总裁则是另一位较乃木有过之而无不及的人物东乡平八郎大将。至此裕仁又被拉回了军国主义的道路之上。 大正七年(1918年),在“御学问院”度过了四个春秋的、已经17岁的裕仁步入了青年期,他的婚姻大事也被理所当然地提了出来。久弥宫良子被内定为太子妃,计划于此年完婚。然而当日权倾朝野的元老级人物山县有朋却以良子母亲为色盲为由,反对这门婚事,认为良子的家族遗传不佳。结果这场婚事的骚动,互不相让的足足闹了一年半之久,最终,裕仁力排众议还是决定娶良子为妻。而山县有朋却由于这次事件被迫下野。 不过,之后裕仁马上就进入了一个多事之秋。虽然欧洲之旅访问行程紧密,但裕仁却还是亲自为自己未来内定的妻子良子挑选了一条珍珠项链,打算返国就和其成婚。不过这件婚事还真是多灾多难。欧行后两个月,大正天皇重病,裕仁开始了摄政,主持大局,婚礼被迫推迟。然而之后,皇族中最年长者东伏见宫依仁亲王去世,婚事再次被迫推迟到1921年底的12月1日。但随后又发生了“关东大地震”,如此国难,婚事又被迫推迟,结果到了大正13年(1924年1月26日),这才正式举行婚礼。 出访欧洲 大正十年(1921年),裕仁刚满20之时就开始其长达一年的欧洲之旅。当裕仁刚刚决定此事之时,贞明皇后害怕安全问题表示反对,裕仁费尽口舌这才将其说服。这次访问主要是访问英、法、比、荷、意5国。3月3日,裕仁一行搭乘“香取号”军舰启碇,途经香港、新加坡(在新加坡他 1921年访问英国时与首相劳合·乔治合影 1921年访问英国时与首相劳合·乔治合影 还以皇室特权步行勘测了英军的防御工事,为二战日军突破要塞做准备)、科伦坡、雅典,地中海,5月7日抵达英国朴次茅斯港。 [5]  一战后的欧洲,百废待兴,选择君主立宪的老前辈英国为访问地,颇有些裕仁毕业旅行外加实地考察的味道。当日英王乔治五世亲自前往伦敦火车站迎接作为皇太子的裕仁。日后裕仁曾经如此回忆,“当时英国王室中,大都与我同辈,处生其中,简直令我有‘第二家庭’的感觉。特别是英王乔治五世,亲自与我长谈,指点有关君主立宪之下的君主概念。” 访问期间,裕仁不仅学习西方的政治结构,同时也对军事表现出了极大兴趣,数次访问了一战时期的历史遗迹。当时的法国将军们对这位年近20岁的太子所表现出来的对于军事的精通程度给予了极大的赞叹。裕仁自己还特地去了拿破仑墓地所在地荣军院访问,并带回了一个拿破仑的半身像,之后将其摆在自己书房内(战后多摆了一个林肯像,后来又摆了达尔文像)。也就是在这次出巡中,他接见了驻欧洲的十几个日本武官,获得了以永田铁山、小畑敏四郎、冈村宁次为首的日本青年军官的宣誓效忠,这样他以这些人为班底,开展了向军中元老夺权的行动。访问凡尔登的时候,裕仁一身戎装骑在一尊大炮的炮管之上,一幅悠然自得的表情,其尚武之心可见一斑。 裕仁出访欧洲为应对第一次世界大战前后国内外持续高涨的民众运动,日本皇室也力图“自我更新”形象,维护皇室权威,而且,大正天皇病弱难理大政,皇太子裕仁被寄予厚望,也需要尽快养成政治能力并得到民众支持,所以在元老山县有朋、西园寺公望以及原敬首相的协调下,裕仁实现 1923年骑兵于台湾总督府前迎接裕仁 1923年骑兵于台湾总督府前迎接裕仁 了赴欧洲访问一)皇太子裕仁的“外游”问题随着大正天皇病情渐显加重,皇族、宫中以及元老、重臣等都对皇太子裕仁有越来越高的期待,十分重视对他的培养。 [6]  大正十二年(1923年)4月16日,应台湾总督田健治郎邀请以皇太子身分搭乘军舰“金刚号”来台湾访问12天,以特造的台铁花车作为交通工具,行程遍及基隆、台北、新竹、台中、台南、高雄、澎湖等地。驻台日籍官员严阵以待,建立欢迎牌楼,在南北各地兴建豪华行馆,例如“金瓜石太子宾馆”、“阳明山草山行馆”、“菁桐太子宾馆”、“高雄寿山馆”、“角板山太子宾馆”等,这些行馆及其造访之地,都受到妥善的保存及维护。惟寿山馆已遭拆除,遗址位于今国立中山大学校内范围。 继位天皇 大正十五年(1926年),大正天皇逝世,裕仁成为了日本第124代天皇,改元昭和。继承大统的裕仁和良子先后诞下了照宫成子、久宫佑子等4个“内亲王”(即所谓公主)。由于没有男嗣成为继承人,朝中开始了劝解天皇另纳嫔妃,裕仁却对此很不以为然,“朕还有兄弟在,即使自己没有皇子,也不会有什么问题。”到了昭和八年(1933年)12月23日,裕仁和良子总算是有了自己的儿子继宫明仁,了却了一桩皇室的麻烦。 昭和三年(1928年),中国东北军阀张作霖由于“不听话”而遭 1924年与妻子合影 1924年与妻子合影 到关东军暗杀。同年6月,裕仁出巡又遭遇激进分子的“预谋行刺未遂”。这两件事引发了当时在野的日本政党的极大反弹,纷纷就此攻击田中内阁。此年7月裕仁公开对此进行指责,结果导致田中义一内阁被迫引咎辞职。 [7]  虽然在炸死张作霖的事件上,裕仁斥责当时的内阁,不过在1932年春天,溥仪被扶植为满洲国伪皇帝后,裕仁不再是不理“军略”的皇帝了,当年亲自为攻占东三省的将领授勋。当他得知关东军突破长城后,生怕引起列强干涉,命令关东军不得越界攻击。关东军司令武藤信义立即收兵,只有在侍从长本庄繁和陆军大臣荒木贞夫保证不会扩大战线后他才批准第二次越过长城。后来在谈到上海事变时他说道:“在上海,将战区作某种程度的限制,以防止事件的扩大......这并不是依据参谋本部的奉敕命令,而是因为我已特地命令白川不得扩大事端。” [8]  在1935年9月,裕仁借题发挥趁着陆军参谋长闲院宫载仁亲王上奏,对军部势力过于膨胀大发雷霆,“传林铣十郎来!有关时局的问题总是出在军部,尤其是陆军省,身为陆军大臣,如果任由部下牵着鼻子走,岂不要下克上不成?!”他命令在宫中开设大学寮,用大川周明的思想培训青年将校,力图把军队掌握在自己手里。他启用闲院宫载仁亲王和伏见宫博恭王掌握陆海两军, 把皇族军人的势力抬高到前所未有的高度(载仁亲王后来罢免了陆军皇道派军官,博恭王则清洗了海军的军政派)。到了昭和十一年(1936年)6月,裕仁更是在颁发的勋章“勋记”上,将“日本国天皇”改为“大日本帝国皇帝”,其野心的膨胀可窥一二。 同样,在昭和十一年(1936年)的 1934年参拜靖国神社 1934年参拜靖国神社 所谓皇道派和统制派的对立中,也显现出了裕仁的对于军部的控制能力。二·二六事件皇道派陆军军官以“打破体制”为号召,发动了军事政变。1400多名叛军在2月26日清晨,开始了行动,占领国会,袭击首相府等等重要地区。裕仁在事件爆发40分钟后接到报告,马上就换上军装,召见陆军大臣,命令镇压。 当时的陆军大臣川岛义之则回答,“请陛下念在起事将校之行为,完全是为了精忠报国的赤诚,希望陛下谅解。” 裕仁听后,拍着桌子,盛怒道:“先不管他们精神何在,这种胡作非为必须尽快镇压,尽快!”到了次日下午4时,海军第一舰队的“头牌”长门号战列舰接到裕仁的直接指令驶入东京湾,主炮对准了被叛军占领的国会。面对陆军镇压迟迟不动,结果裕仁对这武官大喊,“难道要我亲自带着近卫师团去镇压他们么?!”结果这次叛乱终于在29日下午被平定,以叛军投降而告终。 狂热侵华 昭和十二年(1937年)7月,中日战争开始,日本很快吞并了大部分东亚地区,使其加入“共荣圈”。裕仁被指责同意导致这场战争的对外政策,并批准东条英机与纳粹德国希特勒、意大利墨索里尼结成法西斯主义轴心国,发动第二次世界大战亚洲战场战争,侵略中国等国家。有人认为,在政府决定加入战争这件事上,裕仁作了正式批示。根据他对宪法理解,他有义务支持内阁通过政策。 有人称裕仁为军部之傀儡,理由是他从来没有反对过军部 1938年视察军队 1938年视察军队 的任何提议,但这完全是为其开脱。实际上军部的任何提议在送给他之前就经过内大臣木户幸一的审核,他不愿执行的决议根本就不可能被送到天皇办公室来。而且他掌握了军部的人事大权,他不喜欢的人根本就不可能当上陆军首脑,比如他讨厌皇道派的真崎甚三郎和少壮军官接触过密,裕仁左右曾暗示他辞职,但是真崎还想抵抗一下,结果下场就是被撤职。裕仁评论说,这家伙一点常识都没有。侵华战争爆发之际,日本时任陆军大臣杉山元自信十足地向裕仁表示“中国的战事一个月内即可结束”,可是中国军队在华北撤的太快,决战未遂后,他指示,“在要塞地区集中大量兵力实施压倒性的打击不更好些吗?”于是日本开始转移兵力于上海附近。 [9]  突破中国军队防御后,他放纵朝香宫鸠彦王血洗南京,制造了骇人听闻的南京大屠杀。 昭和十二年(1937年)12月14日,裕仁面谕:“中支那方面陆海军各部队,在上海附近作战持续勇猛果断,乘胜追击,使(中国)首都南京陷落,我很满意。此旨传达给全体将士们。”第二天的《东京日日新闻》报道:“在攻克南京之际,天皇陛下考虑到陆海军将士的辛苦,特赐褒奖并下诏慰问。天皇专门召见了很久没见的(日军)总参谋长闲院,军令部总长伏见两官。”14日下午1时。大本营陆海军部发出公告,将天皇的面谕通报全体侵华日军官兵。 昭和十三年(1938年),冈村宁次和东久迩宫稔彦王攻占汉口,深入到中国的腹地。当陷入中国泥潭的3年后,他不认为是自己判断错误,反而开始埋怨诸位臣僚低估了征服中国的难度。裕仁甚至暗自批评当时首相近卫文麿:近卫在任时,好像毫无准备便带领我们进入战争。他在阿部信行组阁的时候,亲自指令陆军大臣要从梅津美治郎或者侍从长畑俊六中挑选。 昭和十四年(1939年)11月8日,在中国战事紧张期间,于富士山附近检阅近卫师团,借以激励士气。昭和十五年(1940年)3月30日,日本参谋本部声言“如本年内中国事变仍不能解决,则自昭和十六年(1941年)初开始,自动撤兵”。6月,裕仁批准参谋本部《加速执行南进政策》,假如英、美干预,“就不惜与美一战”。7月30日,裕仁正式批准近卫内阁“南进”国策和建立“大东亚共荣圈”基本政策。裕仁说:“海军希望在更远的地方大干一场之前,必须解决中国事变;……陆军想要立即南进,以补救他在中国的失败。” 扩大战争 昭和十六年(1941年)2月3日,面对德国在欧 1941年裕仁一家的合影 1941年裕仁一家的合影 洲大陆的胜利,日本政府提出了《帝国对印度支那、泰国实施纲要》,裕仁的说法是:“我自己的原则是不喜欢乘人之危提出要求,干所谓趁火打劫的事,但面对世界的大变动,如果造成宋襄公之仁的后果也不好。” 昭和十六年(1941年)发动太平洋战争特别是对美开战前夕,他的真实想法是:“日本拥有一支多年培养起来的陆海军精锐部队,如果关键时刻不允许它崛起,那么随着时间的流逝,石油便会渐渐枯竭,舰队便会开不起来,如果人造石油对此可以进行补给,那么日本的产业几乎全部都要毁掉的。那样的话,就要亡国。这样一来,如果被提出无理要求,就要无条件投降。国家就会灭亡。” [10-11]  这说明他是铁了心的准备开战的。但他又顾虑如果战争失败,将会累及皇室,于是让皇族担任的海陆军两总长辞职,换上杉山元和永野修身担任海陆军总长。杉山元保证“百日之内即可告捷”。裕仁却反问道:“中国战事不是还没有解决么?那 1943年召开会议 1943年召开会议 太平洋岂不是比中国更大?”军令部长永野修身从旁辩解,只能像对待重病病人一样,开刀死中求活。裕仁还是顾虑风险太大,不同意组成皇族内阁,他准备万一战争失败才这么干,实际上也是失败后才组织东久迩稔彦皇族内阁收拾残局。他对换上东条英机接任总理表示满意,理由是东条做好了战争准备。东条后来在审判的时候说漏了嘴。东条说据他所知道的,整个日本军队,就没有人敢违抗天皇的意志,连出现这种想法都是荒唐的。人是不可能和神对抗的。天皇哪怕一个微小的暗示,就足以让军部费尽心思猜测圣意如何了。在开战的最后一刻,裕仁吟颂他祖父在日俄开战前下决心的诗:“四海皆兄弟,何缘起风波。”批准了对美开战。 对珍珠港的袭击,裕仁也是亲自向海军军令部长永野质询。“海军决定何时出击?”“12月8日。”“那岂不是周一?”“夏威夷时间正好是周日。”“那朕就可安心了。” 在经过了初战重创珍珠港美国海军并侵 1943年视察军队 1943年视察军队 占了东南亚的辉煌胜利后,日军在中途岛惨败的消息震动了裕仁,其曾不安地表示,“战局难以乐观,一旦丧失了制空权,就会有被切断、各个击破的危险。我的陆海军,就是败在了对于美军的过于轻视。”昭和19年(1944年)新设军需省,对于飞机的产量以年产5万架为目标。不过,裕仁对于时局也有了些比较清醒的认识,“陆海军总是缺乏协调,万一出什么意外,必然雪上加霜。5万架谈何容易?恐怕连一万架都很难吧?军部定这种目标真是有问题。” 虽说如此,不过并不意味着裕仁可以如同一个“天使”一般对战争不用负责。西南太平洋溃败后,他不断敦促日军发动反攻以振作士气,结果日军就发动了一号作战以打通大陆交通线。菲律宾决战中,也是他不明实际,听信了海军台湾海空战大捷的假情报,命令参谋濑岛龙三把决战地点从菲律宾改到莱特岛,结果造成空前的惨败。当海军向其报告“神风攻击”的消息后,他立即表示,“非这样不可么?不过这样做很好。”昭和二十年(1945年)4月,在冲绳战役期间,冲昏了头的裕仁问海军军令部长及川古志郎,“海军难道没有军舰了吗?”逼得海军赶快搞了个“大和”号自杀冲锋。 战败投降 随着战事的吃紧,裕仁则开始更关心自己的命 1946年签署日本国宪法 1946年签署日本国宪法 运,也就是日本天皇制能不能得到保留。 昭和二十年(1945年)3月18日,裕仁巡视了遭到美军大轰炸后的东京市区,不由感叹其惨象尤胜当年的“关东大地震”。在美军于广岛,长崎投下原子弹后,裕仁终于意识到了败局已定。8月9日下午11点50分,紧急于防空洞召开了御前会议,同意外务大臣的意见:投降。 裕仁和当时的首相铃木贯太郎主张日本投降。由于委员会中的政治和军事成员就是否投降无法达成一致意见,首相要求天皇做出最后的决定。 昭和二十年(1945年)8月14日早上,最后一次的御前会议上,裕仁特别穿上了陆军元帅服,左胸佩带象征皇室的菊花勋章,无可奈何地同意投降接受波茨坦公告。作为决心停战的理由,天皇在独白录中举出以下两条:第一,如果这样下去,日本民族就会以灭亡而告终,我就不能保护赤子了。第二,在捍卫国体这一点上,木户也与我的意见相同,如果敌人在伊势湾附近登陆,那么伊势、热田两神宫就会立即在敌人的控制下,来不及转移神器,也就没有确保它们的希望了,这样就很难捍卫国体了。所以,当时我想,即使牺牲,也一定要讲和。也就是说,估计守 麦克阿瑟和裕仁 麦克阿瑟和裕仁(2张)  住三种神器中的伊势神宫的八咫镜和热田神宫草剃剑无望,是决心停战的理由。其中“无条件投降”暗含一个条件:不废除天皇。他对坚决反对投降的前侍从官、现陆军大臣阿南惟几说,你放心,我有把握保持国体。结果阿南只能去自杀。之后,NHK录制了裕仁的投降公告。整个录音为30分钟,地点是皇宫的进口大厅。裕仁念错多处,直到第三遍才勉强合格。次日,又发生了一幕极端分子抢夺录音的闹剧。但是其所谓的“御音放送”的投降诏书录音还是得以播出。此段广播被称为“玉音放送”。使用大量汉语文言的《终战诏书》使很多日本平民无法具体理解广播的内容。他只字未提投降或日本打输了这场战争,他只是说世界形势发生了巨大的变化,他要求臣民“要忍受难以忍受的现实。”由于首次听到“鹤声”,许多人都放声哭了起来。 战后昭和 战后,包括苏联在内的国家要求废除天皇,但是美国为稳定战后东亚形势,需要建立一个反共产主义的经济强国,如果没有天皇,日本国内秩序将难以协调,因为之前日本长期推行神话天皇、效忠天皇的教育,天皇已经成为多数日本人心中的精神支柱。所以因美国策略上需要,道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟将军和其他官员共同表示,裕仁对第二次世界大战并不负主要责任。这一观点得到了日本人民的极大欢迎。 [12]  昭和二十一年(1946年)元旦,裕仁发布《人间宣言》, [13]  否定了天皇的神圣地位,承认自己与平民百姓一样也是人,而不是神。 [13]  美国占领日本后,道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟是实际上掌控日本统治权的人。在他的干预下,1947年通过新的《日本国宪法》,确定天皇为国家的象征,提出最高统治权归人民所有,真正实行立宪民主。 [13]  但是实际上日本“天皇”对日本政界的影响仍然是巨大的。 为了与宪法的变化一致,战后裕仁把自 裕仁的全国巡视 裕仁的全国巡视(3张)  己打扮为一位尊重民主的君主:与平民会面,允许皇族成员被拍照。他还访问过灾区,视察日本的战后建设(这次旅行可能为盟军领袖所安排,因为当时一直有天皇可能被审判甚至绞死的传言,安排天皇巡视灾区正好可以安抚人心)。皇太子明仁亲王也打破传统,和一位普通女性而不是贵族家庭成员结婚。 昭和四十六年(1971年),裕仁访问西欧。昭和五十年(1975年)访问美国,这是第一次以天皇的身份访问外国。因为是海事类出身,裕仁对水产有许多研究,最后出版了“水母的书”为代表作。 昭和五十年(1975年)10月31日,裕仁在结束对美国的访问回到日本后,在皇居接受了日本记者俱乐部的采访,这是日本天皇首次正式会见记者。 因病逝世 昭和六十二年(1987年)9月22日,昭和天皇在消化系统问题持续数月之后接受了胰脏手术,其后被诊断出十二指肠癌。1988年8月15日,静养中的昭和天皇被日本陆上自卫队的一架直升机从那须御用邸送至日本武道馆,出席1988年全国战没者追悼式,这也是昭和天皇最后一次出席全国战没者追悼式。9月19日,昭和天皇在吹上御所吐血,此后病情持续恶化且需不断输血。皇太子明仁也在此期间摄政。日本社会亦开始“自肃”,停止公共娱乐活动或缩减娱乐活动的规模,甚至有人担心当年的第39届NHK红白歌合战能否举行(但最终仍如期举办)。日本放送协会等媒体亦持续报道天皇病情。截至1988年12月,昭和天皇为当时世界上在位时间最长的君主。 昭和六十四年(1989年)1月7日早6时33分,昭和天皇于吹上御所驾崩,享寿87岁。这一消息于当天早晨7时55分由宫内厅长官藤森昭一宣布,NHK随后于当天早晨7时57分播出黑底白字的“天皇陛下崩御”静态字卡。藤森亦公布了天皇患癌的详情,而宫内厅在公布天皇死讯前,从未向外界透露天皇患癌一事。天皇驾崩后,亦有数人殉死。其中1月7日当天,和歌山县一名87岁男子和茨城县一名76岁的原海军少尉相继自杀。 天皇驾崩当天,日本政府决定1月7日及其后的6 裕仁与美国总统里根 裕仁与美国总统里根 天内为各自治地方的哀悼期,2天内为民间哀悼期。内阁呼吁控制公共娱乐活动。NHK部分电视剧因此停播一周,如晨间剧《小纯的加油歌》,电视广告亦在天皇驾崩后大规模停播。类似的临时停播情况亦发生于1995年阪神大地震期间和2011年日本东北地方太平洋近海地震期间。包括1988年度全国高等学校英式橄榄球大会在内的体育活动亦因此中止或延期举行。 驾崩后不久的天皇在1月7日至1月31日的时间段内被称为大行天皇,而“昭和天皇”这一谥号于1月31日由海部俊树公布。2月24日,昭和天皇的葬礼(大丧之礼)在新宿御苑举行。包括西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯一世、瑞典国王卡尔十六世·古斯塔夫、比利时国王博杜安一世、汤加国王陶法阿豪·图普四世、约旦国王侯赛因·本·塔拉勒、文莱苏丹哈桑纳尔·博尔基亚、不丹国王吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克、卢森堡大公让、联合国秘书长佩雷斯·德奎利亚尔、美国总统乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什、法国总统弗朗索瓦·密特朗、菲律宾总统柯拉蓉·艾奎诺、印尼总统苏哈托、丹麦亨里克亲王、英国菲利普亲王、泰国王储玛哈·哇集拉隆功、中国国家主席杨尚昆特使外交部长钱其琛等在内的各国代表出席了葬礼。昭和天皇于当天下午被葬在八王子市的武藏野陵,陪葬品达一百余件,其中包括昭和天皇生前采集的贝类标本、生前爱用的显微镜等。 [14]  为政举措编辑 军事 全面侵华 昭和六年(1931年)9月18日,日本发动了震惊世界的“满洲事变”(即“九一八事变”),长达14年 [15]  的侵华战争由此开始。日军侵华掠夺中国的资源和财产,严重地侵犯、破坏了中国的主权,严重地分裂了中国,使中国国家的统一程度在抗日战争时期受到了严重的削弱,并造成3500万中国民众的伤亡的战争罪行。 昭和十一年(1936年),奉裕仁敕令建立731部队(化学和细菌战部队)。 昭和十六年(1941年),裕仁又颁布新的敕令,将部队扩充到3000人,并将主要基地由黑龙江肇东县、五常县移到哈尔滨南郊的平房镇。 [16]  南进政策 在日军深陷中日战争的泥潭无法自拔的时候,日本统治集团开始积极策划新的扩张。在作战对象和战略方向等重大问题上,一直存在北进战略与南进战略的争论。在“张鼓峰事件”和“诺门坎事件”中日军的连续受挫,加上《苏德互不侵犯条约》的缔结,使北进政策的鼓吹者们受到打击,日本逐渐改变为集中向南洋扩张的南进政策。在此过程中,昭和天皇不仅亲自决定国策的制定,还积极参与了战争的决策过程及各项准备。 [17]  昭和十五年(1940年),德国在欧洲的胜利,为深陷中国战场、难以抉择究竟是北进还是南进的日本带来了前所未有的机会。南进论逐步占据了主导地位,日德意军事同盟论再次抬头。在这种大好良机下,昭和天皇也开始倾向于南进,并主动任命一直主张南进的木户幸一为内大臣。 [17]  昭和十五年(1940年)6月19日,在参谋总长闲院宫载仁和陆相畑俊六的上奏中,昭和天皇主动询问:“当欧洲局势也将很快实现媾和时,有出兵荷属印度支那和法属印度支那的计划吗?” [18]  这个提问不仅透露出昭和天皇希望德国早些取胜的愿望,还表明了他已经开始考虑出兵印度支那和荷属东印度。 [19]  昭和十五年(1940年)10月4日,德意日签署三国同盟协定,为日本的南进政策最终定下了基调。在昭和天皇的监督和指导之下,日本进一步向东南亚扩张。日本对印度支那北部实行军事占领之后,又在泰国和法属印支当局之间故意制造领土纠纷,挑起武装冲突。昭和十六年(1941年)1月19日,统帅部不顾内阁的反对,在政府和大本营联席会议上强行通过《关于调停泰国和法属印支纷争的紧急处理纲要》。23日,统帅部又在联席会议上,决定了调停泰国、印度支那纠纷的具体方案和《日泰军事协定》草案的提纲。陆海军总长在遭到松冈外相的反对后,抛开内阁,单独上奏,企图获得昭和天皇的批准。昭和十六年(1941年)7月21日,法国维希政府接受了日本的进驻法属印支南部要求。28 日,昭和天皇批准进驻法属印支南部,日军从西贡登陆,迅速占领该地。昭和天皇幻想美国不会参战,更幻想依靠东南亚的资源可以战胜美国,在扩大帝国梦想与严峻现实的矛盾中,将日本一步步推向战争的绝境。 [17]  对美战争 日本的侵华战争和南进政策,严重威胁着英美在远东的利益,使日美矛盾不断加深。但美国受欧洲战事的影响,认为德国是最危险的敌人。为了避免两洋作战,同日本进行谈判就不失为一项万全之策。日本海军制定的庞大而填密的偷袭珍珠港计划,昭和天皇对其自始至终高度关注,并最终得到恩准,早在昭和十六年(1941年)1月,即日美开战前十一个月,裕仁天皇曾亲自下令对向珍珠港进行突然袭击的可行性作出评估。据战后公布的《杉山回忆录》证明,裕仁天皇早在他的军事顾伺们获悉突袭珍珠港计划前6个月,即参与了该计划的制定。而在战后的远东国际 军事法庭上,向盟国法官们提出并由经过立誓和反讯的证人所证明的证据都无可置疑地证明。在整个战争前后,几乎所有的重大军事行动与策划,或是得到昭和天皇的批准,或是天皇在御前会议上做出的,昭和天皇对战争负有直接的责任。 [20]  政治 昭和二十七年(1952年)至昭和五十年(1975年),昭和天皇曾 1975年参加美国总统福特的国宴 1975年参加美国总统福特的国宴 八度参拜靖国神社。昭和五十三年(1978年),靖国神社合祀甲级战犯之后,就不再去参拜。 日本经济新闻报道(2006年7月20日)从前宫内厅长官富田朝彦的遗物笔记中发现,昭和天皇曾向富田表示,他因为对合祀作法不悦,因此停止参拜。 [21]  前宫内厅长官富田朝彦遗物中,发现二十多本笔记留有昭和天皇语录,其中于昭和天皇逝世前一年,昭和六十三年(1988年)4月28日笔记中,记载有关昭和对靖国神社看法。昭和天皇当时曾说,“靖国神社的筑波宫司(祭司)处理合祀问题很慎重,但是换上松平庆民宫内大臣长子松平永芳担任宫司之后,他完全不了解他父亲爱好和平的想法,随即决定合祀,所以从那之后就不再去靖国参拜,那是我的信念。” [21]  1944年4月25日,昭和天皇身穿军服率领东条英机等人前往靖国神社,军部将领列队迎接。 外交 20世纪40年代初,在欧洲局势尚未明朗以 前,昭和天皇致力于指导军部结束在中国的战争,他对于日德意结盟并不感兴趣。昭和天皇主张坚持与英、美协调的方针,对南进与否采取了一种观望态度。1940年7月27日,日本战时大本营和政府联席会议决定了《随着世界形势演变处理时局纲要》。进一步提出:“帝国对应世界形势的变化,要在改善内外形势,迅速促进解决支那事变的同时,要捕捉良机,解决南方问题。…… 要以对德、对意大利、对苏联的施策为重点,但要迅速强化与德国和意大利的政治团结,谋求迅速调整对苏关系。” [22]  1940年9月9日至10日,经昭和天皇批准,外相松冈洋右和德国特使斯塔玛举行会谈并达成协议。协议内容为:日本对德、意在欧洲,德、意对日本在东亚,各自“建设新秩序”中的领导地位予以承认和尊重;日、德、意三国中的任一国家受到“尚未参加 正在进行着的欧洲战争或日中纠纷的一国的攻击时,三国应以政治、经济以及军事的所有方法进行互相援助”。 [23]  协议表明日本放弃了“反苏”三国同盟,将目标指向了美国。尽管昭和天皇完全意识到对德同盟很有可能 引发日本同英、美的冲突,但是他更愿意相信抢先行动可以带来更多的利益,实力的提高不仅能够增加防范战争的能力,更可以降低战争发生的风险。 [24]  1940年9月27日,日本政府与德、意在柏林签署了三国同盟条约。约定:“日本国承认且尊重德国及意大利有关在欧洲建设新秩序的指导地位;德国及意大利承认且尊重日本国有关在大东亚建设新秩序的指导地位;日本国、德国及意大利约定,基于上述方针,努力相互合作,特别是三缔约国中的任何一国,受到现今没有参加欧洲战事或日支纷争 的一国攻击时,三国约定,应以政治、经济及军事 的方法相互援助…… 日本国、德国及意大利确认上述各条款不影响三缔约国各自对苏联现存的政治状态。” [23]  人物评价编辑 裕仁在大正十年(1921年)因父亲大正天皇患病而 陵墓 陵墓 出任摄政,大正十五年(1926年)继位,以《尚书》中“百姓昭明,协和万邦”一句改元昭和。其在位期间经历第二次中日战争与第二次世界大战,战后依照新宪法失去政治上的实权,以作为日本国家与国民象徵而存在。除了神话中的天皇之外,他是历代天皇中在位时间最长及享寿最高者,也是现时全球在位时间第七长的国家元首。 亲属成员编辑 父母 父亲: [25]  大正天皇 母亲: [25]  贞明皇后 妻儿 皇后香淳皇后 大正十三年(1924年)久迩宫邦彦王的长女良子女王 [25]  (香淳皇后)结婚 [25]  子女 昭和天皇与香淳皇后先后生下五个女儿和两个儿子: [25]  1925年12月6日长女东久迩成子(幼号照宫)出生,下嫁东久迩盛厚。 1927年9月10日次女久宫佑子内亲王出生,1928年去世。 1929年9月30日三女鹰司和子(幼号孝宫)出生,下嫁鹰司平通。 1931年3月7日四女池田厚子(幼号顺宫)出生,下嫁池田隆政。 1933年12月23日长子明仁天皇(幼号继宫)出生,娶正田美智子。 1935年11月28日次子常陆宫正仁亲王(幼号义宫)出生,娶尾张华子。 1939年3月2日五女岛津贵子(幼号清宫)出生,下嫁岛津久永。 兄弟 二弟淳宫雍仁亲王-秩父宫 三弟光宫宣仁亲王 [26]  -高松宫 四弟澄宫崇仁亲王 [27]  -三笠宫 [27]  轶事典故编辑 访欧趣闻 裕仁在巴黎的时候却闹了一个笑话。其当时微服出行,有生以来第一次自己付钱买车票,独自搭乘巴黎地铁。晚年谈到这件事,自己也还是不禁失笑,“我当时第一次搭乘地铁,什么手续也不知道,手紧紧地握住车票,入闸的时候检票员要在票上打孔,结果我紧张地深怕被他夺取,握着车票不放,双方就这样来回拉扯了数分钟,结果惹得检票员大怒。这张车票也被我一直保存着。” 险些废黜 据日本媒体报道,1936年在日本发生的“二·二六事件”中,政变军人曾想扶持裕仁的胞弟雍仁来取代裕仁。这更佐证了当时日本的实质统治者是“天皇”。 雍仁是日本大正天皇的次子,日本亲王。1922年便作为陆军少尉参加日本陆军。1935年8月被任命为第八师 1971年与美国总统尼克松交谈 1971年与美国总统尼克松交谈 团的少佐大队长。他长期以来对日本陆军中的皇道派(日军中狂热的法西斯派系之一)少壮军官持同情态度,支持皇道派要求推翻民选政府、加速实行国家法西斯化和积极准备对苏开战等主张。1936年2月26日凌晨,驻守东京的1400余名日本军人突然发难,袭击被他们称作“奸臣”的政府要员住宅,内大臣、教育总监、大藏大臣等人遇难,连裕仁天皇的侍卫长铃木贯太郎也差点被叛军杀死。 政变当日,任第八师团少佐大队长的雍仁正准备从驻地乘火车赶往东京。在如此敏感时刻,雍仁的这种举动显得非常反常。而且就在同时,政变军人公然打出了“我们的领袖是秩父宫(即雍仁)”的旗号。 裕仁得知上述消息后,感到事态严重,先通过宫内省派东京大学著名的右翼历史教授、曾给秩父宫讲过两年《日本政治史》的平泉澄前去拦截雍仁。然后立刻命令忠于自己的军警赶往东京上野火车站。秩父宫一下火车,就在大批军警“护送”下被带入了皇宫,与叛军隔离开来。见情势如此,秩父宫只好在当天晚上拜谒了哥哥,并做出了服从天皇的保证。不久,“二·二六事件”被平息,军事法庭以“未经天皇批准而擅自动用皇军之罪”将17名叛乱军官判处死刑。 [28]  不追究责任 美国与盟国出于自身利益考虑,为了有效控制日本 裕仁 裕仁(5张)  ,美国决定对日本天皇裕仁不予追究发动战争的责任,不予起诉和逮捕。 最后,不但战争罪行的日本天皇免于正义的审判,连同23名担任高级将领的皇族亲王也受到保护,全体不被起诉。 人物争议编辑 1945年9月27日,裕仁与麦克阿瑟进行了首次会面,会面总共持续了38分钟,是在极度机密的情况下进行的,麦克阿瑟把自己的部下和裕仁的随从挡在门外,只留下翻译奥村胜藏。根据麦克阿瑟和翻译奥村胜藏的回忆录可知,裕仁在会面中承认了自己的战争责任,但在2002年10月日本公开的官方记录里,裕仁表示自己曾极力避免战争。大多数人认为日本官僚和侍从在日本的官方记录动了手脚。他们认为这些官僚和侍从担心留下天皇承认战争的内容而使天皇在东京审判中遭到责任的追究,就删除了相关内容。但这件事的真相也随着三位当事人的逝世而变得扑朔迷离。
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: Japan
  • Type: Photograph

PicClick Insights - 1935 Hirohito Vintage Original Photo Battle Of Japan In Naval Uniform Rare PicClick Exclusive

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