Avoca, Ia Original Photo Train Wreck Vintage 7X9 Inch Railroad 1939

$339.71 Buy It Now, Click to see shipping cost, 30-Day Returns, eBay Money Back Guarantee
Seller: memorabilia111 ✉️ (808) 100%, Location: Ann Arbor, Michigan, US, Ships to: US & many other countries, Item: 176270370402 AVOCA, IA ORIGINAL PHOTO TRAIN WRECK VINTAGE 7X9 INCH RAILROAD 1939. A VINTAGE ORIGINAL PHOTO FROM 1939 MEASURING APPROXIMATELY 7 X 9  INCHES FEATURING A TRAIN WRECK IN AVOCA, IOWA
Avoca (Irish: Abhóca, meaning 'the great river') is a city in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, United States. The population was 1,672 at the 2020 census.[4] History Avoca was founded in 1869 in connection with the construction of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad through the area.[5] The city is named after a place mentioned in the Thomas Moore poem "The Meeting of the Waters," about the River Avoca in Ireland.[6] Avoca quickly developed as a regional service center for the surrounding farms.[7] In 2005, Avoca opened a local pool.[8] The Pottawatomie County, Iowa county government maintains a second courthouse in Avoca to serve the northeastern portion of the county. Council Bluffs, which is the county seat is in the extreme southwestern part of this large county.[9] Geography The city is situated within Iowa's Loess Hills and located between the West Nishnabotna River and its East Branch.[10] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.13 square miles (5.52 km2), all land.[11] Demographics Historical populations Year Pop. ±% 1900 1,627 —     1910 1,520 −6.6% 1920 1,482 −2.5% 1930 1,673 +12.9% 1940 1,598 −4.5% 1950 1,595 −0.2% 1960 1,540 −3.4% 1970 1,535 −0.3% 1980 1,650 +7.5% 1990 1,497 −9.3% 2000 1,610 +7.5% 2010 1,506 −6.5% 2020 1,672 +11.0% Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 28, 2020. and Iowa Data Center Source: U.S. Decennial Census[12][4] The population of Avoca, Iowa from US census data The population of Avoca, Iowa from US census data 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 1,506 people, 662 households, and 436 families living in the city. The population density was 707.0 inhabitants per square mile (273.0/km2). There were 711 housing units at an average density of 333.8 per square mile (128.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.8% White, 0.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9%.[13] Of the 662 households 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 29.9% of households were one person and 13.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.78. The median age was 43.2 years. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.3% were from 45 to 64; and 18.7% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 1,610 people, 666 households, and 458 families living in the city. The population density was 830.6 inhabitants per square mile (320.7/km2). There were 706 housing units at an average density of 364.2 per square mile (140.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.19% White, 0.06% African American, 0.06% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.37%.[14] Of the 666 households 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 27.6% of households were one person and 15.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.85. 23.2% are under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males. The median household income was $39,826 and the median family income was $45,000. Males had a median income of $30,272 versus $20,284 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,908. About 1.5% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.8% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over. Education The community is served by the AHSTW Community School District.[15] In 1957 Avoca combined with the city of Hancock to form the Avo-Ha Community School District. On July 1, 1996, the district merged into the A-H-S-T Community School District combining with nearby towns of Shelby and Tennant. In turn, the conglomerate merged into AHSTW on July 1, 2016 when the small town of Walnut joined. The school and towns are a great safe place to raise a family.[16] Notable people Richard Beymer (born 1938), the actor best known as Tony, the lead role in West Side Story[17] Johnny Carson (1925-2005), the television comedian, lived in Avoca as a child until his family moved to Norfolk, Nebraska in 1936.[18] Edwin T. Meredith (1876–1928), Secretary of Agriculture under president Woodrow Wilson[19] Richard C. Turner (1927-1986), Iowa lawyer and politician, was born in Avoca.[20] Pottawattamie County (/ˌpɑːtəˈwɑːtəmiː/) is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. At the 2020 census, the population was 93,667,[1] making it the tenth-most populous county in Iowa. The county takes its name from the Potawatomi Native American tribe. The county seat is Council Bluffs.[2][3] Pottawattamie County is included in the Omaha–Council Bluffs, NE–IA Metropolitan Statistical Area.[4] Geography According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 959 square miles (2,480 km2), of which 950 square miles (2,500 km2) is land and 8.9 square miles (23 km2) (0.9%) is water.[5] It is the second-largest county in Iowa by area after Kossuth County.[6] Pottawattamie County is located within Iowa's Loess Hills, and was the site of Kanesville along The Mormon Trail[7] Due to movement of the Missouri River and a Supreme Court ruling, part of the county, Carter Lake, actually lies on the far side of the Missouri River. This part of the county cannot be reached by road without entering Nebraska; no direct bridge exists.[8] Major highways  Interstate 29  Interstate 80  Interstate 480  Interstate 680  Interstate 880  U.S. Highway 6  U.S. Highway 59  U.S. Highway 275  Iowa Highway 83  Iowa Highway 92  Iowa Highway 165  Iowa Highway 191  Iowa Highway 192 Adjacent counties Harrison County (north) Shelby County (northeast) Cass County (east) Montgomery County (southeast) Mills County (south) Sarpy County, Nebraska (southwest) Douglas County, Nebraska (west) Washington County, Nebraska (northwest) National protected area DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (part) Demographics Historical population Census Pop. Note %± 1850 7,828 — 1860 4,968 −36.5% 1870 16,893 240.0% 1880 39,850 135.9% 1890 47,430 19.0% 1900 54,336 14.6% 1910 55,832 2.8% 1920 61,550 10.2% 1930 69,888 13.5% 1940 66,756 −4.5% 1950 69,682 4.4% 1960 83,102 19.3% 1970 86,991 4.7% 1980 86,561 −0.5% 1990 82,628 −4.5% 2000 87,704 6.1% 2010 93,158 6.2% 2020 93,667 0.5% U.S. Decennial Census[9] 1790-1960[10] 1900-1990[11] 1990-2000[12] 2010-2018[13] Population of Pottawattamie County from US census data 2020 census The 2020 census recorded a population of 93,667 in the county, with a population density of 97.8212/sq mi (37.76898/km2). 94.09% of the population reported being of one race. There were 39,852 housing units, of which 37,284 were occupied.[1] Pottawattamie County Racial Composition[14] Race Num. Perc. White (NH) 79,181 84.53% Black or African American (NH) 1,836 2% Native American (NH) 391 0.42% Asian (NH) 773 0.83% Pacific Islander (NH) 76 0.08% Other/Mixed (NH) 3,750 4% Hispanic or Latino 7,660 8.2% 2010 census The 2010 census recorded a population of 93,158 in the county, with a population density of 97.6233/sq mi (37.6926/km2). There were 39,330 housing units, of which 36,775 were occupied.[15] 2000 census At the 2000 census,[16] there were 87,704 people, 33,844 households and 23,623 families residing in the county. The population density was 92 per square mile (36/km2). There were 35,761 housing units at an average density of 38 per square mile (15/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.98% White, 0.77% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.27% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. 3.30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 33,844 households, of which 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.60% were married couples living together, 11.80% had a female householder with no husband present and 30.20% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03. 26.00% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.10% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.60 males. The median household income was $40,089 and the median family income was $47,105. Males had a median income of $31,642 vand females $24,243. The per capita income was $19,275. About 6.40% of families and 8.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.00% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over. Communities 2000 Census Age Pyramid for Pottawattamie County Cities Avoca Carson Carter Lake Council Bluffs Crescent Hancock Macedonia McClelland Minden Neola Oakland Treynor Underwood Walnut Unincorporated community Honey Creek Census-designated places Bentley Loveland Weston Townships Belknap Boomer Carson Center Crescent Garner Grove Hardin Hazel Dell James Kane Keg Creek Knox Lake Layton Lewis Lincoln Macedonia Minden Neola Norwalk Pleasant Rockford Silver Creek Valley Washington Waveland Wright York Population ranking The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Pottawattamie County.[1] † county seat Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2020 Census) 1 † Council Bluffs City 62,799 2 Carter Lake City 3,791 3 Avoca City 1,683 4 Oakland City 1,524 5 Treynor City 1,032 6 Underwood City 954 7 Neola City 918 8 Carson City 766 9 Walnut City 747 10 Crescent City 628 11 Minden City 600 12 Macedonia City 267 13 Hancock City 200 14 McClelland City 146 15 Bentley CDP 93 16 Weston CDP 78 17 Loveland CDP 36 18 Shelby (partially in Shelby County) City 11 (727 total) Law enforcement Pottawattamie County is served by the Pottawattamie County Sheriff's Office consisting of 51 sworn deputies, 13 reserve deputies, 92 detention officers and eight civilian support staff. Its headquarters is located in Council Bluffs, Iowa.[17] Politics Pottawattamie County is a strongly Republican county. The county last backed a Democratic presidential candidate in 1964 as the party won nationally by a landslide, & only voted Democratic in four other elections prior to that. Some recent elections were more competitive, with Barack Obama losing the county in 2008 by less than 1,000 votes. However, Donald Trump won the county by 21% in 2016 and by 17% in 2020. United States presidential election results for Pottawattamie County, Iowa[18]  Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 26,247 57.38% 18,575 40.61% 922 2.02% 2016 24,447 57.28% 15,355 35.98% 2,878 6.74% 2012 21,860 51.68% 19,644 46.44% 797 1.88% 2008 21,237 50.18% 20,436 48.28% 651 1.54% 2004 24,558 58.72% 16,906 40.43% 356 0.85% 2000 18,783 54.50% 14,726 42.72% 958 2.78% 1996 15,648 47.68% 13,276 40.45% 3,897 11.87% 1992 15,671 42.22% 13,228 35.64% 8,216 22.14% 1988 17,193 53.06% 14,958 46.16% 254 0.78% 1984 21,527 63.11% 12,329 36.14% 256 0.75% 1980 20,222 60.96% 10,709 32.29% 2,239 6.75% 1976 17,264 53.09% 14,754 45.37% 501 1.54% 1972 19,722 69.32% 8,074 28.38% 654 2.30% 1968 16,038 56.47% 9,495 33.43% 2,866 10.09% 1964 14,208 44.68% 17,569 55.25% 22 0.07% 1960 19,223 57.79% 14,025 42.17% 13 0.04% 1956 17,632 57.87% 12,731 41.78% 105 0.34% 1952 18,894 61.24% 11,897 38.56% 63 0.20% 1948 12,384 51.40% 11,430 47.44% 281 1.17% 1944 14,007 54.25% 11,752 45.52% 59 0.23% 1940 15,929 51.07% 15,221 48.80% 38 0.12% 1936 12,223 42.28% 16,259 56.23% 431 1.49% 1932 9,565 35.94% 16,674 62.65% 377 1.42% 1928 14,354 58.91% 9,905 40.65% 109 0.45% 1924 13,380 52.78% 5,305 20.93% 6,667 26.30 Iowa (/ˈaɪəwə/ i)[7][8][9] is a state in the upper Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the east and southeast, Missouri to the south, Nebraska to the west, South Dakota to the northwest, and Minnesota to the north. During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana; its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt.[10] In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, information technology, biotechnology, and green energy production.[11][12] Iowa is the 26th most extensive in total area and the 31st most populous of the 50 U.S. states, with a population of 3,190,369,[13] according to the 2020 census. The state's capital, most populous city, and largest metropolitan area fully located within the state is Des Moines. A portion of the larger Omaha, Nebraska, metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa.[14] Iowa has been listed as one of the safest U.S. states to live in.[15] Etymology Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, a Chiwere-speaking Siouan Nation who were once part of the Ho-Chunk Confederation that inhabited the area now corresponding to several Midwest states. The Ioway were one of the many Native American nations whose territory comprised the future state of Iowa before the time of European colonization.[16] History Main article: History of Iowa See also: American Indians of Iowa Prehistory Main articles: Iowa archaeology and American Indians of Iowa Excavation of the 3,800-year-old Edgewater Park Site When Indigenous peoples of the Americas first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape. By the time European explorers and traders visited Iowa, native Americans were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period (10,500 to 2,800 years ago), native Americans adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased.[17] More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, native Americans in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increased reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements.[17] The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. There were numerous native American tribes living in Iowa at the time of early European exploration. Tribes which were probably descendants of the prehistoric Oneota include the Dakota, Ho-Chunk, Ioway, and Otoe. Tribes which arrived in Iowa in the late prehistoric or protohistoric periods include the Illiniwek, Meskwaki, Omaha, and Sauk.[17] Early colonization and trade, 1673–1808 Main articles: New France, Louisiana (New France), French and Indian War, Treaty of Paris (1763), New Spain, Louisiana (New Spain), Treaty of Aranjuez (1801), Louisiana Purchase, District of Louisiana, and Louisiana Territory Iowa in 1718 with the modern state area highlighted The first known European explorers to document Iowa were Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet who traveled the Mississippi River in 1673 documenting several Indigenous villages on the Iowa side.[18][19] The area of Iowa was claimed for France and remained a French territory until 1763. The French, before their impending defeat in the French and Indian War, transferred ownership to their ally, Spain.[20] Spain practiced very loose control over the Iowa region, granting trading licenses to French and British traders, who established trading posts along the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers.[18] Iowa was part of a territory known as La Louisiane or Louisiana, and European traders were interested in lead and furs obtained by Indigenous people. The Sauk and Meskwaki effectively controlled trade on the Mississippi in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Among the early traders on the Mississippi were Julien Dubuque, Robert de la Salle, and Paul Marin.[18] Along the Missouri River at least five French and English trading houses were built before 1808.[21] In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of Louisiana from Spain in a treaty.[22] After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Congress divided the Louisiana Purchase into two parts—the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana, with present-day Iowa falling in the latter. The Indiana Territory was created in 1800 to exercise jurisdiction over this portion of the District; William Henry Harrison was its first governor. Much of Iowa was mapped by Zebulon Pike in 1805,[23] but it was not until the construction of Fort Madison in 1808 that the U.S. established tenuous military control over the region.[24] War of 1812 and unstable U.S. control Main article: Missouri Territory Fort Madison was built to control trade and establish U.S. dominance over the Upper Mississippi, but it was poorly designed and disliked by the Sauk and Fox, many of whom allied with the British, who had not abandoned claims to the territory.[24][25] Fort Madison was defeated by British-supported Indigenous people in 1813 during the War of 1812, and Fort Shelby in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, also fell to the British. Black Hawk took part in the siege of Fort Madison.[26][27] Another small military outpost was established along the Mississippi River in present-day Bellevue. This poorly situated stockade was similarly attacked by hundreds of Indigenous people in 1813, but was successfully defended and later abandoned until settlers returned to the area in the mid-1830s.[28] After the war, the U.S. re-established control of the region through the construction of Fort Armstrong, Fort Snelling in Minnesota, and Fort Atkinson in Nebraska.[29] Indian removal, 1814–1832 See also: Indian removal The United States encouraged settlement of the east side of the Mississippi and removal of Indians to the west.[30] A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison (then governor of the Indiana Territory) that surrendered much of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War.[31] The Sauk and Meskwaki sold their land in the Mississippi Valley during 1832 in the Black Hawk Purchase[32] and sold their remaining land in Iowa in 1842, most of them moving to a reservation in Kansas.[31] Many Meskwaki later returned to Iowa and settled near Tama, Iowa; the Meskwaki Settlement remains to this day. In 1856 the Iowa Legislature passed an unprecedented act allowing the Meskawki to purchase the land.[33] However, in contrast to the unprecedented act of the Iowa Legislature, the United States Federal Government, through the use of Treaties, forced the Ho-Chunk from Iowa in 1848,[34] and forced the Dakota from Iowa by 1858.[35] Western Iowa around modern Council Bluffs was used as an Indian Reservation for members of the Council of Three Fires.[36] U.S. settlement and statehood, 1832–1860 Main articles: Michigan Territory, Wisconsin Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, Iowa Territory, Admission to the Union, and List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Iowa Territorial Seal Bellevue along the Mississippi, 1848 The first American settlers officially moved to Iowa in June 1833.[37] Primarily, they were families from Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia who settled along the western banks of the Mississippi River, founding the modern day cities of Dubuque and Bellevue.[37][38] On July 4, 1838, the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Iowa. President Martin Van Buren appointed Robert Lucas governor of the territory, which at the time had 22 counties and a population of 23,242.[39] Almost immediately after achieving territorial status, a clamor arose for statehood. On December 28, 1846, Iowa became the 29th state in the Union when President James K. Polk signed Iowa's admission bill into law. Once admitted to the Union, the state's boundary issues resolved, and most of its land purchased from Natives, Iowa set its direction to development and organized campaigns for settlers and investors, boasting the young frontier state's rich farmlands, fine citizens, free and open society, and good government.[40] Iowa has a long tradition of state and county fairs. The first and second Iowa State Fairs were held in the more developed eastern part of the state at Fairfield. The first fair was held October 25–27, 1854, at a cost of around $323. Thereafter, the fair moved to locations closer to the center of the state and in 1886 found a permanent home in Des Moines. The State Fair has been held annually since then, except for a few exceptions: 1898 due to the Spanish–American War and the World's Fair being held in nearby Omaha, Nebraska; from 1942 to 1945, due to World War II, as the fairgrounds were being used as an army supply depot; and in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[41][42] Civil War, 1861–1865 Main article: Iowa in the American Civil War Iowa supported the Union during the Civil War, voting heavily for Abraham Lincoln, though there was an antiwar "Copperhead" movement in the state, caused partially by a drop in crop prices caused by the war.[43] There were no battles in the state, although the Battle of Athens, Missouri, 1861, was fought just across the Des Moines River from Croton, Iowa, and shots from the battle landed in Iowa. Iowa sent large supplies of food to the armies and the eastern cities.[44] Much of Iowa's support for the Union can be attributed to Samuel J. Kirkwood, its first wartime governor. Of a total population of 675,000, about 116,000 men were subjected to military duty. Iowa contributed proportionately more soldiers to Civil War military service than did any other state, north or south, sending more than 75,000 volunteers to the armed forces, over one-sixth of whom were killed before the Confederates surrendered at Appomattox.[44] Most fought in the great campaigns in the Mississippi Valley and in the South.[45] Iowa troops fought at Wilson's Creek in Missouri, Pea Ridge in Arkansas, Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, Chattanooga, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Rossville Gap as well as Vicksburg, Iuka, and Corinth. They served with the Army of the Potomac in Virginia and fought under Union General Philip Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. Many died and were buried at Andersonville. They marched on General Nathaniel Banks' ill-starred expedition to the Red River. Twenty-seven Iowans have been awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government, which was first awarded in the Civil War.[46] Iowa had several brigadier generals and four major generals—Grenville Mellen Dodge, Samuel R. Curtis, Francis J. Herron, and Frederick Steele—and saw many of its generals go on to state and national prominence following the war.[44] Agricultural expansion, 1865–1930 Following the Civil War, Iowa's population continued to grow dramatically, from 674,913 people in 1860[47] to 1,624,615 in 1880.[48] The American Civil War briefly brought higher profits.[49] In 1917, the United States entered World War I and farmers as well as all Iowans experienced a wartime economy. For farmers, the change was significant. Since the beginning of the war in 1914, Iowa farmers had experienced economic prosperity, which lasted until the end of the war.[49] In the economic sector, Iowa also has undergone considerable change. Beginning with the first industries developed in the 1830s,[50] which were mainly for processing materials grown in the area,[51] Iowa has experienced a gradual increase in the number of business and manufacturing operations. Depression, World War II and manufacturing, 1930–1985 The transition from an agricultural economy to a mixed economy happened slowly. The Great Depression and World War II accelerated the shift away from smallholder farming to larger farms, and began a trend of urbanization. The period after World War II witnessed a particular increase in manufacturing operations.[52] In 1975, Governor Robert D. Ray petitioned President Ford to allow Iowa to accept and resettle Tai Dam refugees fleeing the Indochina War.[53] An exception was required for this resettlement as State Dept policy at the time forbid resettlement of large groups of refugees in concentrated communities; an exception was ultimately granted and 1200 Tai Dam were resettled in Iowa. Since then Iowa has accepted thousands of refugees from Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Bhutan, and Burma.[54] The farm crisis of the 1980s caused a major recession in Iowa, causing poverty not seen since the Depression.[55] The crisis spurred a major, decade-long population decline.[56] Reemergence as a mixed economy, 1985–present After bottoming out in the 1980s, Iowa's economy began to reduce its dependence on agriculture. By the early 21st century, it was characterized by a mix of manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services.[57] The population of Iowa has increased at a slower rate than the U.S. as a whole since at least the 1900 census,[58] though Iowa now has a predominantly urban population.[59] The Iowa Economic Development Authority, created in 2011 has replaced the Iowa Department of Economic Development and its annual reports are a source of economic information.[60] Geography Main article: Geography of Iowa Boundaries See also: List of counties in Iowa Topography of Iowa, with counties and major streams Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east along with the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. The northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude.[61][b] The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa (1849) after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.[62][63] Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed almost entirely by rivers.[64] Carter Lake, Iowa, is the only city in the state located west of the Missouri River.[65] Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two. The state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County.[66] Geology and terrain DeSoto Lake at DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge Iowa terrain Iowa's bedrock geology generally decreases in age from east to west. In northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old; in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c. 500 million years ago.[67] The oldest radiometrically dated bedrock in the state is the 2.9 billion year old Otter Creek Layered Mafic Complex. Precambrian rock is exposed only in the northwest of the state.[68] Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, and river drainage.[69] Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick.[70] Northeast Iowa along the Upper Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Area, consisting of steep hills and valleys which appear as mountainous.[71] Several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa (see Iowa Great Lakes). To the east lies Clear Lake. Man-made lakes include Lake Odessa,[72] Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. Before European settlement, 4 to 6 million acres of the state was covered with wetlands, about 95% of these wetlands have been drained.[73] Ecology and environment Main article: Environment of Iowa Landforms of Iowa Iowa's natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in upland areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys, and pothole wetlands in northern prairie areas.[69] Most of Iowa is used for agriculture; crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands (mostly pasture and hay with some prairie and wetland) cover 30%, and forests cover 7%; urban areas and water cover another 1% each.[74] The southern part of Iowa is categorized as the Central forest-grasslands transition ecoregion.[75] The Northern, drier part of Iowa is categorized as part of the Central tall grasslands.[76] There is a dearth of natural areas in Iowa; less than 1% of the tallgrass prairie that once covered most of Iowa remains intact; only about 5% of the state's prairie pothole wetlands remain, and most of the original forest has been lost.[77] As of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U.S. states in public land holdings.[78] Threatened or endangered animals in Iowa include the interior least tern, piping plover, Indiana bat, pallid sturgeon, the Iowa Pleistocene land snail, Higgins' eye pearly mussel, and the Topeka shiner.[79] Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Mead's milkweed, prairie bush clover, and northern wild monkshood.[80] The explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality.[81] Other factors negatively affecting Iowa's environment include the extensive use of older coal-fired power plants,[82] fertilizer and pesticide runoff from crop production,[83] and diminishment of the Jordan Aquifer.[84] Climate Further information: Climate change in Iowa Köppen climate types of Iowa, using 1991–2020 climate normals. Iowa annual rainfall, in inches Iowa has a humid continental climate throughout the state (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature at Des Moines is 50 °F (10 °C); for some locations in the north, such as Mason City, the figure is about 45 °F (7 °C), while Keokuk, on the Mississippi River, averages 52 °F (11 °C).[85] Snowfall is common, with Des Moines getting about 26 days of snowfall a year, and other places, such as Shenandoah getting about 11 days of snowfall in a year.[86] Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season. Iowa averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year.[87] The 30-year annual average of tornadoes in Iowa is 47.[88] In 2008, twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, matching the total from 2001.[89] Iowa summers are known for heat and humidity, with daytime temperatures sometimes near 90 °F (32 °C) and occasionally exceeding 100 °F (38 °C). Average winters in the state have been known to drop well below freezing, even dropping below −18 °F (−28 °C). Iowa's all-time hottest temperature of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at Keokuk on July 20, 1934, during a nationwide heat wave;[90] the all-time lowest temperature of −47 °F (−44 °C) was recorded in Washta on January 12, 1912.[91] Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Iowa cities (°F)[92] City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Davenport[93] 30/13 36/19 48/29 61/41 72/52 81/63 85/68 83/66 76/57 65/45 48/32 35/20 Des Moines[94] 31/14 36/19 49/30 62/41 72/52 82/62 86/67 84/65 76/55 63/43 48/31 34/18 Keokuk[95] 34/17 39/21 50/30 63/42 73/52 83/62 87/67 85/65 78/56 66/44 51/33 33/21 Mason City[96] 24/6 29/12 41/23 57/35 69/46 79/57 82/61 80/58 73/49 60/37 43/25 28/11 Sioux City[97] 31/10 35/15 47/26 62/37 73/49 82/59 86/63 83/63 76/51 63/38 46/25 32/13 Iowa has a relatively smooth gradient of varying precipitation across the state, with areas in the southeast of the state receiving an average of over 38 inches (97 cm) of rain annually, and the northwest of the state receiving less than 28 inches (71 cm).[98] The pattern of precipitation across Iowa is seasonal, with more rain falling in the summer months. Virtually statewide, the driest month is January or February, and the wettest month is June, owing to frequent showers and thunderstorms, some of which produce hail, damaging winds and/or tornadoes. In Des Moines, roughly in the center of the state, over two-thirds of the 34.72 inches (88.2 cm) of rain falls from April through September, and about half the average annual precipitation falls from May through August, peaking in June.[99] Settlements Percent population changes by counties in Iowa, 2000–2009. Dark green counties have gains of more than 5%.[100] See also: List of cities in Iowa and List of largest Iowa cities by population Iowa's population is more urban than rural, with 61 percent living in urban areas in 2000, a trend that began in the early 20th century.[59] Urban counties in Iowa grew 8.5% from 2000 to 2008, while rural counties declined by 4.2%.[101] The shift from rural to urban has caused population increases in more urbanized counties such as Dallas, Johnson, Linn, Polk, and Scott, at the expense of more rural counties.[102] Iowa, in common with other Midwestern states (especially Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), is feeling the brunt of rural flight, although Iowa has been gaining population since approximately 1990. Some smaller communities, such as Denison and Storm Lake, have mitigated this population loss through gains in immigrant laborers.[103] Another demographic problem for Iowa is the brain drain, in which educated young adults leave the state in search of better prospects in higher education or employment. During the 1990s, Iowa had the second highest exodus rate for single, educated young adults, second only to North Dakota.[104] Iowa's largest cities and their surrounding areas Recorded by the United States Census Bureau Rank City 2020 city population[105] 2010 city population[106] Change Metropolitan Statistical Area 2020 metro population[107] 2010 metro population 2020 metro change 1 Des Moines 214,133 203,433 +5.26% Des Moines–West Des Moines 707,915 606,475 +16.73% 2 Cedar Rapids 137,710 126,326 +9.01% Cedar Rapids 273,885 257,940 +6.18% 3 Davenport 101,724 99,685 +2.05% Quad Cities 382,268 379,690 +0.68% 4 Sioux City 85,797 82,684 +3.76% Sioux City 144,996 143,577 +0.99% 5 Iowa City 74,828 67,862 +10.26% Iowa City 175,732 152,586 +15.17% 6 West Des Moines 68,723 56,609 +21.40% Des Moines–West Des Moines 7 Ankeny 67,887 45,582 +48.93% Des Moines–West Des Moines 8 Waterloo 67,314 68,406 −1.60% Waterloo–Cedar Falls 168,314 167,819 +0.29% 9 Ames 66,427 58,965 +12.65% Ames 124,514 115,848 +7.48% 10 Council Bluffs 62,799 62,230 +0.91% Omaha–Council Bluffs 954,270 865,350 +10.28% 11 Dubuque 59,667 57,637 +3.52% Dubuque 97,590 93,653 +4.20% 12 Urbandale 45,580 39,463 +15.50% Des Moines–West Des Moines 13 Marion 41,535 34,768 +19.46% Cedar Rapids 14 Cedar Falls 40,713 39,260 +3.70% Waterloo–Cedar Falls 15 Bettendorf 39,102 33,217 +17.72% Quad Cities Demographics Population Historical population Census Pop. Note %± 1840 43,112 — 1850 192,214 345.8% 1860 674,913 251.1% 1870 1,194,020 76.9% 1880 1,624,615 36.1% 1890 1,912,297 17.7% 1900 2,231,853 16.7% 1910 2,224,771 −0.3% 1920 2,404,021 8.1% 1930 2,470,939 2.8% 1940 2,538,268 2.7% 1950 2,621,073 3.3% 1960 2,757,537 5.2% 1970 2,824,376 2.4% 1980 2,913,808 3.2% 1990 2,776,755 −4.7% 2000 2,926,324 5.4% 2010 3,046,355 4.1% 2020 3,190,369 4.7% 2022 (est.) 3,200,517 0.3% Source: 1910–2020[58] Ethnic origins in Iowa The United States Census Bureau determined the population of Iowa was 3,190,369 on April 1, 2020, a 4.73% increase since the 2010 United States census.[108][109] Of the residents of Iowa, 70.8% were born in Iowa, 23.6% were born in a different U.S. state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5% were foreign born.[110] Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 29,386 people, while migration within the country produced a net loss of 41,140 people. 6.5% of Iowa's population were reported as under the age of five, 22.6% under 18, and 14.7% were 65 or older. Males made up approximately 49.6% of the population.[111] The population density of the state is 52.7 people per square mile.[112] As of the 2010 census, the center of population of Iowa is in Marshall County, near Melbourne.[113] As of the 2010 census, the population of Iowa was 3,046,355. The gender makeup of the state was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. 23.9% of the population were under the age of 18; 61.2% were between the ages of 18 and 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older.[114] According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 2,419 homeless people in Iowa.[115] [116] Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census  Race and Ethnicity[117] Alone Total White (non-Hispanic) 82.7%   85.9%   Hispanic or Latino[c] — 6.8%   African American (non-Hispanic) 4.1%   5.2%   Asian 2.4%   3.0%   Native American 0.3%   1.4%   Pacific Islander 0.2%   0.3%   Other 0.3%   1.0%   Map of counties in Iowa by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census Non-Hispanic White Iowa historical racial composition  Racial composition 1990[118] 2000[119] 2010[120] White 96.6% 93.9% 91.3% Black or African American 1.7% 2.1% 2.9% Native American 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% Asian 0.9% 1.3% 1.7% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander — — 0.1% Other race 0.5% 1.3% 1.8% Two or more races — 1.1% 1.8% Iowa 2020 Population Density map According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 5.6% of Iowa's population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (4.3%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.0%).[121] The five largest ancestry groups were: German (35.1%), Irish (13.5%), English (8.2%), American (5.8%), and Norwegian (5.0%).[122] Birth data Population age comparison between rural Pocahontas County and urban Polk County, illustrating the flight of young adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa[d] Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number. Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother Race 2013[123] 2014[124] 2015[125] 2016[126] 2017[127] 2018[128] 2019[129] 2020[130] 2021[131] Non-Hispanic White 32,302 (82.6%) 32,423 (81.7%) 32,028 (81.1%) 31,376 (79.6%) 30,010 (78.1%) 29,327 (77.6%) 29,050 (77.2%) 27,542 (76.3%) 28,167 (76.5%) Black 2,232 (5.7%) 2,467 (6.2%) 2,597 (6.6%) 2,467 (6.3%) 2,657 (6.9%) 2,615 (6.9%) 2,827 (7.5%) 2,685 (7.4%) 2,567 (7.0%) Asian 1,353 (3.5%) 1,408 (3.5%) 1,364 (3.4%) 1,270 (3.2%) 1,321 (3.4%) 1,176 (3.1%) 1,106 (2.9%) 1,067 (2.9%) 1,055 (2.9%) Native American 269 (0.7%) 284 (0.7%) 242 (0.6%) 147 (0.4%) 311 (0.8%) 152 (0.4%) 308 (0.8%) 143 (0.4%) 129 (0.3%) Hispanic (of any race) 3,175 (8.1%) 3,315 (8.3%) 3,418 (8.6%) 3,473 (8.8%) 3,527 (9.2%) 3,694 (9.8%) 3,695 (9.8%) 3,725 (10.3%) 3,903 (10.6%) Total Iowa 39,094 (100%) 39,687 (100%) 39,482 (100%) 39,403 (100%) 38,430 (100%) 37,785 (100%) 37,649 (100%) 36,114 (100%) 36,835 (100%) Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Religion Amana Colonies were founded by German Pietists. Christian cross on a hill in Iowa Religious self-identification, per Public Religion Research Institute's 2022 American Values Survey[132]   Protestantism (48%)   Catholicism (20%)   Unitarian/Universalist (1%)   Unaffilated (29%)   Other (2%) A 2014 survey by Pew Research Center found 60% of Iowans are Protestant, while 18% are Catholic, and 1% are of non-Christian religions. 21% responded with non-religious, and 1% did not answer.[133][134] A survey from the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2010 found that the largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with 235,190 adherents and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 229,557. The largest non-Protestant religion was Catholicism with 503,080 adherents. The state has a great number of Calvinist denominations. The Presbyterian Church (USA) had almost 290 congregations and 51,380 members followed by the Reformed Church in America with 80 churches and 40,000 members, and the United Church of Christ had 180 churches and 39,000 members.[135] According to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study, 26% of the population were irreligious.[136] The study Religious Congregations & Membership: 2000[137] found in the southernmost two tiers of Iowa counties and in other counties in the center of the state, the largest religious group was the United Methodist Church; in the northeast part of the state, including Dubuque and Linn counties (where Cedar Rapids is located), the Catholic Church was the largest; and in ten counties, including three in the northern tier, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was the largest. The study also found rapid growth in Evangelical Christian denominations. Dubuque is home to the Archdiocese of Dubuque, which serves as the ecclesiastical province for all three other dioceses in the state and for all the Catholics in the entire state of Iowa. Historically, religious sects and orders who desired to live apart from the rest of society established themselves in Iowa, such as the Amish and Mennonite near Kalona and in other parts of eastern Iowa such as Davis County and Buchanan County.[138] Other religious sects and orders living apart include Quakers around West Branch and Le Grand, German Pietists who founded the Amana Colonies, followers of Transcendental Meditation who founded Maharishi Vedic City, and Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance monks and nuns at the New Melleray and Our Lady of the Mississippi Abbies near Dubuque. As of 2016 about 6,000 Jews live in Iowa, with about 3,000 of them in Des Moines.[139] Language English is the most common language in Iowa, being the sole language spoken by 91.1% of the population. One of the less common languages spoken is sign language and indigenous speaking. The total amount of sign language spoken is about 2.5% of the general population as of 2017. With indigenous speaking, it is about 0.5% of the population.[140] William Labov and colleagues, in the monumental Atlas of North American English[141] found the English spoken in Iowa divides into multiple linguistic regions. Natives of northern Iowa—including Sioux City, Fort Dodge, and the Waterloo region—tend to speak the dialect linguists call North Central American English, which is also found in North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Natives of central and southern Iowa—including such cities as Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, and Iowa City—tend to speak the North Midland dialect also found in eastern Nebraska, central Illinois, and central Indiana.[142] Natives of East-Central Iowa—including cities such as Cedar Rapids, Dubuque, and Clinton tend to speak with the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, a dialect that extends from this area and east across the Great Lakes Region.[143] After English, Spanish is the second-most-common language spoken in Iowa, with 120,000 people in Iowa of Hispanic or Latino origin and 47,000 people born in Latin America.[144] The third-most-common language is German, spoken by 17,000 people in Iowa; two notable German dialects used in Iowa include Amana German spoken around the Amana Colonies, and Pennsylvania German, spoken among the Amish in Iowa. The Babel Proclamation of 1918 banned the speaking of German in public. Around Pella, residents of Dutch descent once spoke the Pella Dutch dialect. Attractions Central Iowa The Christina Reiman Butterfly Wing at Iowa State University, Ames Ames is the home of Iowa State University, the Iowa State Center, and Reiman Gardens. Des Moines is the largest city and metropolitan area[e] in Iowa and the state's political and economic center. It is home to the Iowa State Capitol, the State Historical Society of Iowa Museum, Drake University, Des Moines Art Center, Greater Des Moines Botanical Garden, Principal Riverwalk, the Iowa State Fair, Terrace Hill, and the World Food Prize. Nearby attractions include Adventureland and Prairie Meadows Racetrack Casino in Altoona, Living History Farms in Urbandale, Trainland USA in Colfax, and the Iowa Speedway and Valle Drive-In in Newton. Skyline of Des Moines, Iowa's capital and largest city Boone hosts the biennial Farm Progress Show and is home to the Mamie Doud Eisenhower museum, the Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad, and Ledges State Park. The Meskwaki Settlement west of Tama is the only American Indian settlement in Iowa and is host to a large annual Pow-wow. Madison County is known for its covered bridges. Also in Madison County is the John Wayne Birthplace Museum is in Winterset. Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Newton, Indianola, Pella, Knoxville, Marshalltown, Perry, and Story City. Eastern Iowa Old Capitol, Iowa City Inside the Davenport Skybridge Iowa City is home to the University of Iowa, which includes the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and the Old Capitol building. Because of the extraordinary history in the teaching and sponsoring of creative writing that emanated from the Iowa Writers' Workshop and related programs, Iowa City was the first American city designated by the United Nations as a "City of Literature" in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.[145] The Herbert Hoover National Historic Site and Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum are in West Branch. The Amana Colonies are a group of settlements of German Pietists comprising seven villages listed as National Historic Landmarks. The Cedar Rapids Museum of Art has collections of paintings by Grant Wood and Marvin Cone. Cedar Rapids is also home to the National Czech & Slovak Museum & Library and Iowa's only National Trust for Historic Preservation Site, Brucemore mansion. Brucemore, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Davenport boasts the Figge Art Museum, River Music Experience, Putnam Museum, Davenport Skybridge, Quad City Symphony Orchestra, Ballet Quad Cities, and plays host to the annual Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival, and the Quad City Air Show, which is the largest airshow in the state. Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include West Liberty, Fairfield, Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Fort Madison, LeClaire, Mount Vernon, Ottumwa, Washington, and Wilton. Along Interstate 80 near Walcott lies the world's largest truck stop, Iowa 80. Western Iowa Some of the most dramatic scenery in Iowa is found in the unique Loess Hills which are found along Iowa's western border. Historic Fourth Street, Sioux City Loess Hills east of Mondamin Sioux City is the largest city in western Iowa and is found on the convergence of the Missouri, Floyd, and Big Sioux Rivers. The Sioux City Metropolitan Area encompasses areas in three states: Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Sioux City boasts a revitalized downtown and includes attractions such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Sergeant Floyd Monument, Sergeant Floyd River Museum, the Tyson Events Center, Southern Hills Mall, the Orpheum Theater, and more. The historic downtown area is also filled with multiple restaurants, bars, and other entertainment venues. Sioux City is home to two higher education institutions, Morningside College and Briar Cliff University. Le Mars is in the northeastern part of the Sioux City Metropolitan Area and is the self-proclaimed "Ice Cream Capital of the World". Le Mars is home to Wells Enterprises, one of the largest ice cream manufacturers in the world. Attractions in Le Mars include the Wells Visitor Center and Ice Cream Parlor, Archie's Wayside (steak house), Bob's Drive Inn, Tonsfeldt Round Barn, Plymouth County Fairgrounds, Plymouth County Museum, and Plymouth County Courthouse. Le Mars hosts multiple ice cream-themed community events each year. Council Bluffs, part of the Omaha (Nebr.) Metropolitan Area and a hub of southwest Iowa sits at the base of the Loess Hills National Scenic Byway. With three casino resorts, the city also includes such cultural attractions as the Western Hills Trails Center, Union Pacific Railroad Museum, the Grenville M. Dodge House, The Black Angel, and the Lewis and Clark Monument, with clear views of the Downtown Omaha skyline found throughout the city. The Iowa Great Lakes located primarily in Dickinson County, in the northwestern section of Iowa near the Minnesota border. The Iowa Great Lakes is made up of multiple small towns, such as Spirit Lake, Arnolds Park, Milford, and Okoboji. Multiple resorts and other tourist attractions are found in and around these towns surrounding the popular lakes. Arnolds Park, one of the oldest amusement parks in the country, is located on Lake Okoboji in Arnolds Park. View of Grotto of the Redemption's Lower Arcade: Small Stations of the Cross, West Bend The Sanford Museum and Planetarium in Cherokee, Grotto of the Redemption in West Bend, The Danish Immigrant Museum in Elk Horn, and the Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge are other regional destinations. Every year in early May, the city of Orange City holds the annual Tulip Festival, a celebration of the strong Dutch heritage in the region.[146] Northwest Iowa is home to some of the largest concentrations of wind turbine farms in the world. Other western communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Storm Lake, Spencer, Glenwood, Carroll, Harlan, Atlantic, Red Oak, Denison, Creston, Mount Ayr, Sac City, and Walnut. Northeast and Northern Iowa "Northern Iowa" redirects here. For the University of Northern Iowa, see University of Northern Iowa. Ruins of historic Fort Atkinson Wood-heated floating sauna on the farm pond The Driftless Area of northeast Iowa has many steep hills and deep valleys, checkered with forest and terraced fields. Effigy Mounds National Monument in Allamakee and Clayton Counties has the largest assemblage of animal-shaped prehistoric mounds in the world. Waterloo is home of the Grout Museum and Lost Island Theme Park and is headquarters of the Silos & Smokestacks National Heritage Area. Cedar Falls is home of the University of Northern Iowa. Dubuque is a regional tourist destination with attractions such as the National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium and the Port of Dubuque. Dyersville is home to the famed Field of Dreams baseball diamond. Maquoketa Caves State Park, near Maquoketa, contains more caves than any other state park. Fort Atkinson State Preserve in Fort Atkinson has the remains of an original 1840s Dragoon fortification. Fort Dodge is home of The Fort historical museum and the Blanden Art Museum, and host Frontiers Days which celebrate the town history. Other communities with vibrant historic downtown areas include Decorah, McGregor, Mason City, Elkader, Bellevue, Guttenberg, Algona, Spillville, Charles City, and Independence. Statewide Iowa Historic Bike Ride RAGBRAI, the Register's Annual Great Bicycle Ride Across Iowa, attracts thousands of bicyclists and support personnel. It has crossed the state on various routes each year since 1973. Iowa is home to more than 70 wineries,[147] and hosts five regional wine tasting trails.[148] Many Iowa communities hold farmers' markets during warmer months; these are typically weekly events, but larger cities can host multiple markets.[149] Economy See also: Iowa locations by per capita income Iowa gross state products by industry, 2009[150] In 2016,[151] the total employment of the state's population was 1,354,487, and the total number of employer establishments was 81,563. CNBC's list of "Top States for Business in 2010" has recognized Iowa as the sixth best state in the nation. Scored in 10 individual categories, Iowa was ranked first when it came to the "Cost of Doing Business"; this includes all taxes, utility costs, and other costs associated with doing business. Iowa was also ranked 10th in "Economy", 12th in "Business Friendliness", 16th in "Education", 17th in both "Cost of Living" and "Quality of Life", 20th in "Workforce", 29th in "Technology and Innovation", 32nd in "Transportation" and the lowest ranking was 36th in "Access to Capital".[152] While Iowa is often viewed as a farming state, agriculture is a relatively small portion of the state's diversified economy, with manufacturing, biotechnology, finance and insurance services, and government services contributing substantially to Iowa's economy.[57] This economic diversity has helped Iowa weather the late 2000s recession better than most states, with unemployment substantially lower than the rest of the nation.[153][154] If the economy is measured by gross domestic product, in 2005 Iowa's GDP was about $124 billion.[155] If measured by gross state product, for 2005 it was $113.5 billion.[156] Its per capita income for 2006 was $23,340.[156] On July 2, 2009, Standard & Poor's rated the state of Iowa's credit as AAA (the highest of its credit ratings, held by only 11 U.S. state governments).[157] As of September 2021, the state's unemployment rate is 4.0%.[158] Manufacturing Manufacturing is the largest sector of Iowa's economy, with $20.8 billion (21%) of Iowa's 2003 gross state product. Major manufacturing sectors include food processing, heavy machinery, and agricultural chemicals. Sixteen percent of Iowa's workforce is dedicated to manufacturing.[57] Food processing is the largest component of manufacturing. Besides processed food, industrial outputs include machinery, electric equipment, chemical products, publishing, and primary metals. Companies with direct or indirect processing facilities in Iowa include ConAgra Foods, Wells Blue Bunny, Barilla, Heinz, Tone's Spices, General Mills, and Quaker Oats. Meatpacker Tyson Foods has 11 locations, second only to its headquarter state Arkansas.[159] Major non-food manufacturing firms with production facilities in Iowa include 3M,[160] Arconic,[161] Amana Corporation,[162] Emerson Electric,[163] The HON Company,[164] SSAB,[165] John Deere,[166] Lennox Manufacturing,[167] Pella Corporation,[168] Procter & Gamble,[169] Vermeer Company,[170] and Winnebago Industries.[171] Agriculture Harvesting corn in Jones County Farm in rural Northwest Iowa Central Iowa cornfield and dairy in June Though industrial-scale, commodity agriculture predominates in much of the state, Iowa has seen growth in the organic farming sector. Iowa ranks fifth in the nation in total number of organic farms. In 2016, there were approximately 732 organic farms in the state, an increase of about 5% from the previous year, and 103,136 organic acres, an increase of 9,429 from the previous year.[172][173] Iowa has also seen an increase in demand for local, sustainably-grown food. Northeast Iowa, part of the Driftless Area, has led the state in development of its regional food system and grows and consumes more local food than any other region in Iowa.[174][175] Iowa's Driftless Region is also home to the nationally recognized Seed Savers Exchange, a non-profit seed bank housed at an 890-acre heritage farm near Decorah, in the northeast corner of the state.[176][177] The largest nongovernmental seed bank of its kind in the United States, Seed Savers Exchange safeguards more than 20,000 varieties of rare, heirloom seeds.[178] Mural in Mt. Ayr Post Office, "The Corn Parade" by Orr C. Fischer, commissioned as part of the New Deal[179] As of 2007, the direct production and sale of conventional agricultural commodities contributed only about 3.5% of Iowa's gross state product.[180] In 2002 the impact of the indirect role of agriculture in Iowa's economy, including agriculture-affiliated business, was calculated at 16.4% in terms of value added and 24.3% in terms of total output. This was lower than the economic impact of non-farm manufacturing, which accounted for 22.4% of total value added and 26.5% of total output.[181] Iowa's main conventional agricultural commodities are hogs, corn, soybeans, oats, cattle, eggs, and dairy products. Iowa is the nation's largest producer of ethanol and corn and some years is the largest grower of soybeans. In 2008, the 92,600 farms in Iowa produced 19% of the nation's corn, 17% of the soybeans, 30% of the hogs, and 14% of the eggs.[182] As of 2009 major Iowa agricultural product processors include Archer Daniels Midland, Cargill, Inc., Diamond V Mills, and Quaker Oats.[183] Health insurance As of 2014, there were 16 organizations offering health insurance products in Iowa, per the State of Iowa Insurance Division.[184] Iowa was fourth out of ten states with the biggest drop in competition levels of health insurance between 2010 and 2011, per the 2013 annual report on the level of competition in the health insurance industry by the American Medical Association[185] using 2011 data from HealthLeaders-Interstudy, the most comprehensive source of data on enrollment in health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), point-of-service (POS) and consumer-driven health care plans.[186] According to the AMA annual report from 2007 Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield had provided 71% of the state's health insurance.[187] The Iowa Insurance Division "Annual report to the Iowa Governor and the Iowa Legislature" from November 2014 looked at the 95% of health insurers by premium, which are 10 companies. It found Wellmark Inc. to dominate the three health insurance markets it examined (individual, small group and large group) at 52–67%.[188]: 2  Wellmark HealthPlan of Iowa and Wellmark Inc had the highest risk-based capital percentages of all 10 providers at 1158% and 1132%, respectively.[188]: 31  Rising RBC is an indication of profits.[188]: 31  Other sectors Ethanol plant under construction in Butler County Wind turbines near Williams Iowa has a strong financial and insurance sector, with approximately 6,100 firms,[57] including AEGON, Nationwide Group, Aviva USA, Farm Bureau Financial Services, Voya Financial, Marsh Affinity Group, MetLife, Principal Financial Group, Principal Capital Management, Wells Fargo, and Greenstate Credit Union (formerly University of Iowa Community Credit Union). Iowa is host to at least two business incubators, Iowa State University Research Park and the BioVentures Center at the University of Iowa.[189] The Research Park hosts about 50 companies, among them NewLink Genetics, which develops cancer immunotherapeutics, and the U.S. animal health division of Boehringer Ingelheim, Vetmedica.[189] Ethanol production consumes about a third of Iowa's corn production, and renewable fuels account for eight percent of the state's gross domestic product. A total of 39 ethanol plants produced 3.1 billion US gallons (12,000,000 m3) of fuel in 2009.[190] Renewable energy has become a major economic force in northern and western Iowa, with wind turbine electrical generation increasing exponentially since 1990.[12] In 2019, wind power in Iowa accounted for 42% of electrical energy produced, and 10,201 megawatts of generating capacity had been installed at the end of the year.[191] Iowa ranked first of U.S. states in percentage of total power generated by wind and second in wind generating capacity behind Texas.[191] Major producers of turbines and components in Iowa include Acciona Energy of West Branch, TPI Composites of Newton, and Siemens Energy of Fort Madison. In 2016, Iowa was the headquarters for three of the top 2,000 companies for revenue.[192] They include Principal Financial, Rockwell Collins, and American Equity Investment.[193][194][195] Iowa is also headquarters to other companies including Hy-Vee, Pella Corporation, Workiva, Vermeer Company, Kum & Go gas stations, Von Maur, Pioneer Hi-Bred, and Fareway.[196][197][198][199][200][201][202] Taxation Tax is collected by the Iowa Department of Revenue.[203] Iowa imposes taxes on net state income of individuals, estates, and trusts. There are nine income tax brackets, ranging from 0.36% to 8.98%, as well as four corporate income tax brackets ranging from 6% to 12%, giving Iowa the country's highest marginal corporate tax rate.[204] The state sales tax rate is 6%, with non-prepared food having no tax.[205] Iowa has one local option sales tax that may be imposed by counties after an election.[206] Property tax is levied on the taxable value of real property. Iowa has more than 2,000 taxing authorities. Most property is taxed by more than one taxing authority. The tax rate differs in each locality and is a composite of county, city or rural township, school district and special levies. Iowa allows its residents to deduct their federal income taxes from their state income taxes.[207] Education Primary and secondary schools See also: List of school districts in Iowa Iowa was one of the leading states in the high school movement, and continues to be among the top educational performers today.[208] The four-year graduation rate for high schoolers was 91.3% in 2017.[209] Iowa's schools are credited with the highest graduation rate in the nation as of 2019.[210] Iowa has 333 school districts,[209] 1,329 school buildings and has the 14th lowest student-to-teacher ratio of 14.2.[211] Teacher pay is ranked 22nd, with the average salary being $55,647.[211] As of 2015 transportation spending is a significant part of the budgets of rural school districts as many are geographically large and must transport students across vast distances. This reduces the amount of money spent on other aspects of the districts.[212] The state's oldest functioning school building is located in Bellevue in the historic Jackson County Courthouse which has been in continuous use as a school since 1848.[213] Colleges and universities See also: List of colleges and universities in Iowa Palmer Chiropractic College in Davenport is the first school of chiropractic in the world. The Iowa Board of Regents is composed of nine citizen volunteers appointed by the governor to provide policymaking, coordination, and oversight of the state's three public universities, two special K–12 schools, and affiliated centers.[214] The special K–12 schools include the Iowa School for the Deaf in Council Bluffs and the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School in Vinton.[214] Both Iowa State University and The University of Iowa are research universities[215] with The University of Iowa also being a member of the prestigious Association of American Universities.[216] In addition to the three state universities, Iowa has multiple private colleges and universities. Transportation Iowa's major interstates, larger cities, and counties Interstate highways Iowa has four primary interstate highways. Interstate 29 (I-29) travels along the state's western edge through Council Bluffs and Sioux City. I-35 travels from the Missouri state line to the Minnesota state line through the state's center, including Des Moines. I-74 begins at I-80 just northeast of Davenport. I-80 travels from the Nebraska state line to the Illinois state line through the center of the state, including Council Bluffs, Des Moines, Iowa City, and the Quad Cities. I-380 is an auxiliary Interstate Highway, which travels from I-80 near Iowa City through Cedar Rapids ending in Waterloo and is part of the Avenue of the Saints highway. Iowa is among the few jurisdictions where municipalities install speed cameras on interstate highways providing a substantial revenue source from out of state drivers.[217] Airports with scheduled flights See also: List of airports in Iowa Iowa is served by several regional airports including the Des Moines International Airport, the Eastern Iowa Airport, in Cedar Rapids, Quad City International Airport, in Moline, Illinois, and Eppley Airfield, in Omaha, Nebraska. Smaller airports in the state include the Council Bluffs Municipal Airport, Davenport Municipal Airport (Iowa), Dubuque Regional Airport, Fort Dodge Regional Airport, Mason City Municipal Airport, Sioux Gateway Airport, Southeast Iowa Regional Airport, and Waterloo Regional Airport.[218] Railroads See also: List of Iowa railroads Amtrak's California Zephyr serves southern Iowa with stops in Burlington, Mount Pleasant, Ottumwa, Osceola, and Creston along its route between Chicago and Emeryville, California.[219] Fort Madison is served by Amtrak's Southwest Chief, running between Chicago and Los Angeles.[220] Both provide daily service through the state. Public Transit See also: List of intercity bus stops in Iowa Iowa is served by a number of local transit providers including Bettendorf Transit, Cambus, Cedar Rapids Transit, Clinton Municipal Transit Administration, Coralville Transit, Cyride, Davenport Citibus, Des Moines Area Regional Transit, Iowa City Transit, The Jule, Mason City Transit, MET Transit, Omaha Metro Transit, Ottumwa Transit Authority, Quad Cities MetroLINK and Sioux City Transit. Intercity bus service in the state is provided by Burlington Trailways and Jefferson Lines. Law and government State The Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, completed in 1886, is the only state capitol in the United States to feature five domes, a central golden dome surrounded by four smaller ones. It houses the Iowa General Assembly, comprising the Iowa House of Representatives and Iowa Senate. The Iowa Supreme Court, across from the capitol, is the state's highest court. As of 2022, the 43rd and current Governor of Iowa is Kim Reynolds (R). Other statewide elected officials are: Adam Gregg (R), Lieutenant Governor Paul Pate (R), Secretary of State Rob Sand (D), Auditor of State Roby Smith (R), Treasurer of State Mike Naig (R), Secretary of Agriculture Brenna Bird (R), Attorney General The Code of Iowa contains Iowa's statutory laws. It is periodically updated by the Iowa Legislative Service Bureau, with a new edition published in odd-numbered years and a supplement published in even-numbered years. Iowa is an alcohol monopoly or alcoholic beverage control state. National Further information: List of United States Senators from Iowa and List of United States Representatives from Iowa The two U.S. Senators: Chuck Grassley (R), in office since 1981 Joni Ernst (R), in office since 2015 The four U.S. Representatives: Ashley Hinson (R), First district Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R), Second district Zach Nunn (R), Third district Randy Feenstra (R), Fourth district After the 2010 United States Census and the resulting redistricting, Iowa lost one seat in Congress, falling to four seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Incumbent U.S. Representatives Leonard Boswell (D) and Tom Latham (R) ran against each other in 2012 in the third congressional district which had new boundaries; Latham won and retired after the 2014 elections. King represented the old fifth congressional district. Political parties Main article: Political party strength in Iowa Samuel J. Kirkwood, founder of the Iowa Republican Party, abolitionist, and Iowa's Civil War Governor In Iowa, the term "political party" refers to political organizations which have received two percent or more of the votes cast for president or governor in the "last preceding general election". Iowa recognizes three political parties—the Republican Party, the Democratic Party, and the Libertarian Party.[221] The Libertarian Party obtained official political party status in 2017 as a result of presidential candidate Gary Johnson receiving 3.8% of the Iowa vote in the 2016 general election.[222] Third parties, officially termed "nonparty political organizations", can appear on the ballot as well. Four of these have had candidates on the ballot in Iowa since 2004 for various positions: the Constitution Party, the Green Party, the Pirate Party, and the Socialist Workers Party.[223][224] Voter trends See also: United States presidential elections in Iowa United States presidential election results for Iowa[225]  Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 897,672 53.09% 759,061 44.89% 34,138 2.02% 2016 800,983 51.15% 653,669 41.74% 111,379 7.11% 2012 730,617 46.18% 822,544 51.99% 29,019 1.83% 2008 682,379 44.39% 828,940 53.93% 25,804 1.68% 2004 751,957 49.90% 741,898 49.23% 13,053 0.87% 2000 634,373 48.22% 638,517 48.54% 42,673 3.24% 1996 492,644 39.92% 620,258 50.26% 121,173 9.82% 1992 504,891 37.27% 586,353 43.29% 263,363 19.44% 1988 545,355 44.50% 670,557 54.71% 9,702 0.79% 1984 703,088 53.27% 605,620 45.89% 11,097 0.84% 1980 676,026 51.31% 508,672 38.60% 132,963 10.09% 1976 632,863 49.47% 619,931 48.46% 26,512 2.07% 1972 706,207 57.61% 496,206 40.48% 23,531 1.92% 1968 619,106 53.01% 476,699 40.82% 72,126 6.18% 1964 449,148 37.92% 733,030 61.88% 2,361 0.20% 1960 722,381 56.71% 550,565 43.22% 864 0.07% 1956 729,187 59.06% 501,858 40.65% 3,519 0.29% 1952 808,906 63.75% 451,513 35.59% 8,354 0.66% 1948 494,018 47.58% 522,380 50.31% 21,874 2.11% 1944 547,267 51.99% 499,876 47.49% 5,456 0.52% 1940 632,370 52.03% 578,800 47.62% 4,260 0.35% 1936 487,977 42.70% 621,756 54.41% 33,000 2.89% 1932 414,433 39.98% 598,019 57.69% 24,235 2.34% 1928 623,570 61.77% 379,311 37.57% 6,608 0.65% 1924 537,458 55.02% 160,382 16.42% 278,930 28.56% 1920 634,674 70.91% 227,921 25.46% 32,487 3.63% 1916 280,439 54.25% 221,699 42.89% 14,806 2.86% 1912 119,805 24.33% 185,325 37.64% 187,226 38.03% 1908 275,209 55.62% 200,771 40.58% 18,789 3.80% 1904 308,158 63.39% 149,276 30.71% 28,659 5.90% 1900 307,808 58.04% 209,265 39.46% 13,282 2.50% 1896 289,293 54.42% 233,741 43.97% 8,513 1.60% 1892 219,795 49.60% 196,367 44.31% 26,997 6.09% 1888 211,603 52.36% 179,877 44.51% 12,655 3.13% 1884 197,089 52.25% 177,316 47.01% 2,796 0.74% 1880 183,904 56.99% 105,845 32.80% 32,919 10.20% 1876 171,326 58.50% 112,121 38.28% 9,431 3.22% 1872 131,566 60.81% 71,189 32.90% 13,610 6.29% 1868 120,399 61.92% 74,040 38.08% 0 0.00% 1864 88,500 64.12% 49,525 35.88% 0 0.00% 1860 70,302 54.61% 55,639 43.22% 2,798 2.17% 1856 45,073 48.83% 37,568 40.70% 9,669 10.47% 1852 15,856 44.84% 17,763 50.23% 1,745 4.93% 1848 9,930 44.59% 11,238 50.46% 1,103 4.95% As a result of the 2010 elections, each party controlled one house of the Iowa General Assembly: the House had a Republican majority, while the Senate had a Democratic majority. As a result of the 2016 elections, Republicans gained control of the Senate. Incumbent Democratic governor Chet Culver was defeated in 2010 by Republican Terry Branstad, who had served as governor from 1983 to 1999. On December 14, 2015, Branstad became the longest serving governor in U.S. history, serving (at that time) 20 years, 11 months, and 3 days; eclipsing George Clinton, who served 21 years until 1804.[226] Lieutenant Governor Kim Reynolds succeeded him on May 24, 2017, following Branstad's appointment as U.S. Ambassador to China. Party registration as of August 1, 2023[227] Party Total voters Percentage Republican 748,337 34.19% Nonpartisan 750,008 34.26% Democratic 670,832 30.65% Other 19,770 0.90% Total 2,188,947 100.00% Presidential caucus Main article: Iowa caucuses The state gets considerable attention every four years because the Iowa caucus, gatherings of voters to select delegates to the state conventions, is the first presidential caucus in the country. The caucuses, held in January or February of the election year, involve people gathering in homes or public places and choosing their candidates, rather than casting secret ballots as is done in a presidential primary election.[228] Along with the New Hampshire primary the following week, Iowa's caucuses have become the starting points for choosing the two major-party candidates for president.[229] The national and international media give Iowa and New Hampshire extensive attention, which gives Iowa voters leverage.[230] In 2007 presidential campaign spending was the seventh highest in the country.[231] Civil rights In a 2020 study, Iowa was ranked as the 24th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[232] Racial equality The Union Block building, Mount Pleasant, scene of early civil rights and women's rights activities In the 19th century Iowa was among the earliest states to enact prohibitions against race discrimination, especially in education, but was slow to achieve full integration in the 20th century. In the first decision of the Iowa Supreme Court—In Re the Matter of Ralph,[233] decided July 1839—the Court rejected slavery in a decision that found a slave named Ralph became free when he stepped on Iowa soil, 26 years before the end of the Civil War.[234] The state did away with racial barriers to marriage in 1851, more than 100 years before the U.S. Supreme Court would ban miscegenation statutes nationwide.[235 In 1884, the Iowa Civil Rights Act apparently outlawed discrimination by businesses, reading: "All persons within this state shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement." However, the courts chose to narrowly apply this act, allowing de facto discrimination to continue.[240] Racial discrimination at public businesses was not deemed illegal until 1949, when the court ruled in State of Iowa v. Katz that businesses had to serve customers regardless of race; the case began when Edna Griffin was denied service at a Des Moines drugstore.[241] Full racial civil rights were codified under the Iowa Civil Rights Act of 1965.[242] Women's rights As with racial equality, Iowa was a vanguard in women's rights in the mid-19th century, but did not allow women the right to vote until the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1920, Iowa legislature being one of the ratifying votes.[243] In 1847, the University of Iowa became the first public university in the U.S. to admit men and women on an equal basis.[244] In 1869, Iowa became the first state in the union to admit women to the practice of law, with the Court ruling women may not be denied the right to practice law in Iowa and admitting Arabella A. Mansfield to the practice of law.[234] Several attempts to grant full voting rights to Iowa women were defeated between 1870 and 1919. In 1894 women were given "partial suffrage", which allowed them to vote on issues, but not for candidates. It was not until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment that women had full suffrage in Iowa.[245] Although Iowa supported the Federal Equal Rights Amendment, in 1980 and 1992 Iowa voters rejected an Equal Rights Amendment to the state constitution.[246] Iowa added the word "women" to the Iowa Constitution in 1998. After the amendment, it reads: "All men and women are, by nature, free and equal, and have certain inalienable rights—among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and happiness."[247] In May 2018 Iowa signed into law one of the country's most restrictive abortion bans: the requirement that a doctor cannot perform an abortion if they can detect a fetal heartbeat, which in many cases would restrict abortions pregnancies less than six weeks old.[248] It was struck down in January 2019, when an Iowa state judge ruled that the "fetal heartbeat" law was unconstitutional.[249] LGBT rights Main article: LGBT rights in Iowa The state's law criminalizing same-sex sexual activity was repealed in June 1976, 27 years before Lawrence v. Texas. In 2007, the Iowa Legislature added "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" to the protected classes listed in the Iowa Civil Rights Act.[250] On April 3, 2009, the Iowa Supreme Court decided Varnum v. Brien,[251] holding in a unanimous decision,[252] the state's law forbidding same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. This made Iowa the third state in the U.S. and first in the Midwest to permit same-sex marriage.[253] [254] Culture Arts Schaeffer Hall (University of Iowa, Iowa City) Riverside's "favorite son" The Clint Eastwood movie The Bridges of Madison County, based on the popular novel of the same name, took place and was filmed in Madison County.[255] What's Eating Gilbert Grape, based on the Peter Hedges novel of the same name, is set in the fictional Iowa town of Endora. Hedges was born in West Des Moines.[256] Des Moines is home to members of the heavy metal band Slipknot. The state is mentioned in the band's songs, and the album Iowa is named after the state.[citation needed] Sports See also: Sports teams from Iowa The state has four major college teams playing in NCAA Division I for all sports. In football, Iowa State University and the University of Iowa compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), whereas the University of Northern Iowa and Drake University compete in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Although Iowa has no professional major league sports teams, Iowa has minor league sports teams in baseball, basketball, hockey, and other sports. The following table shows the Iowa sports teams with average attendance over 8,000. All the following teams are NCAA Division I football, basketball, or wrestling teams:[257][258][259][260][261] South End Zone of Iowa State University's Jack Trice Stadium in Ames, IA. Iowa sports teams (attendance > 8,000) Team Location Avg. attendance Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa City 68,043 Iowa State Cyclones football Ames 56,010 Iowa State Cyclones men's basketball Ames 14,099 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball Iowa City 12,869 Iowa Hawkeyes wrestling Iowa City 12,568 Iowa State Cyclones women's basketball Ames 9,573 Northern Iowa Panthers football Cedar Falls 9,337 College sports The state has four NCAA Division I college teams. In NCAA FBS, the University of Iowa Hawkeyes play in the Big Ten Conference[262] and the Iowa State University Cyclones compete in the Big 12 Conference.[263] The two intrastate rivals compete annually for the Cy-Hawk Trophy as part of the Iowa Corn Cy-Hawk Series.[264] In wrestling, the Iowa Hawkeyes and Iowa State Cyclones have won a combined total of over 30 team NCAA Division I titles.[265][266] The Northern Iowa and Cornell College wrestling teams have also each won one NCAA Division I wrestling team title.[267][268] In NCAA FCS, the University of Northern Iowa Panthers play at the Missouri Valley Conference[269] and Missouri Valley Football Conference[270] (despite the similar names, the conferences are administratively separate), whereas the Drake University Bulldogs play at the Missouri Valley Conference[271] in most sports and Pioneer League for football.[272] A large brick stadium with many round windows on the bottom and many rectangle windows in groups of four line the top of the stadium. The words Modern Woodmen Park are displayed above the door Modern Woodmen Park is home to the Quad Cities baseball team. Baseball Des Moines is home to the Iowa Cubs, a Triple-A Minor League Baseball team of the International League and affiliate of the Chicago Cubs.[273][274] Iowa has two High-A minor league teams in the Midwest League: the Cedar Rapids Kernels (Minnesota Twins) and the Quad Cities River Bandits (Kansas City Royals).[275] The Sioux City Explorers are part of the American Association of Professional Baseball.[276] Ice hockey Des Moines is home to the Iowa Wild, who are affiliated with the Minnesota Wild and are members of the American Hockey League.[277] Coralville has an ECHL team called the Iowa Heartlanders that started playing in the 2021–22 season. The Heartlanders are also an affiliate of the Minnesota Wild.[278] The United States Hockey League has five teams in Iowa: the Cedar Rapids RoughRiders, Sioux City Musketeers, Waterloo Black Hawks, Des Moines Buccaneers, and the Dubuque Fighting Saints.[279] The North Iowa Bulls of the North American Hockey League (NAHL) and the Mason City Toros of the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) both play in Mason City.[280][281] Soccer The Des Moines Menace of the USL League Two play their home games at Drake Stadium (Drake University) in Des Moines, Iowa.[282] The Drake Bulldogs have a men's[283] and women's soccer team.[284] the Cedar Rapids Inferno Soccer Club of the Midwest Premier League play their home games at Robert W. Plaster Athletic Complex at Mount Mercy University the Iowa Raptors FC of the USL League Two play their home games at K. Raymond Clark Field at Coe College Union Dubuque F.C. of the Midwest Premier League Other sports Iowa has two professional basketball teams. The Iowa Wolves, an NBA G League team that plays in Des Moines, is owned and affiliated with the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA. The Sioux City Hornets play in the American Basketball Association. Iowa has three professional football teams. The Sioux City Bandits play in the Champions Indoor Football league. The Iowa Barnstormers play in the Indoor Football League at Wells Fargo Arena in Des Moines. The Cedar Rapids Titans play in the Indoor Football League at the U.S. Cellular Center. The Iowa Speedway oval track in Newton has hosted auto racing championships such as the IndyCar Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series and NASCAR Truck Series since 2006. Also, the Knoxville Raceway dirt track hosts the Knoxville Nationals, one of the classic sprint car racing events. The John Deere Classic is a PGA Tour golf event held in the Quad Cities since 1971. The Principal Charity Classic is a Champions Tour event since 2001. The Des Moines Golf and Country Club hosted the 1999 U.S. Senior Open and the 2017 Solheim Cup. Sister jurisdictions Iowa has ten official partner jurisdictions:[285]  Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan (1960)  Yucatán, Mexico (1964)  Hebei Province, People's Republic of China (1983)  Terengganu, Malaysia (1987) Taiwan Taiwan, Republic of China (1989)  Stavropol Krai, USSR/Russia (1989)  Cherkasy Oblast, Ukraine (1996)  Veneto Region, Italy (1997)  Republic of Kosovo (2013) See also
  • Condition: Used

PicClick Insights - Avoca, Ia Original Photo Train Wreck Vintage 7X9 Inch Railroad 1939 PicClick Exclusive

  •  Popularity - 0 watchers, 0.0 new watchers per day, 24 days for sale on eBay. 0 sold, 1 available.
  •  Best Price -
  •  Seller - 808+ items sold. 0% negative feedback. Great seller with very good positive feedback and over 50 ratings.

People Also Loved PicClick Exclusive