12 Mineral Stone Collection Set in Plastic Box MSS12-5 Education Specimen Kit

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Seller: Top-Rated Seller selltotheworld ✉️ (2,463) 99.2%, Location: Hong Kong, HK, Ships to: AMERICAS, EUROPE, ASIA, AU, Item: 153295172871 12 Mineral Stone Collection Set in Plastic Box MSS12-5 Education Specimen Kit.
  • 12 different Mineral rough stone specimens in clear large plastic box
  • (similar to picture, stock of more than 100 boxes)
  •  
  • 1
  • Rutilated Quartz
  • 2
  • Moon stone
  • 3
  • Lepidolite
  • 4
  • Wooden fossil
  • 5
  • Prehnite
  • 6
  • Yellow tiger eye
  • 7
  • Bornite
  • 8
  • Anhydrite
  • 9
  • Sunstone
  • 10
  • Pink Calcedony
  • 11
  • Magnesite
  • 12
  • Calcite
  •  

    The Nature Garden

    12 Mineral Stone Collection Set in Plastic Box MSS12-5 Education Specimen Kit

    12 different Mineral rough stone specimens in clear large plastic box

    (similar to picture, stock of more than 100 boxes)

     

    1

    Rutilated Quartz

    2

    Moon stone

    3

    Lepidolite

    4

    Wooden fossil

    5

    Prehnite

    6

    Yellow tiger eye

    7

    Bornite

    8

    Anhydrite

    9

    Sunstone

    10

    Pink Calcedony

    11

    Magnesite

    12

    Calcite

     

    Size of each piece is about 25x35x20 mm (about 1.0x1.4x0.8 inch).

     

    Weight of each piece is about 6 to 30 g, total weight with packing box is about 550 g.

     

    Box size: 200 x 135 x 40 mm

     

    This is a handmade specimen craft. Each one will be a bit different (specimen size, color and weight) even in the same production batch. The picture in the listing is just for reference as we are selling multiple sets with same picture.

     

    It is an ideal learning aid for students and kids and also a very good collectible item for every body. 

     

    ***

    Anhydrite

    Anhydrite is an evaporite mineral that occurs in extensive layered deposits in sedimentary basins where large volumes of sea water have been evaporated. It is typically interbedded with halite, gypsum and limestone in accumulations that can be up to hundreds of feet thick. On a much smaller scale, anhydrite can form in shoreline or tidal flat sediments from the evaporation of sea water. Anhydrite also occurs as a vein-filling mineral in hydrothermal deposits. It is deposited from solution, often along with calcite and halite, as gangue in sulfide mineral deposits. Anhydrite is also found in the cap rock of salt domes and in cavities of trap rock. Anhydrite is an anhydrous calcium sulfate with a composition of CaSO4. It is closely related to gypsum which has a chemical composition of CaS04.2H2O. The worldwide abundance of gypsum greatly exceeds the abundance of anhydrite. Anhydrite receives its name from the Greek "anhydrous" which means "without water". It readily converts to gypsum under humid conditions or in contact with groundwater. This transition involves the absorption of water and a significant change in volume. That expansion can cause deformation in the rock units. If gypsum is heated to about 200 degrees Celsius it will yield water and be converted to anhydrite. This reaction occurs much less often.

    One of the most distinctive properties of anhydrite is its cubic cleavage. It cleaves in three directions at right angles. This can easily be seen in coarsely crystalline specimens or with a hand lens in fine-grained specimens. This distinctive cleavage has earned anhydrite the nickname of "cube spar". Anhydrite can be a small challenge to identify when it occurs in massive form. It can be confused with gypsum, calcite or halite - which it is almost always associated with. Compared to gypsum anhydrite exhibits cleavage in three directions at right angles and has a greater hardness. Its right angle cleavage and lack of acid reaction allows it to be distinguished from calcite. Compared to halite it is insoluble and slightly harder.

    Anhydrite can be substituted for gypsum in some of its uses. Both minerals are crushed for use as a soil treatment and in this purpose anhydrite is superior. One ton of anhydrite has more calcium than one ton of gypsum - because gypsum is about 21% water by weight. This yields more calcium per ton in a soil application. Anhydrite also has a higher solubility which helps it benefit the soil quickly. Small amounts of anhydrite are used as drying agents in plaster, paint and varnish. It is also used along with gypsum to produce plaster, joint compound, wallboard and other products for the construction industry. Anhydrite has also been used as a source of sulfur in the production of sulfuric acid.

     

    Biotite

    Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group. More generally, it refers to the dark mica series, primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite, and the magnesium-endmember phlogopite; more aluminous endmembers include siderophyllite. Biotite was named by J.F.L. Hausmann in 1847 in honour of the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot, who, in 1816, researched the optical properties of mica, discovering many unique properties.

    Biotite is a sheet silicate. Iron, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen form sheets that are weakly bound together by potassium ions. It is sometimes called "iron mica" because it is more iron-rich than phlogopite. It is also sometimes called "black mica" as opposed to "white mica" (muscovite) – both form in some rocks, in some instances side-by-side.

    Like other mica minerals, biotite has a highly perfect basal cleavage, and consists of flexible sheets, or lamellae, which easily flake off. It has a monoclinic crystal system, with tabular to prismatic crystals with an obvious pinacoid termination. It has four prism faces and two pinacoid faces to form a pseudohexagonal crystal. Although not easily seen because of the cleavage and sheets, fracture is uneven. It appears greenish to brown or black, and even yellow when weathered. It can be transparent to opaque, has a vitreous to pearly luster, and a grey-white streak. When biotite is found in large chunks, they are called “books” because it resembles a book with pages of many sheets.

    Biotite is found in a wide variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. For instance, biotite occurs in the lava of Mount Vesuvius and in the Monzoni intrusive complex of the western Dolomites. It is an essential phenocryst in some varieties of lamprophyre. Biotite is occasionally found in large cleavable crystals, especially in pegmatite veins. It is an essential constituent of many metamorphic schists, and it forms in suitable compositions over a wide range of pressure and temperature.

     

    Calcite

    Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The other polymorphs are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite at 380–470 °C,[5] and vaterite is even less stable.

    Calcite crystals are trigonal-rhombohedral, though actual calcite rhombohedra are rare as natural crystals. However, they show a remarkable variety of habits including acute to obtuse rhombohedra, tabular forms, prisms, or various scalenohedra. Calcite exhibits several twinning types adding to the variety of observed forms. It may occur as fibrous, granular, lamellar, or compact. Cleavage is usually in three directions parallel to the rhombohedron form. Its fracture is conchoidal, but difficult to obtain.

    It has a defining Mohs hardness of 3, a specific gravity of 2.71, and its luster is vitreous in crystallized varieties. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities.

    Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence. A transparent variety called Iceland spar is used for optical purposes. Acute scalenohedral crystals are sometimes referred to as "dogtooth spar" while the rhombohedral form is sometimes referred to as "nailhead spar".

    Single calcite crystals display an optical property called birefringence (double refraction). This strong birefringence causes objects viewed through a clear piece of calcite to appear doubled. The birefringent effect (using calcite) was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669. At a wavelength of ~590 nm calcite has ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of 1.658 and 1.486, respectively.[6] Between 190 and 1700 nm, the ordinary refractive index varies roughly between 1.9 and 1.5, while the extraordinary refractive index varies between 1.6 and 1.4.

    Calcite, like most carbonates, will dissolve with most forms of acid. Calcite can be either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Although calcite is fairly insoluble in cold water, acidity can cause dissolution of calcite and release of carbon dioxide gas. Ambient carbon dioxide, due to its acidity, has a slight solubilizing effect on calcite. Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together or it can fill fractures. When conditions are right for dissolution, the removal of calcite can dramatically increase the porosity and permeability of the rock, and if it continues for a long period of time may result in the formation of caves. On a landscape scale, continued dissolution of calcium carbonate-rich rocks can lead to the expansion and eventual collapse of cave systems, resulting in various forms of karst topography.

    The largest documented single crystals of calcite originated from Iceland, measured 7×7×2 m and 6×6×3 m and weighed about 250 tons.

    Calcite is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks, limestone in particular, much of which is formed from the shells of dead marine organisms. Approximately 10% of sedimentary rock is limestone.

    Calcite is the primary mineral in metamorphic marble. It also occurs as a vein mineral in deposits from hot springs, and it occurs in caverns as stalactites and stalagmites.

    Lublinite is a fibrous, efflorescent form of calcite.

     

    Chalcedony

    A variety of Quartz

    Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, composed of very fine intergrowths of the minerals quartz and moganite. These are both silica minerals, but they differ in that quartz has a trigonal crystal structure, while moganite is monoclinic. Chalcedony's standard chemical structure (based on the chemical structure of quartz) is SiO2 (silicon dioxide).

    Chalcedony has a waxy luster, and may be semitransparent or translucent. It can assume a wide range of colors, but those most commonly seen are white to gray, grayish-blue or a shade of brown ranging from pale to nearly black.

    The name chalcedony comes from the Latin chalcedonius (alternatively spelled calchedonius).

    Chalcedony occurs in a wide range of varieties. Many semi-precious gemstones are in fact forms of chalcedony: agate, aventurine, onyx, carnelian, chrysophrase, heliotrope, mtorolite.

     

    Lepidolite

    Lepidolite is a type of mica. It is shy and created of many layers of hexagonal plates. It often occurs in sparkling masses around Pink Tourmaline crystals. Due to it’s cleavage, as with most mica, Lepidolite is rarely faceted. It is rich in lithium, which is what lends it’s beautiful color, most prized as a deep rich purple, but can range to a soft pink as well.

    Physical Properties of Lepidolite

    Lustre: Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy, Pearly

    Diaphaneity (Transparency): Transparent, Translucent

    Colour: Pink, light purple, light rose red, other colors possible but are rare.

    Comment: Ideally colorless, but frequently occurs in manganese-bearing environments

    Streak: white

    Hardness (Mohs): 2½ - 3½

    Tenacity: Elastic

    Cleavage: Perfect

    Fracture: Micaceous

    Density: 2.8 - 2.9 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)

    It occurs in granite pegmatites, in some high-temperature quartz veins, greisens and granites. Associated minerals include quartz, feldspar, spodumene, amblygonite, tourmaline, columbite, cassiterite, topaz and beryl.[1]

    Notable occurrences include Brazil; Ural Mountains, Russia; California, United States; Tanco Mine, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada; and Madagascar.

     

    Magnesite

    Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate). It occupies one end of a solid solution series with siderite (FeCO3), as the iron ion Fe2+ substitutes for the magnesium ion Mg2+. Calcium, manganese, cobalt and nickel may also occur in small amounts.

    Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product of ultramafic rocks, serpentinite and other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regional metamorphic terranes. These magnesites often are cryptocrystalline and contain silica as opal or chert.

    Magnesite is also present within the regolith above ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil and subsoil, where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide within groundwaters.

    Magnesite can be formed via talc carbonate metasomatism of peridotite and other ultrabasic rocks. Magnesite is formed via carbonation of olivine in the presence of water and carbon dioxide, and is favored at moderate temperatures and pressures typical of greenschist facies;

    Magnesite can also be formed via the carbonation of magnesian serpentine (lizardite) via the following reaction: Serpentine + carbon dioxide → Talc + magnesite + Water

    2Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2 → Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 + 3MgCO3 + H2O

    Forsterite magnesia-rich olivine compositions favor production of magnesite from peridotite. Fayalitic (iron-rich) olivine favors production of magnetite-magnesite-silica compositions.

    Magnesite can also be formed from metasomatism in skarn deposits, in dolomitic limestones, associated with wollastonite, periclase, and talc.

    Magnesite is also found in a number of Precambrian carbonate hosted sediments, and is thought to have formed as an evaporite

    Magnesite can be used as a slag former in steelmaking furnaces, in conjunction with lime, to protect the magnesium oxide lining. It can also be used as a catalyst and filler in the production of synthetic rubber and in the preparation of magnesium chemicals and fertilizers.

    Similar to the production of lime, magnesite can be burned in the presence of charcoal to produce MgO, otherwise known as periclase. Such periclase is an important product in refractory materials.

    Magnesite can also be used as a binder in flooring material.

    In fire assay, magnesite cupels can be used for cupellation as the magnesite cupel will resist the high temperatures involved.

    It is dyed to make beads, as is howlite.

     

    Moonstone

    Color: Can be numerous colors, including blue, grey, white, pink, green and brown

    Fracture: uneven to conchoidal

    Mohs scale: hardness 6.0

    Luster: Opalescent

    Streak: white

    Specific gravity: 2.61

    Moonstone is a sodium potassium aluminium silicate, with the chemical formula (Na,K)AlSi3O8.

    Moonstone has been used as jewelry for centuries, including ancient civilizations. The Romans admired moonstone, as they believed it was born from solidified rays of the moon. Both the Romans and Greeks associated Moonstone with their lunar gods and goddesses.

    The most common moonstone is of the mineral adularia. The plagioclase feldspar oligoclase also produces moonstone specimens. Moonstone is feldspar with a pearly and opalescent luster. An alternate name is hecatolite.

    Moonstone is composed of two feldspar species, orthoclase and albite. The two species are intermingled. Then, as the newly formed mineral cools, the intergrowth of orthoclase and albite separates into stacked, alternating layers. When light falls between these thin, flat layers, it scatters in many directions producing the phenomenon called adularescence.

    Deposits of moonstone occur in Australia, the Austrian Alps, Mexico, Madagascar, Burma, Norway, Poland, Sri Lanka and the United States.

     

    Petrified wood

    Petrified wood are fossils of wood that have turned to stone through the process of permineralization. All organic materials are replaced with minerals while maintaining the original structure of the wood.

    The most notable example is the petrified forest in Arizona.

     

    Prehnite

    Prehnite is a phyllosilicate of calcium and aluminium with the formula: Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2. Limited Fe3+ substitutes for aluminium in the structure. Prehnite crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It is brittle with an uneven fracture and a vitreous to pearly lustre. Its hardness is 6-6.5, its specific gravity is 2.80-2.90 and its color varies from light green to blue or white. It is translucent.

    Though not a zeolite, it is found associated with them and with datolite, calcite, etc. in veins and cavities of basaltic rocks, sometimes in granites, syenites, or gneisses. It is an indicator mineral of the prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies. It was first discovered in South Africa by Colonel Hendrik Von Prehn, an early Dutch governor of the Cape of Good Hope colony. Prehnite was the first mineral to be named after a person.

    Prehnite was named after its discoverer; Colonel Hendrik von Prehn and is an attractive collection mineral that is occassionally used for ornamental stone purposes. Its color is usually a pleasant green and is at times quite unique to prehnite. Typical prehnite forms rather thick crusts with a rough or crystaline texture. Epimorphs (crystal growth over the surface of another mineral) over laumonite crystals are interesting and attractive. Usually the laumontite has dissolved away leaving the hollow crust of prehnite behind.

     

    Rutilated Quartz

    Rutilated quartz, is a type of quartz with needlelike rutile (a titanium dioxide mineral), embedded in it. The rutile needles can be reddish, which is what rutile means in Latin, or they may be golden, silvery, or on very rare occasions, greenish.

    Rutilated quartz is quartz stone with rutile enclosures. Rutile is a mineral that is made up mostly of titanium dioxide, or TiO2. As a mineral, rutile is very high on the refractive index and disperses more than almost any other mineral. This means that when rutile appears in other minerals, it almost always appears in long, thin shots of color. Rutilus is, in fact, the Latin word for red. The mineral gained this name because some specimens are a lovely deep red color. Rutile, however, can also appear in brown and gray tones.

    Quartz is one of the most common mineral on our planet. In fact, it makes up over 10% of planet Earth’s crust. Furthermore, quartz is quite widespread. It can be found in almost every geographical environment. It is understandable that such an abundant mineral comes in a number of variations. These include rose quartz, smoky quartz, and rutilated quartz. The quartz family, including rutilated quartz can be found as far away as Brazil, Madagascar, Australia, Norway, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan. It can also be found in the United States. Many of the mountain ranges in America contain large deposits of quartz.

    When rutile appears within quartz, creating rutilated quartz, it often appears as needles of included color. In some gorgeous examples, rutilated quartz looks as if it is filled with gold fibers. In many pieces of rutilated quartz, the rutile inclusions are all on the same axis. Because of this, each individual rutile strand is visible. The effect is uniquely beautiful. Venus hair stone, Fleches d’amour, and Cupid’s darts are also names associated with rutilated quartz.

    Rutile and quartz have different levels of hardness on the Mohs scale. For this reason, rutilated quartz can be difficult to smooth the stone properly so that it can be set in jewelry. For this reason, some specimens of rutilated quartz are pitted on the surface. Prized examples of this stone often include complete rutiles that are entirely encased in quartz. In these stones, the rutile does not extend past the barrier of the quartz edge, and can therefore be properly polished.

     

    Sunstone

    The name "sunstone" is used for specimens of translucent to transparent feldspar that produce bright metallic flashes when light interacts with tiny plate-like mineral inclusions within the stone. These mineral inclusions usually have a common orientation, and light entering the stone reflects from them at a common angle. This produces a flash of light in the eye of the observer who views them at the proper angle. This optical phenomenon is known as "aventurescence."

    Sunstone is popular with innovative jewelry designers and is especially popular in the geographic areas where it is commercially mined. It is not a gemstone that is seen in every jewelry store, and many jewelry buyers have never witnessed its aventurescence.

    Aventurescent feldspar has been found in Australia, Canada, China, Congo, India, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, the United States and other localities.

    Sunstone occurs in a range of colors that begins with colorless and ranges through yellow, orange and red. The color is determined, in part, by the abundance and size of the copper platelets within the stone. The copper platelets impart a pink or reddish color to the stone.

    Sunstone is not often seen in jewelry stores in most parts of the world. It is mainly used by innovative jewelry designers and those who enjoy surprising customers with interesting pieces.

     

    Tiger’s Eye Stone

    Chemical formula Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2)

    Color golden to red-brown

    Mohs scale hardness 7.0

    Luster Silky

    Specific gravity 2.64 – 2.71

    Tiger's eye (also called Tigers eye or Tiger eye) is a chatoyant gemstone that is usually a metamorphic rock that is a golden to red-brown color, with a silky luster. A member of the quartz group, it is a classic example of pseudomorphous replacement by silica of fibrous crocidolite (blue asbestos). An incompletely silicified blue variant is called Hawk's eye.

    The gems are usually cut en cabochon in order to best display their chatoyancy. Red stones are brought about through gentle heat treatment. Dark stones have had their colors improved and been artificially lightened using nitric acid treatments.

    Honey-colored stones have been used to imitate the much higher valued cat's eye chrysoberyl (cymophane), but the overall effect is unconvincing. Artificial fiberoptic glass is a common imitation of tiger's eye, and is produced in a wide range of colors. Tiger's Eye mostly comes from South Africa and East Asia.

    Tiger Eye lets you see everything. Use it for insight and you can be a very lucky person. When used in jewelry the tiger eye may bring good luck and protection from the evil eye to the wearer. It also known to bring clear thinking and insight.

    Tiger's-eye or Cat's-Eye is a stone for the mind, not the body. Tiger Eye is used to focus the mind. It will cause the mind to have feeling of oneness and feel more direct in all thoughts. It makes one aware of one's own needs related to the needs of others.

    A personal symbol carved in Tiger eye is excellent for the spiritually advanced to use in meditation.

     

     

     

     

     

    Item Specifics
    Country/Region of Manufacture : China
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    We send the goods to USA, Canada, UK, Australia, New Zealand, EU countries and some other European and Asian countries by E-express, a kind of fast postal service by Hong Kong Post. It usually takes about 6 to 10 working days for delivery.

    We send the goods to other countries by registered airmail and will take about 8 to 14 working days for delivery.

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    12 Mineral Stone Collection Set in Plastic Box MSS12-5 Education Specimen Kit

    12 different Mineral rough stone specimens in clear large plastic box

    (similar to picture, stock of more than 100 boxes)

     

    1

    Rutilated Quartz

    2

    Moon stone

    3

    Lepidolite

    4

    Wooden fossil

    5

    Prehnite

    6

    Yellow tiger eye

    7

    Bornite

    8

    Anhydrite

    9

    Sunstone

    10

    Pink Calcedony

    11

    Magnesite

    12

    Calcite

     

    Size of each piece is about 25x35x20 mm (about 1.0x1.4x0.8 inch).

     

    Weight of each piece is about 6 to 30 g, total weight with packing box is about 550 g.

     

    Box size: 200 x 135 x 40 mm

     

    This is a handmade specimen craft. Each one will be a bit different (specimen size, color and weight) even in the same production batch. The picture in the listing is just for reference as we are selling multiple sets with same picture.

     

    It is an ideal learning aid for students and kids and also a very good collectible item for every body. 

     

    ***

    Anhydrite

    Anhydrite is an evaporite mineral that occurs in extensive layered deposits in sedimentary basins where large volumes of sea water have been evaporated. It is typically interbedded with halite, gypsum and limestone in accumulations that can be up to hundreds of feet thick. On a much smaller scale, anhydrite can form in shoreline or tidal flat sediments from the evaporation of sea water. Anhydrite also occurs as a vein-filling mineral in hydrothermal deposits. It is deposited from solution, often along with calcite and halite, as gangue in sulfide mineral deposits. Anhydrite is also found in the cap rock of salt domes and in cavities of trap rock. Anhydrite is an anhydrous calcium sulfate with a composition of CaSO4. It is closely related to gypsum which has a chemical composition of CaS04.2H2O. The worldwide abundance of gypsum greatly exceeds the abundance of anhydrite. Anhydrite receives its name from the Greek "anhydrous" which means "without water". It readily converts to gypsum under humid conditions or in contact with groundwater. This transition involves the absorption of water and a significant change in volume. That expansion can cause deformation in the rock units. If gypsum is heated to about 200 degrees Celsius it will yield water and be converted to anhydrite. This reaction occurs much less often.

    One of the most distinctive properties of anhydrite is its cubic cleavage. It cleaves in three directions at right angles. This can easily be seen in coarsely crystalline specimens or with a hand lens in fine-grained specimens. This distinctive cleavage has earned anhydrite the nickname of "cube spar". Anhydrite can be a small challenge to identify when it occurs in massive form. It can be confused with gypsum, calcite or halite - which it is almost always associated with. Compared to gypsum anhydrite exhibits cleavage in three directions at right angles and has a greater hardness. Its right angle cleavage and lack of acid reaction allows it to be distinguished from calcite. Compared to halite it is insoluble and slightly harder.

    Anhydrite can be substituted for gypsum in some of its uses. Both minerals are crushed for use as a soil treatment and in this purpose anhydrite is superior. One ton of anhydrite has more calcium than one ton of gypsum - because gypsum is about 21% water by weight. This yields more calcium per ton in a soil application. Anhydrite also has a higher solubility which helps it benefit the soil quickly. Small amounts of anhydrite are used as drying agents in plaster, paint and varnish. It is also used along with gypsum to produce plaster, joint compound, wallboard and other products for the construction industry. Anhydrite has also been used as a source of sulfur in the production of sulfuric acid.

     

    Biotite

    Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group. More generally, it refers to the dark mica series, primarily a solid-solution series between the iron-endmember annite, and the magnesium-endmember phlogopite; more aluminous endmembers include siderophyllite. Biotite was named by J.F.L. Hausmann in 1847 in honour of the French physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot, who, in 1816, researched the optical properties of mica, discovering many unique properties.

    Biotite is a sheet silicate. Iron, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen form sheets that are weakly bound together by potassium ions. It is sometimes called "iron mica" because it is more iron-rich than phlogopite. It is also sometimes called "black mica" as opposed to "white mica" (muscovite) – both form in some rocks, in some instances side-by-side.

    Like other mica minerals, biotite has a highly perfect basal cleavage, and consists of flexible sheets, or lamellae, which easily flake off. It has a monoclinic crystal system, with tabular to prismatic crystals with an obvious pinacoid termination. It has four prism faces and two pinacoid faces to form a pseudohexagonal crystal. Although not easily seen because of the cleavage and sheets, fracture is uneven. It appears greenish to brown or black, and even yellow when weathered. It can be transparent to opaque, has a vitreous to pearly luster, and a grey-white streak. When biotite is found in large chunks, they are called “books” because it resembles a book with pages of many sheets.

    Biotite is found in a wide variety of igneous and metamorphic rocks. For instance, biotite occurs in the lava of Mount Vesuvius and in the Monzoni intrusive complex of the western Dolomites. It is an essential phenocryst in some varieties of lamprophyre. Biotite is occasionally found in large cleavable crystals, especially in pegmatite veins. It is an essential constituent of many metamorphic schists, and it forms in suitable compositions over a wide range of pressure and temperature.

     

    Calcite

    Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The other polymorphs are the minerals aragonite and vaterite. Aragonite will change to calcite at 380–470 °C,[5] and vaterite is even less stable.

    Calcite crystals are trigonal-rhombohedral, though actual calcite rhombohedra are rare as natural crystals. However, they show a remarkable variety of habits including acute to obtuse rhombohedra, tabular forms, prisms, or various scalenohedra. Calcite exhibits several twinning types adding to the variety of observed forms. It may occur as fibrous, granular, lamellar, or compact. Cleavage is usually in three directions parallel to the rhombohedron form. Its fracture is conchoidal, but difficult to obtain.

    It has a defining Mohs hardness of 3, a specific gravity of 2.71, and its luster is vitreous in crystallized varieties. Color is white or none, though shades of gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities.

    Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence. A transparent variety called Iceland spar is used for optical purposes. Acute scalenohedral crystals are sometimes referred to as "dogtooth spar" while the rhombohedral form is sometimes referred to as "nailhead spar".

    Single calcite crystals display an optical property called birefringence (double refraction). This strong birefringence causes objects viewed through a clear piece of calcite to appear doubled. The birefringent effect (using calcite) was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669. At a wavelength of ~590 nm calcite has ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of 1.658 and 1.486, respectively.[6] Between 190 and 1700 nm, the ordinary refractive index varies roughly between 1.9 and 1.5, while the extraordinary refractive index varies between 1.6 and 1.4.

    Calcite, like most carbonates, will dissolve with most forms of acid. Calcite can be either dissolved by groundwater or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Although calcite is fairly insoluble in cold water, acidity can cause dissolution of calcite and release of carbon dioxide gas. Ambient carbon dioxide, due to its acidity, has a slight solubilizing effect on calcite. Calcite exhibits an unusual characteristic called retrograde solubility in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. When conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together or it can fill fractures. When conditions are right for dissolution, the removal of calcite can dramatically increase the porosity and permeability of the rock, and if it continues for a long period of time may result in the formation of caves. On a landscape scale, continued dissolution of calcium carbonate-rich rocks can lead to the expansion and eventual collapse of cave systems, resulting in various forms of karst topography.

    The largest documented single crystals of calcite originated from Iceland, measured 7×7×2 m and 6×6×3 m and weighed about 250 tons.

    Calcite is a common constituent of sedimentary rocks, limestone in particular, much of which is formed from the shells of dead marine organisms. Approximately 10% of sedimentary rock is limestone.

    Calcite is the primary mineral in metamorphic marble. It also occurs as a vein mineral in deposits from hot springs, and it occurs in caverns as stalactites and stalagmites.

    Lublinite is a fibrous, efflorescent form of calcite.

     

    Chalcedony

    A variety of Quartz

    Chalcedony is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, composed of very fine intergrowths of the minerals quartz and moganite. These are both silica minerals, but they differ in that quartz has a trigonal crystal structure, while moganite is monoclinic. Chalcedony's standard chemical structure (based on the chemical structure of quartz) is SiO2 (silicon dioxide).

    Chalcedony has a waxy luster, and may be semitransparent or translucent. It can assume a wide range of colors, but those most commonly seen are white to gray, grayish-blue or a shade of brown ranging from pale to nearly black.

    The name chalcedony comes from the Latin chalcedonius (alternatively spelled calchedonius).

    Chalcedony occurs in a wide range of varieties. Many semi-precious gemstones are in fact forms of chalcedony: agate, aventurine, onyx, carnelian, chrysophrase, heliotrope, mtorolite.

     

    Lepidolite

    Lepidolite is a type of mica. It is shy and created of many layers of hexagonal plates. It often occurs in sparkling masses around Pink Tourmaline crystals. Due to it’s cleavage, as with most mica, Lepidolite is rarely faceted. It is rich in lithium, which is what lends it’s beautiful color, most prized as a deep rich purple, but can range to a soft pink as well.

    Physical Properties of Lepidolite

    Lustre: Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy, Pearly

    Diaphaneity (Transparency): Transparent, Translucent

    Colour: Pink, light purple, light rose red, other colors possible but are rare.

    Comment: Ideally colorless, but frequently occurs in manganese-bearing environments

    Streak: white

    Hardness (Mohs): 2½ - 3½

    Tenacity: Elastic

    Cleavage: Perfect

    Fracture: Micaceous

    Density: 2.8 - 2.9 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)

    It occurs in granite pegmatites, in some high-temperature quartz veins, greisens and granites. Associated minerals include quartz, feldspar, spodumene, amblygonite, tourmaline, columbite, cassiterite, topaz and beryl.[1]

    Notable occurrences include Brazil; Ural Mountains, Russia; California, United States; Tanco Mine, Bernic Lake, Manitoba, Canada; and Madagascar.

     

    Magnesite

    Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate). It occupies one end of a solid solution series with siderite (FeCO3), as the iron ion Fe2+ substitutes for the magnesium ion Mg2+. Calcium, manganese, cobalt and nickel may also occur in small amounts.

    Magnesite occurs as veins in and an alteration product of ultramafic rocks, serpentinite and other magnesium rich rock types in both contact and regional metamorphic terranes. These magnesites often are cryptocrystalline and contain silica as opal or chert.

    Magnesite is also present within the regolith above ultramafic rocks as a secondary carbonate within soil and subsoil, where it is deposited as a consequence of dissolution of magnesium-bearing minerals by carbon dioxide within groundwaters.

    Magnesite can be formed via talc carbonate metasomatism of peridotite and other ultrabasic rocks. Magnesite is formed via carbonation of olivine in the presence of water and carbon dioxide, and is favored at moderate temperatures and pressures typical of greenschist facies;

    Magnesite can also be formed via the carbonation of magnesian serpentine (lizardite) via the following reaction: Serpentine + carbon dioxide → Talc + magnesite + Water

    2Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 3CO2 → Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 + 3MgCO3 + H2O

    Forsterite magnesia-rich olivine compositions favor production of magnesite from peridotite. Fayalitic (iron-rich) olivine favors production of magnetite-magnesite-silica compositions.

    Magnesite can also be formed from metasomatism in skarn deposits, in dolomitic limestones, associated with wollastonite, periclase, and talc.

    Magnesite is also found in a number of Precambrian carbonate hosted sediments, and is thought to have formed as an evaporite

    Magnesite can be used as a slag former in steelmaking furnaces, in conjunction with lime, to protect the magnesium oxide lining. It can also be used as a catalyst and filler in the production of synthetic rubber and in the preparation of magnesium chemicals and fertilizers.

    Similar to the production of lime, magnesite can be burned in the presence of charcoal to produce MgO, otherwise known as periclase. Such periclase is an important product in refractory materials.

    Magnesite can also be used as a binder in flooring material.

    In fire assay, magnesite cupels can be used for cupellation as the magnesite cupel will resist the high temperatures involved.

    It is dyed to make beads, as is howlite.

     

    Moonstone

    Color: Can be numerous colors, including blue, grey, white, pink, green and brown

    Fracture: uneven to conchoidal

    Mohs scale: hardness 6.0

    Luster: Opalescent

    Streak: white

    Specific gravity: 2.61

    Moonstone is a sodium potassium aluminium silicate, with the chemical formula (Na,K)AlSi3O8.

    Moonstone has been used as jewelry for centuries, including ancient civilizations. The Romans admired moonstone, as they believed it was born from solidified rays of the moon. Both the Romans and Greeks associated Moonstone with their lunar gods and goddesses.

    The most common moonstone is of the mineral adularia. The plagioclase feldspar oligoclase also produces moonstone specimens. Moonstone is feldspar with a pearly and opalescent luster. An alternate name is hecatolite.

    Moonstone is composed of two feldspar species, orthoclase and albite. The two species are intermingled. Then, as the newly formed mineral cools, the intergrowth of orthoclase and albite separates into stacked, alternating layers. When light falls between these thin, flat layers, it scatters in many directions producing the phenomenon called adularescence.

    Deposits of moonstone occur in Australia, the Austrian Alps, Mexico, Madagascar, Burma, Norway, Poland, Sri Lanka and the United States.

     

    Petrified wood

    Petrified wood are fossils of wood that have turned to stone through the process of permineralization. All organic materials are replaced with minerals while maintaining the original structure of the wood.

    The most notable example is the petrified forest in Arizona.

     

    Prehnite

    Prehnite is a phyllosilicate of calcium and aluminium with the formula: Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2. Limited Fe3+ substitutes for aluminium in the structure. Prehnite crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It is brittle with an uneven fracture and a vitreous to pearly lustre. Its hardness is 6-6.5, its specific gravity is 2.80-2.90 and its color varies from light green to blue or white. It is translucent.

    Though not a zeolite, it is found associated with them and with datolite, calcite, etc. in veins and cavities of basaltic rocks, sometimes in granites, syenites, or gneisses. It is an indicator mineral of the prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic facies. It was first discovered in South Africa by Colonel Hendrik Von Prehn, an early Dutch governor of the Cape of Good Hope colony. Prehnite was the first mineral to be named after a person.

    Prehnite was named after its discoverer; Colonel Hendrik von Prehn and is an attractive collection mineral that is occassionally used for ornamental stone purposes. Its color is usually a pleasant green and is at times quite unique to prehnite. Typical prehnite forms rather thick crusts with a rough or crystaline texture. Epimorphs (crystal growth over the surface of another mineral) over laumonite crystals are interesting and attractive. Usually the laumontite has dissolved away leaving the hollow crust of prehnite behind.

     

    Rutilated Quartz

    Rutilated quartz, is a type of quartz with needlelike rutile (a titanium dioxide mineral), embedded in it. The rutile needles can be reddish, which is what rutile means in Latin, or they may be golden, silvery, or on very rare occasions, greenish.

    Rutilated quartz is quartz stone with rutile enclosures. Rutile is a mineral that is made up mostly of titanium dioxide, or TiO2. As a mineral, rutile is very high on the refractive index and disperses more than almost any other mineral. This means that when rutile appears in other minerals, it almost always appears in long, thin shots of color. Rutilus is, in fact, the Latin word for red. The mineral gained this name because some specimens are a lovely deep red color. Rutile, however, can also appear in brown and gray tones.

    Quartz is one of the most common mineral on our planet. In fact, it makes up over 10% of planet Earth’s crust. Furthermore, quartz is quite widespread. It can be found in almost every geographical environment. It is understandable that such an abundant mineral comes in a number of variations. These include rose quartz, smoky quartz, and rutilated quartz. The quartz family, including rutilated quartz can be found as far away as Brazil, Madagascar, Australia, Norway, Kazakhstan, and Pakistan. It can also be found in the United States. Many of the mountain ranges in America contain large deposits of quartz.

    When rutile appears within quartz, creating rutilated quartz, it often appears as needles of included color. In some gorgeous examples, rutilated quartz looks as if it is filled with gold fibers. In many pieces of rutilated quartz, the rutile inclusions are all on the same axis. Because of this, each individual rutile strand is visible. The effect is uniquely beautiful. Venus hair stone, Fleches d’amour, and Cupid’s darts are also names associated with rutilated quartz.

    Rutile and quartz have different levels of hardness on the Mohs scale. For this reason, rutilated quartz can be difficult to smooth the stone properly so that it can be set in jewelry. For this reason, some specimens of rutilated quartz are pitted on the surface. Prized examples of this stone often include complete rutiles that are entirely encased in quartz. In these stones, the rutile does not extend past the barrier of the quartz edge, and can therefore be properly polished.

     

    Sunstone

    The name "sunstone" is used for specimens of translucent to transparent feldspar that produce bright metallic flashes when light interacts with tiny plate-like mineral inclusions within the stone. These mineral inclusions usually have a common orientation, and light entering the stone reflects from them at a common angle. This produces a flash of light in the eye of the observer who views them at the proper angle. This optical phenomenon is known as "aventurescence."

    Sunstone is popular with innovative jewelry designers and is especially popular in the geographic areas where it is commercially mined. It is not a gemstone that is seen in every jewelry store, and many jewelry buyers have never witnessed its aventurescence.

    Aventurescent feldspar has been found in Australia, Canada, China, Congo, India, Mexico, Norway, Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, the United States and other localities.

    Sunstone occurs in a range of colors that begins with colorless and ranges through yellow, orange and red. The color is determined, in part, by the abundance and size of the copper platelets within the stone. The copper platelets impart a pink or reddish color to the stone.

    Sunstone is not often seen in jewelry stores in most parts of the world. It is mainly used by innovative jewelry designers and those who enjoy surprising customers with interesting pieces.

     

    Tiger’s Eye Stone

    Chemical formula Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2)

    Color golden to red-brown

    Mohs scale hardness 7.0

    Luster Silky

    Specific gravity 2.64 – 2.71

    Tiger's eye (also called Tigers eye or Tiger eye) is a chatoyant gemstone that is usually a metamorphic rock that is a golden to red-brown color, with a silky luster. A member of the quartz group, it is a classic example of pseudomorphous replacement by silica of fibrous crocidolite (blue asbestos). An incompletely silicified blue variant is called Hawk's eye.

    The gems are usually cut en cabochon in order to best display their chatoyancy. Red stones are brought about through gentle heat treatment. Dark stones have had their colors improved and been artificially lightened using nitric acid treatments.

    Honey-colored stones have been used to imitate the much higher valued cat's eye chrysoberyl (cymophane), but the overall effect is unconvincing. Artificial fiberoptic glass is a common imitation of tiger's eye, and is produced in a wide range of colors. Tiger's Eye mostly comes from South Africa and East Asia.

    Tiger Eye lets you see everything. Use it for insight and you can be a very lucky person. When used in jewelry the tiger eye may bring good luck and protection from the evil eye to the wearer. It also known to bring clear thinking and insight.

    Tiger's-eye or Cat's-Eye is a stone for the mind, not the body. Tiger Eye is used to focus the mind. It will cause the mind to have feeling of oneness and feel more direct in all thoughts. It makes one aware of one's own needs related to the needs of others.

    A personal symbol carved in Tiger eye is excellent for the spiritually advanced to use in meditation.

     

     

     

     

     

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