1927 Stadium Seat!!! University Of Michigan Wolverines Vintage

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The Michigan Wolverines football team represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Michigan has the most all-time wins in college football history.[2][3] The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet, its fight song, its record-breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium,[4] and its many rivalries, particularly its annual, regular season-ending game against Ohio State, known simply as “The Game,” once voted as ESPN's best sports rivalry.[5] Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896, and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916, have been members since. Michigan has won or shared 43 league titles, and since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, has finished in the top 10 a total of 39 times. The Wolverines claim 11 national championships, most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll. From 1900 to 1989, Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches, each of whom has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame either as a player or as a coach. Fielding H. Yost became Michigan's head coach in 1901 and guided his "Point-a-Minute" squads to a streak of 56 games without a defeat, spanning from his arrival until the season finale in 1905, including a victory in the 1902 Rose Bowl, the first college football bowl game ever played. Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigan's second Rose Bowl win. Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons (1969–1989) in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games, a program record. The first decade of his tenure was underscored by a fierce competition with his former mentor, Woody Hayes, whose Ohio State Buckeyes squared off against Schembechler's Wolverines in a stretch of the Michigan–Ohio State rivalry dubbed the "Ten-Year War". Following Schembechler's retirement, the program was coached by two of his former assistants, Gary Moeller and then Lloyd Carr, who maintained the program's overall success over the next 18 years. However, the program's fortunes declined under the next two coaches, Rich Rodriguez and Brady Hoke, who were both fired after relatively short tenures. Following Hoke's dismissal, Michigan hired Jim Harbaugh on December 30, 2014.[6] Harbaugh is a former quarterback of the team, having played for Michigan between 1982 and 1986 under Schembechler. The Michigan Wolverines have featured 85 players that have garnered consensus selection to the College Football All-America Team. Three Wolverines have won the Heisman Trophy: Tom Harmon in 1940, Desmond Howard in 1991, and Charles Woodson in 1997. Gerald Ford, who later became the 38th President of the United States, started at center and was voted most valuable player by his teammates on the 1934 team. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history (1879–1900) 1.2 Fielding Yost (1901–1926) 1.3 Tad Wieman (1927–1928) 1.4 Harry Kipke (1929–1937) 1.5 Fritz Crisler (1938–1947) 1.6 Bennie Oosterbaan (1948–1958) 1.7 Bump Elliott (1959–1968) 1.8 Bo Schembechler (1969–1989) 1.9 Gary Moeller (1990–1994) 1.10 Lloyd Carr (1995–2007) 1.11 Rich Rodriguez (2008–2010) 1.12 Brady Hoke (2011–2014) 1.13 Jim Harbaugh (2015–present) 2 Conference affiliations 3 Bowl games 4 Venues 4.1 Washtenaw County Fairgrounds (1883–1892) 4.2 Regents Field (1893–1905) 4.3 Ferry Field (1906–1926) 4.4 Michigan Stadium (1927–present) 5 Rivalries 5.1 Ohio State 5.2 Michigan State 5.3 Minnesota 5.4 Notre Dame 5.5 Northwestern 6 Championships 6.1 National championships 6.2 Conference championships 6.3 Division championships 7 Program records and achievements 7.1 Team records 8 Head coaching history 8.1 Personnel 8.1.1 Coaching staff 9 Individual awards and honors 9.1 National award winners 9.1.1 Players 9.1.2 Coaches 9.2 Heisman Trophy voting 9.3 All-Americans 9.4 Team and conference MVP 9.5 Big Ten Conference honors 9.6 Retired numbers 10 Hall of Fame inductees 10.1 College Football Hall of Fame 10.2 Pro Football Hall of Fame 10.3 Rose Bowl 11 Alumni in the NFL 12 Future non-conference opponents 13 Related books 14 References 15 External links History See also: List of Michigan Wolverines football seasons It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled History of Michigan Wolverines football. (Discuss) (September 2019) Early history (1879–1900) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the early years The 1879 squad, the first team fielded by the University On May 30, 1879, Michigan played its first intercollegiate football game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune called it "the first rugby-football game to be played west of the Alleghenies."[7] Midway through "the first 'inning',"[8] Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown for Michigan.[9][10] According to Will Perry's history of Michigan football, the crowd responded to Pond's plays with cheers of "Pond Forever."[7] In 1881, Michigan played against Harvard in Boston. The game that marked the birth of inter-sectional football.[11] On their way to a game in Chicago in 1887, Michigan players stopped in South Bend, Indiana and introduced football to students at the University of Notre Dame. A November 23 contest marked the inception of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program and the beginning of the Michigan–Notre Dame rivalry.[12] In 1894, Michigan defeated Cornell, which was the "first time in collegiate football history that a western school defeated an established power from the east."[13] The 1898 Michigan Wolverines, the first Michigan team to win a conference title In 1896, the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives—then commonly known as the Western Conference and later as the Big Ten Conference—was formed by the University of Michigan, the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin, Northwestern University, and Purdue University.[14] The first Western Conference football season was played in 1896, with Michigan going 9–1, but losing out on the inaugural Western Conference title with a loss to the Chicago Maroons to end the season.[15][16] By 1898 Amos Alonzo Stagg was fast at work at turning the University of Chicago football program into a powerhouse. Before the final game of the 1898 season, Chicago was 9–1–1 and Michigan was 9–0; a game between the two teams in Chicago decided the third Western Conference championship. Michigan won, 12–11, capturing the program's first conference championship in a game that inspired "The Victors", which later became the school's fight song.[17] Michigan went 8–2 and 7–2–1 in 1899 and 1900, results that were considered unsatisfactory relative to the 10–0 season of 1898.[18] Fielding Yost (1901–1926) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Yost era This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (October 2019) Fielding Yost in 1902. After the 1900 season, Charles A. Baird, Michigan's first athletic director, wrote to Fielding H. Yost, "Our people are greatly roused up over the defeats of the past two years", and gave Yost an offer to come to Michigan to coach the football team.[19] The New York Times reported that Michigan's margin of victory was "one of the most remarkable ever made in the history of football in the important colleges."[20] At the end of the season, Michigan participated in the inaugural Rose Bowl.[21] Michigan dominated the game so thoroughly that Stanford's captain requested the game be called with eight minutes remaining. Neil Snow scored five touchdowns in the game, which is still the all-time Rose Bowl record.[22] The next year, 1902, Michigan outscored its opponents 644 to 12 and finished the season 11–0. In 1903, Michigan played a game against Minnesota that started the rivalry for the Little Brown Jug, the oldest rivalry trophy in college football.[23] The game marked the only time from 1901 to 1904 that Michigan failed to win.[18] Michigan finished the season at 11–0–1. In 1904, Michigan once again went undefeated at 10–0 while recording one of the most lopsided defeats in college football history, a 130–0 defeat of the West Virginia Mountaineers.[16] From 1901 through 1904, Michigan didn't lose a single game.[18] The streak was finally halted at the end of the 1905 season by Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons, a team that went on to win two Big 9 (as the Western Conference was now being called with the addition of Iowa and Indiana) titles in the next three years.[15] The game, dubbed "The First Greatest Game of the Century,"[24] broke Michigan's 56-game unbeaten streak and marked the end of the "Point-a-Minute" years. The 1905 Michigan team had outscored opponents 495–0 in its first 12 games. The game was lost in the final ten minutes of play when Denny Clark was tackled for a safety as he attempted to return a punt from behind the goal line. Michigan tied for another Big 9 title in 1906 before opting to go independent for the 1907 season.[16] The independent years were not as kind to Yost as his years in the Big 9. Michigan suffered one loss in 1907.[18] In 1908, Michigan got battered by Penn (a team that went 11–0–1 that year) in a game in which Michigan center Germany Schulz took such a battering as to have to be dragged off the field.[25] In 1909, Michigan suffered its first loss to Notre Dame, leading Yost to refuse to schedule another game against Notre Dame; the schools did not play again until 1942.[16] In 1910, Michigan played their only undefeated season of the independent years, going 3–0–3.[18] Overall from 1907 to 1916, Michigan lost at least one game every year (with the exception of 1910).[18] Benny Friedman in 1929. Michigan rejoined the Big 9 in 1917, after which it was called the Big Ten. Yost immediately got back to work. In 1918, Michigan played the first game against Stagg's Chicago Maroons since Chicago ended Michigan's winning streak in 1905.[16] Michigan defeated the Maroons, 18–0, on the way to a 5–0 record.[16][18] The next three years were lean, with Michigan going 3–4, 5–2, and 5–1–1, in 1919, 1920, and 1921.[18] However, in 1922 Michigan managed to spoil the "Dedication Day" for Ohio Stadium, defeating the Buckeyes 19–0.[16] Legend has it that the rotunda at Ohio Stadium is painted with maize flowers on a blue background due to the outcome of the 1922 dedication game.[26] Michigan went 5–0–1 in 1922, capturing a Big Ten title.[15][18] In 1923, Michigan went 8–0, winning another conference championship.[15][18] The 1924 Wolverines, coached by George Little, saw their 20-game unbeaten streak end at the hands of Red Grange.[16] After the 1924 season, Little left Michigan to accept the head coach and athletic director positions at Wisconsin, returning athletic director Yost to the head coaching position.[27] Although the 1925 and 1926 seasons did not include a conference title, they were memorable due to the presence of the famous "Benny-to-Bennie" combination, a reference to Benny Friedman and Bennie Oosterbaan. The two helped popularize passing the ball in an era when running held dominance. Oosterbaan became a three-time All-American and was selected for the All-Time All-American team in 1951,[28] while Friedman went on to have a Hall of Fame NFL career.[29] Also during 1926, Michigan was retroactively awarded national titles for the 1901 and 1902 seasons via the Houlgate System, the first national titles awarded to the program. Other major selectors[who?] later retroactively awarded Michigan with titles in the 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1925, and 1926 seasons.[citation needed] Michigan claims titles in the 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, and 1923 seasons.[30] Yost stepped aside in 1926 to focus on being Michigan's athletic director, a post he had held since 1921, thus ending the greatest period of success in the history of Michigan football.[31] Under Yost, Michigan posted a 165–29–10 record, winning ten conference championships and six national championships.[15][16][30] One of his main actions as athletic director was to oversee the construction of Michigan Stadium. Michigan began playing football games in Michigan Stadium in the fall of 1927. At the time Michigan Stadium had a capacity of 72,000, although Yost envisioned eventually expanding the stadium to a capacity well beyond 100,000.[32] Michigan Stadium was formally dedicated during a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes that season to the tune of a 21–0 victory.[33] Tad Wieman (1927–1928) Tad Wieman became Michigan's head coach in 1927. That year, Michigan posted a modest 6–2 record.[18] However, the team ended 1928 with a losing 3–4–1 record and Wieman was fired.[34][35] Harry Kipke (1929–1937) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Kipke years Future U.S. president Gerald Ford during practice as a center on Wolverines football team, 1933 In 1929, Harry Kipke, a former player under Yost, took over as head coach.[36] From 1930 to 1933, Kipke returned Michigan to prominence. During that stretch, Michigan won the Big Ten title every year and the national championship in 1932 and 1933.[15][30] In 1932, quarterback and future College Football Hall of Famer Harry Newman was a unanimous first-team All-American, and the recipient of the Douglas Fairbanks Trophy as Outstanding College Player of the Year (predecessor of the Heisman Trophy), and the Helms Athletic Foundation Player of the Year Award, the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the Big Ten Conference.[37] During this span Kipke's teams only lost one game, to Ohio State.[16][18] After 1933, however, Kipke's teams compiled a 12–22 record from 1934 to 1937.[18] The 1934 Michigan team only won one game, against Georgia Tech in a controversial contest. Georgia Tech coach and athletic director W. A. "Bill" Alexander refused to allow his team to take the field if Willis Ward, an African-American player for Michigan, stepped on the field. Michigan conceded, and the incident reportedly caused Michigan player Gerald R. Ford to consider quitting the team.[38] Overall, Kipke posted a 49–26–4 record at Michigan, winning four conference championships and two national championships.[15][18][30] Fritz Crisler (1938–1947) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Crisler years In 1938, Michigan hired Fritz Crisler as Kipke's successor.[39] Crisler had been head coach of the Princeton Tigers and reportedly wasn't excited to leave Princeton.[39] Michigan invited him to name his price, and Crisler demanded what he thought would be unacceptable: the position of athletic director when Yost stepped down and the highest salary in college football.[40] Michigan accepted, and Crisler became the new head coach of the Michigan football program.[39] Fritz Crisler in 1948. Upon arriving at Michigan, Crisler introduced the winged football helmet, ostensibly to help his players find the receivers down field.[41] Whatever the reasoning, the winged helmet has since become one of the iconic marks of Michigan football.[42] Michigan debuted the winged helmet in a game against Michigan State in 1938.[43] Two years later in 1940, Tom Harmon led the Wolverines to a 7–1 record on his way to winning the Heisman Trophy.[18][44] Harmon ended the season by scoring three rushing touchdowns, two passing touchdowns, four extra points, intercepting three passes, and punting three times for an average of 50 yards in a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes.[45] The 1943 season included a No. 1 (Notre Dame) vs. No. 2 (Michigan) match-up against Notre Dame, a game the Wolverines lost 35–12.[16] Michigan ended the season at 8–1, winning Crisler's first Big Ten championship.[15][18] Crisler had reversed the misfortune of the end of the Kipke era and returned Michigan to one and two-loss seasons. From 1938 to 1944, Michigan posted a 48–11–2 record,[46] although the period lacked a national title and only contained one conference title.[18] Yet, Crisler's biggest mark on the game of football was made in 1945, when Michigan faced a loaded Army squad that featured two Heisman trophy winners, Doc Blanchard and Glenn Davis. Crisler didn't feel that his Michigan team could match up with Army, so he opted to take advantage of a 1941 NCAA rule that allowed players to enter or leave at any point during the game.[40] Crisler divided his team into "offensive" and "defensive" specialists, an act that earned him the nickname "the father of two-platoon football."[47] Michigan still lost the game with Army 28–7,[16] but Crisler's use of two-platoon football shaped the way the game was played in the future. Eventually, Crisler's use of the platoon system propelled his team to a conference championship and a national title in 1947, his final season.[15][16][30] The 1947 team, nicknamed the "Mad Magicians" due to their use of two-platoon football, capped their season with a 49–0 victory over the USC Trojans in the 1948 Rose Bowl.[16] Crisler finished with a 116–32–9 record at Michigan, winning two conference titles and one national title.[15][18][30][46] Bennie Oosterbaan (1948–1958) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Oosterbaan years Crisler continued as athletic director while Bennie Oosterbaan, the same Bennie that had electrified the world while making connections with Benny Friedman 20 years earlier, took over the football program.[48] Things started off well for Oosterbaan in 1948 with the Wolverines earning a quality mid-season victory over No. 3 Northwestern.[16][48] Michigan finished the season undefeated at 9–0, thus winning another national championship.[18][30] Initially, Oosterbaan continued Crisler's tradition of on-field success, winning conference titles each year from 1948 to 1950 and the national title in 1948.[15][30] The 1950 season ended in interesting fashion, with Michigan and Ohio State combining for 45 punts in a game that came to be known as the "Snow Bowl." Michigan won the game 9–3, winning the Big Ten conference and sending the Wolverines off to the 1951 Rose Bowl.[15][16] Subsequently, Michigan's football team began to decline under Oosterbaan. From 1951 to 1958, Michigan compiled a record of 42–26–2, a far cry from the success under Crisler and Yost.[18] Perhaps more importantly, Oosterbaan posted a 2–5–1 record against Michigan State and a 3–5 record against Ohio State over the same time period.[16] Under mounting pressure, Oosterbaan stepped down after 1958.[48] Bump Elliott (1959–1968) Main article: History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Elliott years In place of Oosterbaan stepped Bump Elliott, a former Michigan player of Crisler's. Elliott continued many of the struggles that began under Oosterbaan, posting a 51–42–2 record from 1959 through 1968 (including a 2–7–1 record against Michigan State and a 3–7 record against Ohio State).[18] Michigan's only Big Ten title under Elliott came in 1964, a season that included a win over Oregon State in the 1965 Rose Bowl.[15][16] Following a 50-14 drubbing at the hands of Ohio State in 1968,[16] Elliott resigned. Bo Schembechler (1969–1989) Bo Schembechler in 1975. It took 15 minutes for Don Canham to be sold on Bo Schembechler, resulting in Schembechler becoming the 15th coach in Michigan football history.[49] At the time, Schembechler's employer, the Miami RedHawks, could have thrown more money at Schembechler, but Canham managed to sell Schembechler on Michigan's tradition and prestige.[50] Schembechler's first team got off to a moderate start, losing to rival Michigan State and entering the Ohio State game with a 7–2 record.[18] Ohio State, coached by icon Woody Hayes, entered the game at 8–0 and poised to repeat as national champions.[51] The 1969 Ohio State team was hailed by some as being the "greatest college football team ever assembled" and came into the game favored by 17 points over Michigan.[52] Michigan shocked the Buckeyes, winning 24–12, going to the Rose Bowl, and launching The Ten Year War between Hayes and Schembechler.[16] From 1969 to 1978, one of either Ohio State or Michigan won at least a share of the Big Ten title and represented the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl every season.[15] In 1970 Schembechler failed to repeat on the magic of 1969, that year losing to Ohio State 20–9 and finishing at 9–1.[16] However, in 1971, Schembechler led Michigan to an undefeated regular season, only to lose to the Stanford Indians in the Rose Bowl to finish at 11–1.[18] From 1972 to 1975, Michigan failed to win a game against Ohio State (powered by phenom running back Archie Griffin).[16] However, Michigan did tie Ohio State in 1973, only missing out on the Rose Bowl due to a controversial vote that sent Ohio State to the Rose Bowl and left Michigan at home.[16] Another notable event occurred during the 1975 season, with the first of Michigan's record streak of games with more than 100,000 people in attendance occurring during a game against the Purdue Boilermakers. Rick Leach, who played quarterback for Michigan from 1975 through 1978. From 1976 to 1978, Michigan asserted its own dominance of the rivalry, beating Ohio State, going to the Rose Bowl, and posting a 10–2 record every year.[16][18] After the 1978 season, Woody Hayes was fired for punching an opposing player during the 1978 Gator Bowl, thus ending The Ten Year War.[53] Michigan had a slight edge in the war, with Schembechler going 5–4–1 against Hayes. However, while Schembechler successfully placed great emphasis on the rivalry, Michigan's bowl performances were sub-par. Michigan failed to win their last game of the season every year during The Ten Year War.[16] The only year in which Michigan didn't lose its last game of the season was the 1973 tie against Ohio State.[16] After the end of the Ten Year War, Michigan's regular season performance declined, but its post season performance improved. The 1979 season included a memorable game against Indiana that ended with a touchdown pass from John Wangler to Anthony Carter with six seconds left in the game.[54] Michigan went 8–4 on the season, losing to North Carolina in the 1979 Gator Bowl.[16][18] In 1980, Michigan went 10–2 and got their first win in the Rose Bowl under Schembechler, a 23–6 win over Washington.[16][18] Michigan went 9–3 in 1981 to get Schembechler's second bowl win in the 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl.[16][18] In 1982, Michigan won the Big Ten championship while being led by three-time All-American wide receiver Anthony Carter.[15][55] Michigan fell to UCLA Bruins in the 1983 Rose Bowl.[16] Without Anthony Carter, the Wolverines did not win the Big Ten title in 1983, going 9–3.[18] In 1984, the Wolverines suffered their worst season under Schembechler, going 6–6 with a loss to national champion BYU in the 1984 Holiday Bowl.[16][18] Michigan needed to reverse its fortunes in 1985, and they began doing so with new quarterback Jim Harbaugh.[56] Harbaugh led the Wolverines to a 5–0 record, propelling them to a No. 2 ranking heading into a game with the No. 1 Iowa Hawkeyes.[57] Michigan lost 12–10,[16] but did not lose another game the rest of the season to finish at 10–1–1 with a victory over Tom Osborne's Nebraska Cornhuskers in the 1986 Fiesta Bowl.[18] In 1986 Michigan won the Big Ten at 11–2, suffering a loss to the Arizona State Sun Devils in the 1987 Rose Bowl.[16][18] The departure of Harbaugh after 1986 once again left Michigan on tough times as Schembechler's team stumbled to an 8–4 record in 1987.[18] However, Michigan bounced back again in 1988 and 1989, winning the Big Ten title outright both years at 9–2–1 and 10–2 with trips to Rose Bowl.[15][18] From 1981 through 1989, Michigan went 80–27–2, winning four Big Ten titles and going to a bowl game every year (with another Rose Bowl win obtained against USC Trojans after the 1988 season).[16] Bo Schembechler retired after the 1989 season, handing the job over to his offensive coordinator Gary Moeller.[58] Under Schembechler, Michigan posted a 194–48–5 record[59] (11–9–1 against Ohio State), and won 13 Big Ten championships.[59] Gary Moeller (1990–1994) Gary Moeller took over from Schembechler for the 1990 season, becoming the 16th head coach in Michigan football history.[60] Moeller inherited a talented squad that had just played in the 1990 Rose Bowl, including wide receiver Desmond Howard. Moeller led Michigan to a 9–3 record in his first season,[18] tying for the Big Ten championship but losing out on a Rose Bowl bid to Iowa.[15][16] The next two years, Moeller's teams won the conference outright, setting marks of 10–2 and 9–0–3.[15][18] In 1991, Desmond Howard had a memorable season that propelled him to win the Heisman Trophy, the award given to college football's most outstanding player.[61] The 1992 team, led by quarterback Elvis Grbac, posted a 9–0–3 record,[18] defeating Washington in the 1993 Rose Bowl.[16] Moeller led Michigan to 8–4 records in both 1993 and 1994.[18] The 1994 season was marked by an early-season loss to Colorado that included a Hail Mary pass from Kordell Stewart to Michael Westbrook to end the game, leading to the game being dubbed "The Miracle at Michigan."[62] After the 1994 season, Moeller was found intoxicated at a Southfield, MI restaurant in an incident in which Moeller was caught on tape throwing a punch in a police station, which resulted in his firing.[63] Lloyd Carr (1995–2007) Michigan's athletic director appointed Lloyd Carr, an assistant at Michigan since 1980, as interim head coach for the 1995 season.[64] However, after an 8–2 start, Michigan dropped the interim tag from Carr's title and named him its 17th head coach.[65] Michigan finished his first season at 9–4.[18][66] Carr had similar success in his second season, going 8–4 and earning a trip to the 1997 Outback Bowl.[18] Carr returned a strong squad for the 1997 season, led by cornerback and punt returner Charles Woodson.[67] Michigan went undefeated in 1997.[16][18] Overall, the Michigan defense only allowed 9.5 points per game and ended the season ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll, giving Michigan its first national championship since 1948 with a victory in the 1998 Rose Bowl.[68][69][16][30] For his efforts, Woodson won the Heisman Trophy and was selected 4th overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders.[70] With Tom Brady as quarterback, Michigan went 10–3 and repeated as Big Ten champions in 1998, but in 1999 Michigan lost out on the conference championship at 10–2 to the Wisconsin Badgers.[15][18] Drew Henson led Michigan to a 9–3 record and a tie for the Big Ten championship in 2000.[15][18] Ohio State, Michigan's chief rival, fired their coach John Cooper, who was 2–10–1 against Michigan while at Ohio State, after the 2000 season and replaced him with Jim Tressel.[71][72] Tressel immediately ushered in a new era in the Ohio State-Michigan rivalry, upsetting the Wolverines 26–20 in 2001.[73] This came on the heels of another last-second loss in which Michigan State defeated Michigan with a pass in the last second of the game in a controversial finish that led to the game being referred to as "Clockgate."[74] Despite these setbacks, Michigan's 2001 squad, led by John Navarre, went 8–4 with an appearance in the 2002 Florida Citrus Bowl.[75][16][18] Again under Navarre in 2002, Michigan compiled a 10–3 record,[76] but included another loss to Ohio State, who went on to win the national championship.[77][16][18] Carr got over the hump against Tressel in 2003 as John Navarre and Doak Walker Award winner Chris Perry led the Wolverines to a 10–3 record,[78] a Big Ten championship, and an appearance in the 2004 Rose Bowl.[15][16][18] 2006 Michigan Wolverines huddle during a game against the Central Michigan Chippewas. For the 2004 season, Carr turned to highly rated recruit Chad Henne to lead the Wolverines at quarterback.[79] Michigan went 9–3 in 2004[80] to tie for another Big Ten championship and earn a trip to the 2005 Rose Bowl, but the season again included a loss to Ohio State,[81] who only went 8–4 on the season.[15][16][18] In 2005, Michigan struggled to make a bowl game, only going 7–5, with the season capped with another loss to Ohio State.[16][18] Expectations were tempered going into the 2006 season; however, a 47–21 blowout of No. 2 Notre Dame and an 11–0 start propelled Michigan to the No. 2 rankings going into "The Game" with No. 1 Ohio State.[82] The 2006 Ohio State-Michigan game was hailed by the media as the "Game of the Century." The day before the game, Bo Schembechler died, leading Ohio State to honor him with a moment of silence, one of the few Michigan Men to be so honored in Ohio Stadium.[83] The game itself was a back-and-forth affair, with Ohio State winning 42–39 for the right to play in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game.[16] Michigan lost to USC in the 2007 Rose Bowl, ending the season at 11–2.[16][18] Going into 2007, Michigan had high expectations.[84] Standout players Chad Henne, Mike Hart, and Jake Long all opted to return for their senior seasons for one last crack at Ohio State and a chance at a national championship, causing Michigan to be ranked fifth in the preseason polls.[85] However, Michigan's struggles against the spread offense reared its ugly head again as the Wolverines shockingly lose the opener to the Appalachian State Mountaineers.[86][87][16] The game marked the first win by a Division I-AA team over a team ranked in the Associated Press Poll.[88] The next week, Michigan was blown out by Oregon.[89][16] Despite the early rough start, Michigan won their next eight games and went into the Ohio State game with a chance to win the Big Ten championship.[16] However, Michigan once again fell to the Buckeyes, this time 14–3.[90][16] After the game, Lloyd Carr announced that he would retire as Michigan head coach after the bowl game.[91] In the 2008 Capital One Bowl, Carr's final game, Michigan defeated the defending national champion Florida Gators, led by Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow, 41–35.[92] Carr's accomplishments at Michigan included a 122–40 record, five Big Ten championships, and one national championship.[15][16][30] Rich Rodriguez (2008–2010) Rich Rodriguez at Michigan in 2008. Following Carr's retirement, Michigan launched a coaching search that ultimately saw Rich Rodriguez lured away from his alma mater, West Virginia.[93] Rodriguez's arrival marked the beginning of major upheaval in the Michigan football program. Rodriguez, a proponent of the spread offense, installed it in place of the pro-style offense that had been used by Carr. The offseason saw significant attrition in Michigan's roster. The expected starting quarterback Ryan Mallett departed the program, stating that he would be unable to fit in a spread offense. Starting wide receivers Mario Manningham and Adrian Arrington both decided to forgo their senior seasons and enter the NFL Draft.[94] Michigan lost a good deal of its depth and, when the 2008 season began, was forced to start players with very little playing experience. The 2008 season was disappointing for Michigan, finishing at 3–9 and suffering its first losing campaign since 1967. Michigan also missed a bowl game invitation for the first time since 1974. The week before the 2009 season began, the Detroit Free Press accused the team of violating the NCAA's practice time limits.[95] While the NCAA conducted investigations, Michigan won its first four games, including a last second victory against its rival Notre Dame. The season ended in disappointment, however, as Michigan went 1–7 in its last eight games and missed a bowl for the second straight season. Rodriguez's final season began with new hope in the program, as Robinson was named the starting quarterback over Forcier. Robinson led the Wolverines to a 5–0 start, but after a defeat to Michigan State at home, the Wolverines finished the season 2–5 over their last seven games. Michigan did, however, qualify for a bowl game with a 7–5 record, and clinched its bowl berth in dramatic fashion against Illinois, with Michigan winning 67–65 in three overtime periods. The game was the highest combined scoring game in Michigan history, and saw Michigan's defense give up the most points in its history.[96] Michigan was invited to the Gator Bowl to face Mississippi State, losing 52–14. The Michigan defense set new school records as the worst defense in Michigan history. In the middle of the season, the NCAA announced its penalties against Michigan for the practice time violations. The program was placed on three of years probation and docked 130 practice hours, which was twice the amount Michigan had exceeded.[97] Rodriguez was fired following the bowl game, with athletic director Dave Brandon citing Rodriguez's failure to meet expectations as the main reason for his dismissal.[98] Rodriguez left the program winless against rivals Michigan State and Ohio State and compiled a 15–22 record, the worst record of any head coach in Michigan history.[99] Brady Hoke (2011–2014) Athletic director Dave Brandon (left) with head coach Brady Hoke in 2011. Michigan announced the hiring of head coach Brady Hoke on January 11, 2011.[100] He became the 19th head coach in Michigan football history. Hoke had previously been the head coach at his alma mater Ball State and then San Diego State after serving as an assistant at Michigan under Lloyd Carr from 1995 to 2002. In his first season, Hoke led the Wolverines to 11 wins, beating rival Notre Dame with a spectacular comeback in Michigan's first night game at Michigan Stadium. Despite losing to Iowa and Michigan State, the Wolverines finished with a 10–2 regular season record with their first win over Ohio State in eight years. The Wolverines received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl in which they defeated Virginia Tech, 23–20, in overtime. This was the program's first bowl win since the season of 2007. Until the streak was broken in 2008, Michigan had appeared in a bowl game each year since the 1975 season. In Hoke's second season, the Wolverines dropped their season opener to eventual national champions, Alabama in Dallas, Texas. U-M won the next two games at home in non-conference bouts against Air Force and UMass. Michigan then traveled to face eventual national runner-up Notre Dame. They fell to the Fighting Irish by a 13–6 final. After back-to-back wins over Purdue and Illinois, they defeated in-state rival Michigan State for the first time since 2007. The win was the 900th in program history, becoming the first program to reach the milestone. U-M finished the season with wins over Minnesota, Northwestern and Iowa as well as losses to Nebraska and Ohio State to finish the regular season. Michigan was selected to participate in the 2013 Outback Bowl, where they fell to South Carolina by a 33–28 score. In the 2013 campaign, Michigan finished with a 7–6 record, including a 3–5 record in Big Ten play and a loss to Kansas State in the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 31–14.[101] On December 2, 2014, Hoke was fired as the head coach after four seasons following a 5–7 record in 2014. This marked only the third season since 1975 in which Michigan missed a bowl game. Hoke compiled a 31–20 record, including an 18–14 record in Big Ten play.[102] Jim Harbaugh (2015–present) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) On December 30, 2014, the University of Michigan announced the hiring of Jim Harbaugh as the team's 20th head coach. Harbaugh, who was starting quarterback in the mid-1980s under Bo Schembechler, had most recently served as head coach of the San Francisco 49ers. In his first season, Harbaugh led Michigan to a 10–3 record, including a 41–7 win over the Florida Gators in the 2016 Citrus Bowl.[103] The squad achieved an identical 10–3 record during the 2016 season, which ended with a 33–32 loss to Florida State in the Orange Bowl on December 30. The team lost many key players on the offensive and defensive side of the ball prior to Harbaugh's third season. The Wolverines went 8–4 in the regular season losing to their main rivals, Michigan State and Ohio State, and lost to South Carolina in the Outback Bowl, becoming the only team in the Big Ten Conference to lose its bowl game in the 2017–2018 bowl season and dropping the record on the year to 8–5.[104] Harbaugh's fourth season started with a loss to rival Notre Dame, followed by ten consecutive wins. Wins over ranked Big Ten opponents Michigan State, Wisconsin, and Penn State, all of whom beat Michigan the previous year, led to the team rallying around referring to the season as a "revenge tour."[105] The Wolverines rose to fourth in the College Football Playoff rankings, but the "revenge tour" came to an abrupt end when they were upset by rival Ohio State by a lopsided score of 62–39 to end the regular season. Ohio State's 62 points set a record for points against Michigan during regulation. A blowout loss to Florida in the Peach Bowl ended the season, and they finished at 10–3 for the third time in Harbaugh's four years. During Harbaugh's fifth season (2019), the Wolverines lost to Wisconsin 35–14 and to Penn State 28–21, both on the road. Michigan went on to beat rivals Notre Dame 45–14 and Michigan State 44–10, but once again lost to then No. 1 ranked Ohio State by a score of 56–27 to end the regular season. Michigan later lost to Alabama 16–35 in the Citrus Bowl to end the season with a record of 9–4. For the 2020 season, -19 precautions delayed the start of Big Ten play. The Wolverines started with a dominating 49–24 win against Minnesota. However, in a highly physical game against Michigan State, the Wolverines incurred many player injuries and narrowly lost 27–24. The next week, Michigan lost to Indiana 38–21. On November 14, 2020, Michigan hosted Wisconsin and suffered its largest halftime deficit at home since Michigan Stadium opened in 1927 (28–0), as well as its largest home loss (49–11) since 1935.[106][107] On November 28, 2020, Michigan hosted Penn State and, for the first time in Michigan football history, lost to a team that was 0–5 or worse.[108] Michigan was winless at home during the 2020 season, marking the first time in program history that Michigan did not win any games at home.[109] The final three scheduled games of the season, against Maryland, Ohio State, and Iowa, were canceled due to -19 concerns. Michigan failed to qualify for a postseason bowl game. The Wolverines started the 2021 season unranked, but quickly found their footing to surge into the rankings. The Wolverines started 7–0, which included blowout wins against Washington and Wisconsin. The team rose to number six in the polls before a top-ten showdown with eighth ranked rival Michigan State. Michigan narrowly lost to their instate rival, but rebounded with wins against Indiana, Penn State, and Maryland in their subsequent three games to set up a winner-take-all for the Big Ten East division against archrival Ohio State. In a top-five showdown, Michigan used a dominant second half performance to rout Ohio State 42–27, giving the Wolverines their first win against the Buckeyes since 2011, and a berth to their first-ever Big Ten Championship game. In the Big Ten Championship game against Big Ten West champions Iowa, the second-ranked Wolverines dominated the Hawkeyes 42–3 to win their outright first Big Ten Championship since 2003. As the second seed in the College Football Playoff, the Wolverines lost a semifinal game to the Georgia Bulldogs, 34–11. Conference affiliations Independent (1879–1891) Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the Northwest (1892–1893) Independent (1894–1895) Western Conference (1896–1906) Independent (1907–1916) Big Ten Conference (1917–present) Big Nine Conference (1946–1949) Big Ten Conference (1917–1945, 1950–present) Bowl games Michigan has played in 49 bowl games in its history, compiling a record of 21–28. Before missing a bowl game in 2008, Michigan had made a bowl game 33 years in a row. From the 1921 to 1945 seasons, the Big Ten Conference did not allow its teams to participate in bowls. From the 1946 to 1974 seasons, only a conference champion or a surrogate representative was allowed to attend a bowl, the Rose Bowl, and no team could go two years in a row until the 1972 Rose Bowl, with the exception of Minnesota in 1961 and 1962. Michigan defeated Stanford 49–0 in the first ever Rose Bowl on January 1, 1902 Date Bowl Opponent Result January 1, 1902 Rose Bowl Stanford W 49–0 January 1, 1948 Rose Bowl USC W 49–0 January 1, 1951 Rose Bowl California W 14–6 January 1, 1965 Rose Bowl Oregon State W 34–7 January 1, 1970 Rose Bowl USC L 3–10 January 1, 1972 Rose Bowl Stanford L 12–13 January 1, 1976 Orange Bowl Oklahoma L 6–14 January 1, 1977 Rose Bowl USC L 6–14 January 2, 1978 Rose Bowl Washington L 20–27 January 1, 1979 Rose Bowl USC L 10–17 December 28, 1979 Gator Bowl North Carolina L 15–17 January 1, 1981 Rose Bowl Washington W 23–6 December 31, 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl UCLA W 33–14 January 1, 1983 Rose Bowl UCLA L 14–24 January 2, 1984 Sugar Bowl Auburn L 7–9 December 21, 1984 Holiday Bowl BYU L 17–24 January 1, 1986 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska W 27–23 January 1, 1987 Rose Bowl Arizona State L 15–22 January 2, 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl Alabama W 28–24 January 2, 1989 Rose Bowl USC W 22–14 January 1, 1990 Rose Bowl USC L 10–17 January 1, 1991 Gator Bowl Ole Miss W 35–3 January 1, 1992 Rose Bowl Washington L 14–34 January 1, 1993 Rose Bowl Washington W 38–31 January 1, 1994 Hall of Fame Bowl NC State W 42–7 December 30, 1994 Holiday Bowl Colorado State W 24–14 December 28, 1995 Alamo Bowl Texas A&M L 20–22 January 1, 1997 Outback Bowl Alabama L 14–17 January 1, 1998 Rose Bowl Washington State W 21–16 January 1, 1999 Citrus Bowl Arkansas W 45–31 January 1, 2000 Orange Bowl Alabama W 35–34 January 1, 2001 Citrus Bowl Auburn W 31–28 January 1, 2002 Citrus Bowl Tennessee L 17–45 January 1, 2003 Outback Bowl Florida W 38–30 January 1, 2004 Rose Bowl USC L 14–28 January 1, 2005 Rose Bowl Texas L 37–38 December 28, 2005 Alamo Bowl Nebraska L 28–32 January 1, 2007 Rose Bowl USC L 18–32 January 1, 2008 Capital One Bowl Florida W 41–35 January 1, 2011 Gator Bowl Mississippi State L 14–52 January 3, 2012 Sugar Bowl Virginia Tech W 23–20 January 1, 2013 Outback Bowl South Carolina L 28–33 December 28, 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl Kansas State L 14–31 January 1, 2016 Citrus Bowl Florida W 41–7 December 30, 2016 Orange Bowl Florida State L 32–33 January 1, 2018 Outback Bowl South Carolina L 19–26 December 29, 2018 Peach Bowl Florida L 15–41 January 1, 2020 Citrus Bowl Alabama L 16–35 December 31, 2021 Orange Bowl Georgia L 11–34 Total 49 bowl games 21–28 1,139–1,091 Bowl record by game Bowl # W L % Alamo Bowl 2 0 2 .000 Bluebonnet Bowl 1 1 0 1.000 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 1 0 1 .000 Citrus Bowl (Capital One Bowl) 6 4 2 .666 Fiesta Bowl 1 1 0 1.000 Gator Bowl 3 1 2 .333 Holiday Bowl 2 1 1 .500 Outback Bowl (Hall of Fame Bowl) 6 3 3 .500 Orange Bowl 4 1 3 .250 Peach Bowl 1 0 1 .000 Rose Bowl 20 8 12 .400 Sugar Bowl 2 1 1 .500 Venues Washtenaw County Fairgrounds (1883–1892) Main article: Washtenaw County Fairgrounds In the early days of Michigan football, Michigan played smaller home games at the Washtenaw County Fairgrounds with larger games being held in Detroit at the Detroit Athletic Club.[110] The Fairgrounds were originally located at the southeast intersection of Hill and Forest, but in 1890 moved to what is now called Burns Park.[110] Regents Field (1893–1905) Main article: Regents Field Regents Field just before kickoff during the 1904 game between Michigan and Chicago In 1890, the Board of Regents authorized $3,000 ($78,947.37 in 2014 dollars) for the purchase of a parcel of land along South State Street.[111] In 1891 a further $4,500 ($118,421.05 in 2014 dollars) was authorized "for the purpose of fitting up the athletic field."[111] Michigan began play on Regents Field in 1893, with capacity being expanded to over 15,000 by the end of the field's use.[111] Ferry Field (1906–1926) Main article: Ferry Field By 1902 Regents Field had grown inadequate for the uses of the football team as a result of the sport's increasing popularity.[112] Thanks to donations from Dexter M. Ferry, work began on planning the next home stadium for the Michigan football team. Powered by a $30,000 donation from Ferry, Ferry Field was constructed with a maximum temporary capacity of 18,000 for the 1906 season.[112] Ferry Field was expanded to a capacity of 21,000 in 1914 and 42,000 in 1921.[112] However, attendance was often over-capacity with crowds of 48,000 cramming into the small stadium.[112] This prompted athletic director Fielding Yost to contemplate the construction of a much larger stadium. Michigan Stadium (1927–present) Main article: Michigan Stadium Michigan Stadium on September 17, 2011 Fielding H. Yost anticipated massive crowds as college football's popularity increased and wished to build a stadium with a capacity of at least 80,000.[32] Ultimately, the final plans authorized the construction of a stadium with a capacity of 72,000 with footings to be set in place to expand it beyond 100,000 later.[32] Michigan Stadium was dedicated in 1927 during a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes, drawing an over-capacity crowd of 84,401.[113] After World War II, crowd sizes increased, prompting another stadium expansion to a capacity of 93,894 in 1949.[113] Michigan Stadium cracked the 100,000 mark by expanding to 101,001 in 1955.[113] Michigan Stadium temporarily lost the title of "largest stadium" to Neyland Stadium of the Tennessee Volunteers in 1996, but recaptured the title in 1998 with another expansion to 107,501.[114] In 2007, the Board of Regents authorized a $226 million renovation to add a new press box, 83 luxury boxes, and 3,200 club seats.[115] For the 2011 season, lights were installed at Michigan Stadium at the cost of $1.8 million.[116] This allowed Michigan to play its first night game at home against Notre Dame in 2011.[117] Rivalries Ohio State Main article: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry Michigan and Ohio State first played each other in 1897. Ohio State's victory in 2010 was vacated. The rivalry was particularly enhanced during The Ten Year War, a period in which Ohio State was coached by Woody Hayes and Michigan was coached by Bo Schembechler. Overall, the Buckeye and Wolverine football programs have combined for 19 national titles, 77 conference titles, and 10 Heisman Trophy winners. Michigan holds a 59–51–6 advantage through the 2021 season.[118] Michigan State Main article: Michigan–Michigan State football rivalry Michigan and Michigan State first played each other in 1898. Since Michigan State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1953, the two schools have competed annually for the Paul Bunyan – Governor of Michigan Trophy. The winner retains possession of the trophy until the next year's game. Michigan leads the trophy series 38–28–2. Michigan State is the holder of the trophy following a 2021 win over the Wolverines, 37–33. Michigan holds a 71–38-5 advantage through the 2021 season.[119] Minnesota Main article: Michigan–Minnesota football rivalry Michigan plays Minnesota for the Little Brown Jug trophy. The Little Brown Jug is the most regularly exchanged rivalry trophy in college football, the oldest trophy game in FBS college football, and the second oldest rivalry trophy overall.[120] Through the 2021 season, Michigan leads the overall series 76–25–3.[121] Notre Dame Main article: Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan and Notre Dame began playing each other in 1887 in Notre Dame's first football game.[122] The rivalry is notable due to the historical success of the football programs. Through the end of the 2017 season, Michigan is ranked No. 1 in wins and all-time winning percentage while Notre Dame is No. 2 in both categories.[123] Both schools also claim 11 national championships.[124] Michigan and Notre Dame have played in 42 contests, with Michigan holding a 25–17–1 advantage through the 2019 season.[125] Northwestern Main article: George Jewett Trophy Michigan and Northwestern first played each other in 1892. In 2021, the two universities announced the creation of a new rivalry trophy to be awarded to the game's winner, the George Jewett Trophy. The trophy honors George Jewett, the first African-American player in Big Ten Conference history, who played for both schools. The game is the first FBS rivalry game named for an African-American player.[126] Michigan holds a 59–15–2 advantage in the all-time series through the 2021 season.[127] Championships National championships Michigan has been selected 16 times as national champions from NCAA-designated major selectors, including twice by the major wire-service AP Poll. Michigan claims 11 (1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, and 1997) of these championships.[128] Before 1926, there were generally no contemporaneous selectors.[129] The 1918 and 1923 teams were first selected in 1970 (Billingsley), while the 1903 and 1904 teams were first selected in 1980 by NCF (co-champions).[130] Year Coach Selector Record Bowl Final AP Final Coaches 1901 Fielding H. Yost Helms, Houlgate, NCF[130] 11–0 Won Rose 1902 Billingsley, Helms, Houlgate, NCF, Parke Davis[130] 11–0 1903 NCF[130] 11–0–1 1904 10–0 1918 Billingsley, NCF[130] 5–0 1923 8–0 1932 Harry G. Kipke Dickinson, Parke Davis[130] 8–0 1933 Berryman (QPRS), Billingsley, Boand, CFRA, Dickinson, Helms, Houlgate, NCF, Parke Davis, Poling, Sagarin[130] 7–0–1 1947 Fritz Crisler Berryman (QPRS), Billingsley, Boand, CFRA, DeVold, Dunkel, Helms, Houlgate, Litkenhous, NCF, Poling, Sagarin[130] 10–0 Won Rose No. 2 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan AP, Berryman (QPRS), Billingsley, CFRA, DeVold, Dunkel, Helms, Houlgate, Litkenhous, NCF, Poling, Sagarin, Williamson[130] 9–0 No. 1 1997 Lloyd Carr AP, Billingsley, FWAA, NCF, NFF, Sporting News[130] 12–0 Won Rose No. 1 No. 2 Conference championships Michigan has won 43 conference championships, 17 outright and 26 shared. Year Coach Overall record Big Ten record 1898 Gustave Ferbert 10–0 3–0 1901† Fielding H. Yost 11–0 4–0 1902 5–0 1903† 11–0–1 3–0–1 1904† 10–0 2–0 1906† 4–1 1–0 1918† 5–0 2–0 1922† 6–0–1 4–0 1923† 8–0 1925 7–1 5–1 1926† 5–0 1930† Harry Kipke 8–0–1 1931† 8–1–1 5–1 1932† 8–0 6–0 1933† 7–0–1 5–0–1 1943† Fritz Crisler 8–1 6–0 1947 10–0 6–0 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan 9–0 6–0 1949† 6–2–1 4–1–1 1950 6–3–1 4–1–1 1964 Bump Elliott 9–1 6–1 1969† Bo Schembechler 8–3 1971 11–1 8–0 1972† 10–1 7–1 1973† 10–0–1 7–0–1 1974† 10–1 7–1 1976† 10–2 1977† 1978† 1980 8–0 1982 8–4 8–1 1986† 11–2 7–1 1988 9–2–1 7–0–1 1989 10–2 8–0 1990† Gary Moeller 9–3 6–2 1991 10–2 8–0 1992 9–0–3 6–0–2 1997 Lloyd Carr 12–0 8–0 1998† 10–3 7–1 2000† 9–3 6–2 2003 10–3 7–1 2004† 9–3 7–1 2021 Jim Harbaugh 12–2 8–1 † Co-champions Division championships Michigan has shared two division titles.[131][132] Year Division Coach Opponent CG result 2018† Big Ten – East Jim Harbaugh N/A; lost tiebreaker to Ohio State 2021† Iowa W 42–3 † Co-champions Program records and achievements Team records Most wins in college football history (976)[133] Most winning seasons of any program (121)[134] Most appearances in the final AP Poll (62)[135] More conference titles in the Big Ten than any other FBS program with a single conference (43) One of only six programs with a winning record against every FBS conference[136] Head coaching history Main article: List of Michigan Wolverines head football coaches Personnel Coaching staff Michigan Wolverines Name Position Consecutive season(s) at Michigan in current position Previous position Sherrone Moore Co–offensive coordinator / offensive line 2nd Michigan – Tight ends (2018–2020) Matt Weiss Co–offensive coordinator / quarterbacks 1st Michigan – Quarterbacks (2021) Jesse Minter Defensive coordinator 1st Vanderbilt – Defensive coordinator / safeties (2021) Steve Clinkscale Co–defensive coordinator / defensive backs 1st Michigan – Defensive passing game coordinator / defensive backs (2021) Jay Harbaugh Special teams coordinator / safeties 1st Michigan – Special teams coordinator / tight ends (2021) George Helow Linebackers 2nd Maryland – Special teams coordinator / inside linebackers (2020) Mike Elston Defensive line / recruiting coordinator 1st Notre Dame – Assistant head coach / defensive line (2018–2021) Mike Hart Running backs / Run game coordinator 1st Michigan – Running backs (2021) Ronald Bellamy Wide receivers 1st Michigan – Safeties (2021) Grant Newsome Tight ends 1st Michigan – Graduate assistant (2020–2021) Ben Herbert Director of strength & conditioning 5th Arkansas – Head strength & conditioning (2013–2017) Reference:[137] Individual awards and honors See also: Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders National award winners Players Heisman Trophy 1940: Tom Harmon 1991: Desmond Howard 1997: Charles Woodson Maxwell Award 1940: Tom Harmon 1991: Desmond Howard Walter Camp Award 1991: Desmond Howard 1997: Charles Woodson Chic Harley Award 1964: Bob Timberlake 1986: Jim Harbaugh 1991: Desmond Howard 1997: Charles Woodson Dick Butkus Award 1991: Erick Anderson Jack Lambert Trophy 1991: Erick Anderson Paul Warfield Trophy 1991: Desmond Howard 2004: Braylon Edwards Jim Parker Trophy 1991: Greg Skrepenak 2000: Steve Hutchinson 2007: Jake Long Sammy Baugh Trophy 1992: Elvis Grbac Jack Tatum Trophy 1997: Charles Woodson Jim Thorpe Award 1997: Charles Woodson Chuck Bednarik Award 1997: Charles Woodson Bronko Nagurski Trophy 1997: Charles Woodson Doak Walker Award 2003: Chris Perry Jim Brown Trophy 2003: Chris Perry Fred Biletnikoff Award 2004: Braylon Edwards Rimington Trophy 2004: David Baas 2011: David Molk Lombardi Award 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Ted Hendricks Award 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Ozzie Newsome Award 2015: Jake Butt John Mackey Award 2016: Jake Butt Lott IMPACT Trophy 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Paul Hornung Award 2016: Jabrill Peppers Lou Groza Award 2021: Jake Moody Joe Moore Award 2021: Offensive line Coaches AFCA Coach of the Year 1947: Fritz Crisler 1948: Bennie Oosterbaan 1969: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr Paul "Bear" Bryant Award 1997: Lloyd Carr Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year 1969: Bo Schembechler Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award 1969: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award 1977: Bo Schembechler 2007: Lloyd Carr Associated Press Coach of the Year 2021: Jim Harbaugh Sporting News Coach of the Year 1985: Bo Schembechler Woody Hayes Trophy 1985: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr George Munger Award 1989: Bo Schembechler 1997: Lloyd Carr 2011: Brady Hoke Broyles Award 1997: Jim Herrmann 2021: Josh Gattis AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year 2001: Fred Jackson Heisman Trophy voting Twenty-nine Heisman Trophy candidates have played at Michigan. Three have won the award: 1939: Tom Harmon, 2nd 1940: Tom Harmon, 1st 1941: Bob Westfall, 8th 1943: Bill Daley, 7th 1947: Bob Chappuis, 2nd 1955: Ron Kramer, 8th 1956: Ron Kramer, 6th 1964: Bob Timberlake, 4th 1968: Ron Johnson, 6th 1974: Dennis Franklin, 8th 1975: Gordon Bell, 8th 1976: Rob Lytle, 3rd 1977: Rick Leach, 8th 1978: Rick Leach, 3rd 1980: Anthony Carter, 10th 1981: Anthony Carter, 7th 1982: Anthony Carter, 4th 1986: Jim Harbaugh, 3rd 1991: Desmond Howard, 1st 1993: Tyrone Wheatley, 8th 1994: Tyrone Wheatley, 12th 1995: Tim Biakabutuka, 8th 1997: Charles Woodson, 1st 2003: Chris Perry, 4th 2004: Braylon Edwards, 10th 2006: Mike Hart, 5th 2010: Denard Robinson, 6th 2016: Jabrill Peppers, 5th 2021: Aidan Hutchinson, 2nd All-Americans Main article: List of Michigan Wolverines football All-Americans Team and conference MVP Michigan Most Valuable Player Award (1926–1959), Louis B. Hyde Memorial Award (1960–1994),[138] Bo Schembechler Award (1995–present); winners of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's MVP also noted:[139] 1926: Benny Friedman (also Big Ten MVP) 1927: Bennie Oosterbaan 1928: Otto Pommerening 1929: James Simrall 1930: Jack Wheeler 1931: Bill Hewitt 1932: Harry Newman (also Big Ten MVP) 1933: Herman Everhardus 1934: Gerald Ford 1935: William Renner 1936: Matt Patanelli 1937: Ralph Heikkinen 1938: Ralph Heikkinen 1939: Tom Harmon 1940: Tom Harmon (also Big Ten MVP) 1941: Reuben Kelto 1942: Albert Wistert 1943: Bob Wiese 1944: Don Lund 1945: Harold Watts 1946: Bob Chappuis 1947: Bump Elliott (also Big Ten MVP) 1948: Dominic Tomasi 1949: Dick Kempthorn 1950: Don Dufek 1951: Don Peterson 1952: Ted Topor 1953: Tony Branoff 1954: Fred Baer 1955: Terry Barr 1956: Dick Hill 1957: Jim Pace (also Big Ten MVP) 1958: Bob Ptacek 1959: Tony Rio 1960: Dennis Fitzgerald 1961: John Walker 1962: Dave Raimey 1963: Tom Keating 1964: Bob Timberlake (also Big Ten MVP) 1965: Bill Yearby 1966: Jack Clancy 1967: Ron Johnson 1968: Ron Johnson (also Big Ten MVP) 1969: Jim Mandich 1970: Henry Hill and Don Moorhead 1971: Billy Taylor 1972: Randy Logan 1973: Paul Seal 1974: Steve Strinko 1975: Gordon Bell 1976: Rob Lytle (also Big Ten MVP) 1977: Russell Davis 1978: Rick Leach (also Big Ten MVP) 1979: Ron Simpkins 1980: Anthony Carter 1981: Butch Woolfolk 1982: Anthony Carter (also Big Ten MVP) 1983: Steve Smith 1984: Mike Mallory 1985: Mike Hammerstein 1986: Jim Harbaugh (also Big Ten MVP) 1987: Jamie Morris 1988: Mark Messner 1989: Tony Boles 1990: Tripp Welborne 1991: Desmond Howard (also Big Ten MVP) 1992: Chris Hutchinson 1993: Buster Stanley 1994: Todd Collins 1995: Tim Biakabutuka 1996: Rod Payne 1997: Charles Woodson (also Big Ten MVP) 1998: Tai Streets 1999: Tom Brady 2000: Anthony Thomas 2001: Marquise Walker 2002: B. J. Askew 2003: Chris Perry (also Big Ten MVP) 2004: Braylon Edwards (also Big Ten MVP) 2005: Jason Avant 2006: David Harris and Mike Hart 2007: Mike Hart 2008: Brandon Graham 2009: Brandon Graham (also Big Ten MVP) 2010: Denard Robinson (also Big Ten MVP) 2011: Denard Robinson 2012: Jordan Kovacs 2013: Jeremy Gallon 2014: Jake Ryan 2015: Jehu Chesson 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2017: Maurice Hurst Jr. 2018: Chase Winovich 2019: Shea Patterson 2020: No award presented 2021: Aidan Hutchinson (also Big Ten MVP) Big Ten Conference honors Player of the Year 1982: Anthony Carter 1986: Jim Harbaugh Graham–George Offensive Player of the Year 1990: Jon Vaughn (coaches) 1991: Desmond Howard 1992: Tyrone Wheatley 2003: Chris Perry 2004: Braylon Edwards 2010: Denard Robinson Rimington–Pace Offensive Lineman of the Year 1991: Greg Skrepenak 1998: Jon Jansen 2000: Steve Hutchinson 2004: David Baas 2006: Jake Long 2007: Jake Long 2011: David Molk 2012: Taylor Lewan 2013: Taylor Lewan Nagurski–Woodson Defensive Player of the Year 1997: Charles Woodson 2001: Larry Foote 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2018: Devin Bush 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Smith–Brown Defensive Lineman of the Year 1985: Mike Hammerstein 1988: Mark Messner 1992: Chris Hutchinson 2006: LaMarr Woodley 2021: Aidan Hutchinson Thompson–Randle El Freshman of the Year 1995: Charles Woodson (coaches) 1997: Anthony Thomas (coaches and media) 2003: Steve Breaston (coaches) 2004: Mike Hart (coaches and media) 2015: Jabrill Peppers (coaches and media) Dave McClain / Hayes–Schembechler Coach of the Year 1972: Bo Schembechler (media) 1976: Bo Schembechler (media) 1980: Bo Schembechler (media) 1982: Bo Schembechler (coaches) 1985: Bo Schembechler (media and coaches) 1989: Bo Schembechler (coaches) 1991: Gary Moeller (media and coaches) 1992: Gary Moeller (media) 2011: Brady Hoke (media and coaches) Tatum–Woodson Defensive Back of the Year 2016: Jourdan Lewis Butkus–Fitzgerald Linebacker of the Year 2016: Jabrill Peppers 2018: Devin Bush Kwalick–Clark Tight End of the Year 2013: Devin Funchess 2015: Jake Butt 2016: Jake Butt Bakken–Andersen Kicker of the Year 2021: Jake Moody Eddleman–Fields Punter of the Year 2012: Will Hagerup 2018: Will Hart Rodgers-Dwight Return Specialist of the Year 2016: Jabrill Peppers Retired numbers The following jersey numbers have been retired by the program:[140] Michigan Wolverines retired numbers No. Player Pos. Tenure No. Ret. 11 Francis Wistert Albert Wistert Alvin Wistert T 1931–1933 1940–1942 1947–1949 1949 21 Desmond Howard WR 1989–1991 2015 47 Bennie Oosterbaan E 1925–1927 1927 48 Gerald Ford C 1932–1934 1994 87 Ron Kramer E 1954–1956 1956 98 Tom Harmon HB 1938–1940 1940 Beginning in 2011, previously retired numbers of "Michigan Football Legends" were assigned to and worn by players selected by the head coach. The Legends program was discontinued in July 2015, and the numbers again permanently retired.[141][142] Hall of Fame inductees College Football Hall of Fame See also: College Football Hall of Fame Michigan inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame as of 2022.[143] Albert Benbrook Dave Brown Lloyd Carr Anthony Carter Bob Chappuis Fritz Crisler Tom Curtis Dan Dierdorf Bump Elliott Pete Elliott Benny Friedman Tom Harmon Willie Heston Elroy Hirsch Desmond Howard Ron Johnson Harry Kipke Ron Kramer George Little Rob Lytle Jim Mandich Johnny Maulbetsch Reggie McKenzie Mark Messner Bill Morley David M. Nelson Harry Newman Bennie Oosterbaan Merv Pregulman Harold R. "Tubby" Raymond Bo Schembechler Germany Schulz Neil Snow Ernie Vick Bob Westfall Tad Wieman Albert Wistert Alvin Wistert Francis Wistert Charles Woodson Fielding H. Yost Pro Football Hall of Fame Michigan inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as of 2021.[144] Name Position Inducted George Allen Coach 2002 Dan Dierdorf T 1996 Len Ford DE 1976 Benny Friedman QB 2005 Bill Hewitt E 1971 Elroy Hirsch HB/E 1968 Steve Hutchinson G 2020 Ty Law CB 2019 Tom Mack G 1999 Ralph Wilson Owner 2009 Charles Woodson CB 2021 Rose Bowl The Rose Bowl Hall of Fame has inducted the following Michigan players and coaches.[145] Name Position Inducted Mel Anthony FB 2002 Lloyd Carr Coach 2013 Bob Chappuis HB/QB 1992 Bump Elliott HB 1989 Brian Griese QB 2012 Chuck Ortmann HB 2008 Bo Schembechler Coach 1993 Ron Simpkins LB 2021 Neil Snow E/FB 1990 Tyrone Wheatley RB 2015 Charles Woodson CB 2017 Butch Woolfolk HB 1998 Alumni in the NFL Updated as of June 10, 2022.[146] Ben Braden: Denver Broncos Tom Brady: Tampa Bay Buccaneers Ben Bredeson: New York Giants Ian Bunting: Dallas Cowboys Devin Bush: Pittsburgh Steelers Taco Charlton: Pittsburgh Steelers Camaron Cheeseman: Washington Commanders Frank Clark: Kansas City Chiefs Mason Cole: Minnesota Vikings Nico Collins: Houston Texans Mike Danna: Kansas City Chiefs Michael Dwumfour: Houston Texans Nick Eubanks: Detroit Lions Chris Evans: Cincinnati Bengals Rashan Gary: Green Bay Packers Zach Gentry: Pittsburgh Steelers Graham Glasgow: Denver Broncos Jordan Glasgow: Indianapolis Colts Brandon Graham: Philadelphia Eagles Chad Henne: Kansas City Chiefs Khaleke Hudson: Washington Commanders Maurice Hurst: San Francisco 49ers Aidan Hutchinson: Detroit Lions Taylor Lewan: Tennessee Titans Jourdan Lewis: Dallas Cowboys David Long: Los Angeles Rams Ben Mason: Chicago Bears Jalen Mayfield: Atlanta Falcons Cameron McGrone: New England Patriots Sean McKeon: Dallas Cowboys Josh Metellus: Minnesota Vikings Bryan Mone: Seattle Seahawks Quinn Nordin: New England Patriots Patrick Omameh: Carolina Panthers Michael Onwenu: New England Patriots Kwity Paye: Indianapolis Colts Donovan Peoples-Jones: Cleveland Browns Jabrill Peppers: New York Giants Cesar Ruiz: New Orleans Saints Jon Runyan: Green Bay Packers Brandon Rusnak: Jacksonville Jaguars Michael Schofield: Los Angeles Chargers Ambry Thomas: San Francisco 49ers Josh Uche: New England Patriots Jarrod Wilson: New York Jets Chase Winovich: New England Patriots Chris Wormley: Pittsburgh Steelers Future non-conference opponents Announced schedules as of July 1, 2021.[147] 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2033 2034 Colorado State East Carolina Fresno State New Mexico Oklahoma Texas at Washington Notre Dame at Notre Dame Hawaii UNLV at Texas at Oklahoma UConn Bowling Green Arkansas State Central Michigan Related books Jim Cnockaert (2003). Stadium Stories: Michigan Wolverines: Colorful Tales of the Maize and Blue. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0-7627-2784-5. Kevin Allen; Art Regner; Nate Brown & Bo Schembechler (2005). What it Means to Be a Wolverine: Michigan's Greatest Players, Talk about Michigan Football. Triumph Books. ISBN 1-5724-3661-1. Bo Schembechler & John U. Bacon (2007). Bo's Lasting Lessons: The Legendary Coach Teaches the Timeless Fundamentals of Leadership. Business Plus. ISBN 978-0-4465-8199-8. John Falk & Dan Ewald (2011). If These Walls Could Talk: Michigan Football Stories from Inside the Big House. Triump Books. ISBN 978-1-6007-8657-0. Martin John Gallagher (2012). 98–21–2 The Story of the Heisman and the Michigan Man. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-4680-2135-6. Ken Magee & Jon M. Stevens (2015). The Game: The Michigan–Ohio State Football Rivalry. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5316-7160-0. John U. Bacon (2011). Three and Out: Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-8090-9466-0. John U. Bacon (2013). Fourth and Long: The Fight for the Soul of College Football. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-0643-6. John U. Bacon (2015). Endzone: The Rise, Fall, and Return of Michigan Football. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-2500-7897-1. John U. Bacon (2019). Overtime: Jim Harbaugh and the Michigan Wolverines at the Crossroads of College Football. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-0628-8694-1. Michigan hit a milestone today when it capped a 49-10 beatdown of Penn State this afternoon at Michigan Stadium. The 4-0 Wolverines have -- for the time being, at least -- dethroned Notre Dame as college football's all-time winningest program, a distinction the Irish have held since late 2013. Though U-M has the most wins in college football history with 929, the Irish have held college football's all-time best win percentage for almost three years -- until today. They fell 38-35 to Duke to drop to 1-3 on the season. Michigan's all-time record is 929-331-36, a win percentage of .7307. Notre Dame's all-time record is 893-316-42, a win percentage of .7306. So U-M now has the throne of winningest program, no matter which way you look at it. Of course, that can change as soon as next week. There's work to be done, including next Saturday, when No. 10 Wisconsin comes to Ann Arbor. The Badgers are sure to move up in the polls after dropping No. 8 Michigan State 30-6 today in East Lansing. Notre Dame, meanwhile, plays at Syracuse next Saturday. The Michigan Wolverines comprise 29 varsity sports teams at the University of Michigan. These teams compete in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except women's water polo, which competes in the NCAA inter-divisional Collegiate Water Polo Association. Team colors are maize and blue, though these are different shades of "maize" and "blue" from those used by the university at large.[2] The winged helmet is a recognized icon of Michigan Athletics.[3] In 11 of the previous 20 years (as of the end of 2018–19), Michigan has finished in the top five of the NACDA Directors' Cup, a list compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics that charts institutions' overall success in college sports. Just as impressive, UM has finished in the top ten of the Directors' Cup standings in twenty of the award's twenty-six seasons (through 2019); good for 5th best nationally. Contents 1 Sports sponsored 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Basketball 1.2.1 Men's basketball 1.2.2 Women's basketball 1.3 Cross country 1.4 Football 1.4.1 Rivalries 1.5 Field hockey 1.6 Golf 1.6.1 Men's golf 1.6.2 Women's golf 1.7 Gymnastics 1.7.1 Men's gymnastics 1.7.2 Women's gymnastics 1.8 Ice hockey 1.9 Lacrosse 1.9.1 Women's Lacrosse 1.9.2 Men's lacrosse 1.10 Women's rowing 1.11 Soccer 1.11.1 Men's soccer 1.11.2 Women's soccer 1.12 Softball 1.13 Swimming and diving 1.13.1 Men's swimming and diving 1.13.2 Women's swimming and diving 1.14 Tennis 1.14.1 Men's tennis 1.14.2 Women's tennis 1.15 Track and field 1.15.1 Men's track and field 1.15.2 Women's track and field 1.16 Women's volleyball 1.17 Women's water polo 1.18 Wrestling 2 Sponsorship 3 Varsity club sports 4 Club sports 4.1 Boxing 4.2 Rugby 5 Athletic facilities 5.1 Other facilities 6 Championships 6.1 NCAA team championships 6.2 Other national team championships 7 NCAA Division I Directors' Cup 8 Olympians 9 Athletic directors 10 Mascot 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Sports sponsored Men's sports Women's sports Baseball Basketball Basketball Cross country Cross country Field hockey Football Golf Golf Gymnastics Gymnastics Lacrosse Ice hockey Rowing Lacrosse Soccer Soccer Softball Swimming & diving Swimming & diving Tennis Tennis Track & field† Track & field† Wrestling Volleyball Water polo † – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor. The University of Michigan Athletic Department sponsors teams in 14 men's and 15 women's NCAA sanctioned sports. Baseball Main article: Michigan Wolverines baseball The men's baseball team won national championships in 1953 and 1962 and has sent 138 players to the major leagues.[4][5] The current coach of the Michigan Wolverines is Erik Bakich, who came to the University of Michigan after the 2012 season when Rich Maloney stepped down. Michigan has won 35 conference championships, made 25 NCAA Tournament appearances and won those 2 national titles. For 13 seasons from 1990 to 2002, Michigan won a lone Big Ten title in 1997 and made just one NCAA appearance in 1999. In 2015, Coach Bakich led the program to its first NCAA tournament berth since 2008 after needing to win the Big Ten Tournament to qualify. In 2019, the Michigan Wolverines baseball team made it to the College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska, its first trip to the College World Series since 1984. Basketball Men's basketball Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball Retired basketball jerseys Number Player Years 22 Bill Buntin 1963–1965 33 Cazzie Russell 1964–1966 35 Phil Hubbard 1975–1979 41 Glen Rice 1986–1989 45 Rudy Tomjanovich 1967–1970 The men's basketball team plays its games at Crisler Center. The Wolverines have won 14 Big Ten regular season titles, as well as the inaugural Big Ten Tournament in 1998, which it later forfeited due to NCAA violations. The team has appeared in the NCAA Final Four on eight occasions (1964, 1965, 1976, 1989, 1992*, 1993*, 2013, 2018) and won the National Championship in 1989 under Steve Fisher. The program later vacated its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances due to NCAA violations. Other notable players who played for Michigan include Roy Tarpley, Loy Vaught, Gary Grant, Terry Mills, Glen Rice, Jalen Rose, Rumeal Robinson, Rickey Green, Phil Hubbard, Jamal Crawford, Juwan Howard, Chris Webber, Jimmy King, Ray Jackson, Cazzie Russell, Daniel Horton, Campy Russell, and Mark Hughes. During the 1990s, the program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster named Ed Martin to four players: Chris Webber, Maurice Taylor, Robert Traylor, and Louis Bullock. The scandal ultimately resulted in four years' probation and a self-imposed ban from postseason play in the 2002–03 season. UM also voluntarily vacated regular season wins and NCAA tournament games from selected past seasons. Vacating the results of 113 games won while the four players were eligible, including the 1992 and 1993 Final Fours, the entire 1992–93 season, and all seasons from fall 1995 through spring 1999. After the scandal, Michigan men's basketball would then go 10 years without making the NCAA tournament from 1999 to 2008.[6] They would eventually end the drought in 2009 under then-head coach John Beilein. In 2013, the program would reach its first Final Four in 20 years before falling to Louisville in the national championship, 82–76. The program reached another Final Four in 2018, its second under Beilein. The team would once again reach the championship game, but instead fall to the Villanova Wildcats men's basketball. Beilein would accept a position as the Cleveland Cavaliers head coach after 12 years at Michigan. His replacement for the following season would be alumnus Juwan Howard. Women's basketball Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's basketball Michigan team with championship trophy at the 2011 Paradise Jam Tournament Michigan traveled to St. Thomas for the Paradise Jam Tournament over Thanksgiving weekend in 2011. They took on Prairie View A&M in their first game on Thanksgiving Day, and won 59–53.[7] In their second game, they faced Washington State and won easily, 69–39.[8] On the final day of the tournament, they played Marquette, and won 71–51, to win the 2011 Paradise Jam (Reef Division) Championship. Jenny Ryan had a double-double, with 13 points and ten rebounds, to help Michigan to a 7–0 record on the year.[9][10] The women's basketball team is coached by Kim Barnes Arico, who became the head coach in 2012. Formerly the head coach of the St. John's Red Storm, Arico was named the Big East Conference Coach of the Year for 2012.[11] Cross country The men's and women's cross country teams have been nationally renowned since 1974 when Ron Warhurst started coaching the men, and more recently as alum Mike McGuire took on the women's team in 1991. The women's team has qualified for the NCAA championships every year but two since 1988, finishing 2nd in 1994, and winning five consecutive Big Ten titles from 2002 to 2006.[12] The men's team has qualified for the NCAA 24 times in the last 34 years, with a highest finish of 4th. Michigan men have won seven Big Ten titles in that period. Football Main article: Michigan Wolverines football Michigan Marching Band salutes the 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team as it enters the field at Michigan Stadium. The Wolverines have won a record 962 games and have the most all-time wins and the third highest winning percentage in college football history, after Boise State and Ohio State. Michigan won the inaugural Rose Bowl in 1902, the first college bowl game ever played. The Wolverine football program has claimed 11 national titles.[13] Michigan's 11 national championships have come under the direction of five coaches. The first six were garnered by the team's first coaching superstar, Fielding H. Yost. Yost directed his "Point-a-Minute" teams to four consecutive national titles from 1901 to 1904, amassing a record of 41–0–1. Yost also led Michigan to national titles in 1918 and 1923. Yost was instrumental in the creation of Michigan Stadium and designed it to permit its expansion to expand to a capacity of over 150,000. Yost's legacy also lives on with Yost Ice Arena, where Michigan's men's ice hockey team plays their home games. Michigan football has won five more national titles since Yost permanently retired in 1926. The Wolverines won back-to-back titles under Harry Kipke in 1932 and 1933 and two more consecutive championships under Fritz Crisler and Bennie Oosterbaan in 1947 and 1948. Michigan won its most recent national title under Lloyd Carr in 1997. Michigan's famous football coaches include: Yost, who came to Michigan from Stanford University in 1901, Fritz Crisler, who guided Michigan to a pair of Big Ten Conference championships and the 1947 national title, has his name carried by the home of Michigan men's basketball team, Bo Schembechler won 13 Big Ten titles in his 21 seasons as head coach between 1969 and 1989, the first in 1969 when he beat his friend and mentor Woody Hayes, beginning of "The Ten Year War" era of the Michigan – Ohio State football rivalry, Lloyd Carr won five Big Ten titles in his 13 seasons at the helm and posted a winning percentage of .753. His winning percentage of .779 in conference play trails only that of Schembechler in Michigan history, Rich Rodriguez succeeded Carr following his retirement in 2007. Rodriguez coached the Wolverines through the 2010 season, compiling a record of 15–22. Rodriguez would be followed by coach Brady Hoke who would go onto coach four seasons. Hoke would end with a record of 31-20. Alumnus Jim Harbaugh would replace Hoke for the 2015 season. Rivalries See also: Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry A football game at Michigan Stadium Heisman Trophy winners Year Player 1940 Tom Harmon 1991 Desmond Howard 1997 Charles Woodson Michigan has a major rivalry with Ohio State, considered one of the fiercest rivalries in American sports. In a pair of ESPN fan polls, in 2000 and 2003, the Michigan–Ohio State series was voted the greatest rivalry in sports in America.[14] Michigan's meeting with Ohio State is almost always the last game of the two schools' regular seasons and has provided many memorable contests, such as the "Snow Bowl" of 1950. The game has frequently decided the Big Ten Champion. Michigan leads the series 58–50–6. The contest on November 18, 2006 marked the first time ever these teams had been ranked No. 1 and No. 2 going into the game, and the first time they were both undefeated since 1973. The 2007 college football match-up between Ohio State and Michigan was predicted to be the No. 2 college football game to watch in 2007 by SI.com's "Top 20 Games To Watch in 2007" list.[15] Michigan has a spirited rivalry with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Michigan leads the series 25–17–1. The two schools are among the top college football programs in all-time wins (Michigan first, Notre Dame fifth) and winning percentage (Michigan third, Notre Dame fourth) in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A), so it is perhaps fitting that when college football was in its infancy, students from the University of Michigan traveled to South Bend to teach the game to students there. Michigan also has an intrastate rival in Michigan State; the schools' football teams compete for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. Michigan leads the series 68–34–5. The Wolverines also have a tradition-rich history with the Minnesota Golden Gophers. The two football teams compete for the Little Brown Jug, a five-gallon jug with the respective schools' "M"s on either side and the scores of previous games down the middle. The Little Brown Jug was the first trophy played for between college football teams. Through 2017, Michigan leads the Brown Jug series 75–25–3. Field hockey Main article: Michigan Wolverines field hockey The 2010 Michigan field hockey team in action at Penn State Women's field hockey became a varsity sport at Michigan in 1973.[16] The Wolverines field hockey team won the 2001 NCAA title, which was the school's first national title in a women's team sport.[17] Marcia Pankratz served as the head coach of the program from 1996 to 2004 and returned to the position in 2009.[16] The Wolverines have won a total of eight Big Ten regular season titles and five Big Ten tournaments.[16] Golf Men's golf Men's golf has been a varsity sport at Michigan since 1919. The team's first coach was elocution and oratory professor Thomas Trueblood who served as coach from 1920 to 1935. Trueblood led the Michigan golf team to consecutive national championships in 1934 and 1935. Two coaches, Bert Katzenmeyer (1947–1968) and Jim Carras (1982–2002), have had tenures of at least 20 years with the program. Andrew Sapp has been the coach since 2002. In 2009, Sapp led the team to its best record in more than 50 years with 6th-place finish at the NCAA championship finals.[18] Chris Whitten became head coach in 2011 and led the team to a runner-up finish in 2013. Three Michigan golfers have won the individual intercollegiate golf championships: Johnny Fischer (1932), Chuck Kocsis (1936), and Dave Barclay (1947).[19] The team has won the Big Ten Conference Championship 12 times: 1932–36, 1942–44, 1946–47, 1949, and 1952. Women's golf Women's golf has been a varsity sport at Michigan since 1976. Cheryl Stacy, a former All-American golfer for Ohio State, took over as the team's head coach in 2009.[20] In the fall of 2009, Stacy signed a trio of highly rated high school golfers from Ohio, Florida and Georgia to national letters of intent for the 2010–11 academic year.[21] The Wolverines won their first Big Ten Championship in 2022 by four shots with a total of 857.[22] Gymnastics Men's gymnastics Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's gymnastics The Michigan men's gymnastics team has won 6 NCAA championships, 18 Big Ten championships and have been invited to 33 NCAA tournaments. Newt Loken was the head coach for 36 years from 1948 to 1983, during which time he coached the Wolverines to two NCAA team gymnastics championships, two NCAA team trampoline championships, and 21 NCAA individual event championships.[23][24] Since 1999, head coach Kurt Golder has led Michigan to national championships in 1999, 2010, 2013, 2014 and the Super Six at the NCAA tournament in 13 of the last 14 seasons. Until 1969, men's trampoline was one of the events that comprised the NCAA gymnastics championships. At that time, the event was removed in order to conform to the international gymnastics itinerary. The NCAA then bestowed a separate national title in trampoline for two years, both won by Michigan.[25][26] Women's gymnastics Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's gymnastics Women's gymnastics has been a varsity sport at Michigan since 1976. Bev Plocki has been the head coach of the women's gymnastics team since 1990. Under Plocki's leadership, the Wolverines have won 25 Big Ten championships, advanced to 28 consecutive NCAA tournaments (1993–2021) and had seven seasons in which they finished in the Top 5 at the NCAA tournament. The Wolverines gymnastics team won their first NCAA Championship in 2021. Ice hockey Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey Hoby Baker Award winners Year Player 2008 Kevin Porter 1997 Brendan Morrison The Wolverines ice hockey team, which was a member of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association until 2013 and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference, plays its home contests at Yost Ice Arena. The hockey team was coached by Red Berenson, a former UM player and is currently coached by Mel Pearson. Altogether, the program has won nine NCAA national championships (1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1964, 1996, 1998), which is also an NCAA record. In 2011, the team was invited to the NCAA tournament for a record 21st year in a row. In 2011, Michigan reached the national semi-finals (now referred to as the "Frozen Four") for an unmatched 24th time. Vic Heyliger led Michigan to a record six NCAA titles, including the first one in college hockey history in 1948. Heyliger, who played for the Wolverines from 1935 to 1937, also won national titles as Michigan coach in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955 and 1956. He was inducted into the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974, in recognition of his lifetime achievement. Heyliger is considered instrumental in getting the NCAA Tournament off the ground. Following the 1946–47 season, Heyliger wrote to each of the college coaches around the country to see if they would be interested in creating a national tournament. They obliged and the inaugural four-team NCAA tournament began the following season in 1948. Heyliger was 228–61–13 as head coach at Michigan, and his .776 winning percentage is the best at the school. His only losing season was his first year, 3–6 in 1944–45. In 1980, Heyliger was inducted into the University of Michigan Hall of Honor. The Vic Heyliger Trophy has been given out at the end of each season by the Michigan hockey team to recognize its most outstanding defenseman. Lacrosse Women's Lacrosse Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's lacrosse Men's lacrosse Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's lacrosse The Michigan men's lacrosse team in action against Ohio State The Michigan men's lacrosse team is one of the oldest collegiate lacrosse programs in the midwest, having been founded in 1940,[27] the program is also the most successful athletic program at Michigan, with an .830 all-time win percentage. The program was elevated from varsity-club status to NCAA status by the university in May 2011 and began NCAA Division I competition in 2012.[28] The Wolverines previously competed at the Division I level of the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association (MCLA), in the Central Collegiate Lacrosse Association (CCLA). In 2008 the team became the first MCLA team to complete a season undefeated, finishing 20–0 and winning their first national championship at Texas Stadium. The feat was repeated in 2009 with another 20–0 season and earned their second national championship with a 12–11 victory over Chapman University at Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Denver, Colorado. In 2010, they won their third MCLA national championship in a row, defeating Arizona State University 12–11 in Denver. Women's rowing Women's rowing has been a varsity at sport at Michigan since 1996. Mark Rothstein has been the team's coach for 18 years – since it was a club sport in 1991. Rothstein led the rowing program "from an over-achieving club squad to one of the nation's top-notch varsity rowing programs."[29] The team has placed in the Top 10 at the NCAA tournament ten times in the past 12 years. The team's best seasons came in 2000–01 and 2011–12 with Big Ten championships and second-place finishes in the NCAA tournament.[30] The Michigan men's soccer team against Loyola in 2013 Soccer Men's soccer Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's soccer Further information: Big Bear Trophy The men's soccer team plays Michigan State annually for the rights to the Big Bear Trophy, a wooden sculpture purchased by Michigan head coach Steve Burns in 2000.[31] The men's soccer advanced to the College Cup in 2010, their first in program history. More recently, the program won its first Big Ten championship in 2017. The Michigan women's soccer team against Oakland in 2013 Women's soccer Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's soccer The women's soccer team has played at the varsity level since 1994 and has twice won the Big Ten conference tournament, in 1997 and 1999.[32] It has also reached the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship twice, in 2002 and 2013 during the tenure of Debbie Rademacher, who coached the team from its inception until 2007.[32] The team is currently coached by Jennifer Klein.[33] Softball Main article: Michigan Wolverines softball The Michigan softball team playing against Northwestern in 2013 Carol Hutchins has been the head coach of the Michigan Wolverines softball team since 1985. With a career record of 1,274–435–4 (.745 winning percentage), Hutchins has more wins than any other coach in the history of the university—in both men's and women's athletics. Hutchins' teams have won 22 Big Ten championships and appeared in 28 NCAA tournaments. In June 2005, the team won the NCAA Division I Softball Championship, defeating two-time defending champion and perennial softball power UCLA two games to one. Michigan won the decisive game, 4-1, with Samantha Findlay slamming a three-run homer in the top of the tenth inning. Michigan was the first school east of the Mississippi River to win the Women's College World Series since rival Michigan State (with Carol Hutchins playing shortstop) did so in 1976. The Wolverines have appeared in 13 Women's College World Series in 1982, 1995–98, 2001–02, 2004–05, 2009, 2013 and 2015–16.[34] Swimming and diving Main article: Michigan Wolverines swimming and diving Men's swimming and diving Men's swimming and diving has been a varsity sport at Michigan since 1921.[35] With 12 NCAA national championships[26][36] (as well as 7 unofficial)[37] including the 2013 NCAA championship, the Michigan men's swimming and diving team has won more national championships than any other varsity sport in the history of the university. In addition to its 19 national championships, the team has finished in the Top 5 nationally 48 times.[35] The team's swimmers have also won 145 individual NCAA championships.[38] Three head coaches have led the squad for a combined 77 years: Matt Mann (1925–54), Gus Stager (1954–82) and Jon Urbanchek (1982–2004).[39] Michigan swimmers and divers inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame include Mike Barrowman, Dick Degener, Tom Dolan, Taylor Drysdale, Bruce Harlan, Harry Holiday, Dick Kimball, Carl Robie, and Bob Webster.[40] Mike Bottom took over as the team's head coach in 2008. In his first season as the team's head coach, Bottom led the Wolverines to a Big Ten championship and a 7th-place finish at the NCAA championship.[41] In 2013, Bottom won the program's 12th official NCAA national championship (19th overall) and its first since 1995. Women's swimming and diving Women's swimming and diving has been a varsity sport at Michigan since 1974. The team has won 19 Big Ten championships, including 12 consecutive championships from 1986 to 1998. The team has also finished in the Top 10 teams nationally 17 times. The team's best finish came in the 1994–95 season with a second-place finish in the national tournament.[42] The team has produced several national individual champions, including Julie Bachman (one-meter and three-meter diving, 1978), Emily Brunemann (1,650-yard freestyle, 2008), Ann Colloton (200-yard backstroke, 1989), Mary Fischbach (one-meter and three-meter diving, 1988), Mindy Gehrs (400-yard individual medley, 1993), Lara Hooiveld (100-yard and 200-yard breaststroke, 1993), Alecia Humphrey (100-yard backstroke, 1994; 200-yard backstroke 1994 and 1995), Sue Cahill (400-yard individual medley, 1982), and Chris Seufert (one-meter and three-meter diving, 1977).[43] Jim Richardson is in his 25th season as the head coach of the women's swimming and diving team.[44] Tennis Men's tennis Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's tennis Michigan's men's tennis team was formed in 1893. Between 1948 and 1999, the team had two head coaches. William Murphy was the coach from 1948 to 1969 and led the Wolverines to 11 Big Ten championships and the NCAA championship in 1957. Brian Eisner was the coach from 1969 to 1999 and led the team to 16 Big Ten championships and 21 NCAA tournament appearances. Bruce Berque was the head coach from 2004 to 2014 and led the team to four consecutive appearances in the NCAA tournament. The current coach is Adam Steinberg.[45] Women's tennis Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's tennis Women's tennis was established as a varsity sport in 1973. Bitsy Ritt was the head coach for 22 years from 1984 to 2006 and led the team to NCAA tournament berths in 8 of her last 11 years as head coach. The current head coach is Ronni Bernstein who has led the team to NCAA tournament berths in her first two years with the program.[46] Track and field Men's track and field Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's track and field The men's track and field team has won 57 Big Ten men's team titles and one NCAA team championship.[47] Notable alumni include Ralph Craig, winner of two gold medals at the 1912 Olympics, Brian Diemer, 1984 Summer Olympics bronze medalist in the steeplechase, Bill Donakowski, U.S. marathon champion in 1986, Archie Hahn, a winner of four Olympic gold medals at the 1904 and 1906 Olympics, DeHart Hubbard, the first African-American to win an individual Olympic gold medal and a former world record holder in the long jump, Greg Meyer, 1983 Boston Marathon winner, Ralph Rose, winner of 3 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medals in three Olympic games, Kevin Sullivan, Canadian 1500 meter record holder, Eddie Tolan, winner of two gold medals and a former world record holder in the 100-yard dash, Alan Webb, U.S. mile record holder, and Nick Willis, a four-time Olympian and a two-time Olympic medallist, with a silver medal at the Beijing Olympics in 2008, and a bronze at the summer Rio Olympics in 2016, Joseph Ellis, a multiple-time Big Ten champion and first-team All American in the hammer throw and member of the British national team, and Andrew Liskowitz, a Big Ten champion and first-team all American in the shot put throw. Women's track and field Women's track and field was established as a varsity sport in 1978. The team has won 17 Big Ten titles (eight outdoor and nine indoor). James Henry has been the head coach since 1984. The Wolverines have had their strongest finishes in the NCAA tournament in recent years—finishing third in the 2007 outdoor tournament and third in the 2008 indoor tournament.[48] Notable alumna include Lisa Larsen Weidenbach Rainsberger, who won the Boston and Chicago Marathons.[49] The Michigan volleyball team playing against Oregon in 2013 Women's volleyball Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's volleyball The women's volleyball program at the University of Michigan began in 1973. Mark Rosen has been the head coach since 1999 and has led the team to the NCAA Tournament in 18 of his 22 years as head coach, as well as took the program to its first-ever national semifinal in the NCAA Tournament in 2012. Women's water polo Main article: Michigan Wolverines women's water polo Women's water polo became a varsity sport at the University of Michigan in 2001. In its first nine years, the program has placed first in the conference nine times, won eight NCAA division titles and four NCAA eastern titles, and appeared four times in the NCAA national tournament. The Wolverines finished in the Top 5 at the national tournament in 2002 and 2009. In the spring of 2014, the Athletic Department hired Dr. Marcelo Leonardi as their new head coach. Dr. Marcelo Leonardi is in his first season as head coach for the Michigan women's water polo team. Leonardi took over the Michigan women's water polo program after spending the past five seasons as the women's water polo coach at California State University in Northridge. He also serves as the national technical director for the women's Olympic Development Program (ODP) associated with the organization since 2013. Caitlin Haskell, the assistant coach, played varsity water polo at University of California, Irvine. The Wolverines enter their 15th season in 2015.[50][51] Former Olympic Gold Medalist Betsey Armstrong was hired as the assistant coach in 2012.[52] 1922 Michigan wrestling team Wrestling Main article: Michigan Wolverines wrestling Wrestling has been a varsity sport at Michigan since 1921. The Wolverines have finished in the Top 5 in the NCAA tournament 19 times.[53] Home dual meets and tournaments take place at Cliff Keen Arena, dedicated and named after longtime wrestling coach Cliff Keen, who coached the team from 1925 until 1970 and led the Wolverines wrestling team to 13 Big Ten Conference championships. The Michigan wrestling team has produced 175 individual NCAA All-Americans dating back to 1928, has 22 individual NCAA Championships for the university, and made two winners of the NCAA Most Outstanding Wrestler Award (1940, 1978).[54] A few notable former Wolverine wrestlers include Olympic gold medalist Steve Fraser, 1978 NCAA Most Outstanding Wrestler Mark Churella, professional wrestlers The Steiner Brothers and 2006 Greco-Roman World Wrestling Champion Joe Warren, currently a mixed martial artist in Bellator MMA. Sponsorship Michigan logo and the jumpman logo at the Nike, Inc. flagship store on the Magnificent Mile during the week before the opening game for the 2016 Michigan Wolverines football team. Michigan Athletics announced in July 2015 that it would switch from sponsorship by Adidas to Nike. The deal at the time had an estimated value of $169 million and was described as "the richest apparel deal in intercollegiate athletics".[55][56] In April 2016, the University announced the signing of an 11-year $127.12 million contract for 31 Michigan sports teams, going into effect on August 1.[57] With the agreement, Michigan Wolverines football became the first football program to wear Jordan Brand attire accompanied by the jumpman logo.[58][59] Nike identifies the yellow color in the new uniforms as "Amarillo" rather than the traditional "Maize".[60] Varsity club sports In 2000, athletic director Bill Martin announced the creation of a special level for sports at Michigan called Varsity Club status. The new system was established to recognize and increase support for club sports teams that have reached a level of budget, organization and competition that is similar to varsity levels. Varsity club squads are not necessarily closer to being elevated to full varsity status, and will remain for the time being primarily self-funded and administered through the Department of Recreational Sports. However, the designation will give these teams a closer relationship to the U-M athletic department.[61] The Varsity Club status has proven to be a launching pad for sports to eventually become varsity sports at Michigan. In May 2011, men's and women's lacrosse were officially granted varsity status. Men's lacrosse began their first season of NCAA competition in 2012 while the women's program will begin varsity competition in 2014. Current varsity club sports: Men's rowing Women's synchronized skating Women's synchronized swimming Club sports The Club Sports Program at the University of Michigan, administered by the Department of Recreational Sports, comprises 35 club sports. Each club sport is a student-led organization composed primarily of students, faculty, and staff. Each club is formed, developed, governed, and administered by the student membership of that particular club, working with the Club Sports Program staff. The club sports programs include: Alpine skiing Baseball Boxing – Men Boxing – Women Brazilian jiu-jitsu Climbing Cycling Dance Fencing Field Hockey Gymnastics Ice Hockey – Men Ice Hockey – Women Lacrosse – Women Rifle Roller Hockey Rugby – Men Rugby – Women Running Sailing Shotokan Soccer – Men Soccer – Women Softball Tae Kwon Do Tennis Triathlon Ultimate Frisbee – Men Ultimate Frisbee – Women Volleyball – Men Volleyball – Women Water Polo – Men Water Polo – Women Waterski Weightlifting Wrestling Boxing The men's and women's boxing teams compete as part of the United States Intercollegiate Boxing Association. The men's team won the USIBA national championship in 2014 and 2017, while the women's team won four straight championships from 2015 to 2018[62] and was the runner-up in the 2022 tournament.[63] Michigan also hosted the 2015 USIBA tournament.[62] Rugby Main article: Michigan Wolverines men's rugby The University of Michigan Rugby Football Club plays college rugby in the Big Ten Universities conference of Division 1-A against its traditional rivals such as Michigan State and Ohio State. The Michigan rugby club was formed in 1959, although rugby at Michigan dates back to at least 1890 before fading from campus.[64] Michigan rugby is led by head coach Brandon Sparks.[65] Michigan reached the 2013 Big Ten championship match, where they lost to Indiana 58–38.[66] Michigan played in the 2014 Collegiate Rugby Championship, notching some upset wins to reach the quarterfinals in a tournament broadcast live on NBC from PPL Park in Philadelphia. Michigan returned to the 2015 Collegiate Rugby Championship, where they notched wins against UCLA and Texas to again reach the quarterfinals.[67][68] Athletic facilities [69] Facility Tenant Capacity Constructed Notes Other facilities Facility Sport Constructed Notes Championships NCAA team championships Michigan has won 39 NCAA team national championships.[74] Men's (36) Baseball (2): 1953, 1962 Basketball (1): 1989 Golf † (2): 1934,[75] 1935[76] Gymnastics (6): 1963, 1970, 1999, 2010, 2013, 2014 Ice Hockey (9): 1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1964, 1996, 1998 Swimming (12): 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1995, 2013 Tennis (1): 1957 Outdoor Track & Field (1): 1923 Trampoline (2): 1969,[77][78] 1970[79] Women's (3) Field Hockey (1): 2001 Gymnastics (1): 2021 Softball (1): 2005 † The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. See also: List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships Big Ten Conference NCAA national team championships Other national team championships Below are the 18 national team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA[77] (although seven were unofficial NCAA championships): Men's Football (11): 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1918, 1923, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1997 Swimming (7): 1927,[80] 1928,[81] 1931,[82] 1932,[83] 1934,[84] 1935,[85] 1936[86] UM's official NCAA Division I national championships have come from 11 different sports – this broad-based success is the fifth most in the NCAA record book. Only UCLA and Stanford, each with titles in 16 varying sports, USC in 15, and Texas in 12, have more diverse championship histories than the Wolverines. University of Michigan teams have also been national runners-up 41 times in 14 different sports: baseball (1), men's basketball (6), women's cross country (1), field hockey (2), men's golf (3), men's gymnastics (2), women's gymnastics (2), men's ice hockey (3), rowing (2), softball (1), men's swimming and diving (10), women's swimming and diving (1), men's outdoor track and field (1), and wrestling (6).[87] See also: List of Big Ten Conference National Championships List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships NCAA Division I Directors' Cup Main article: NACDA Directors' Cup In the NCAA Division I Director's Cup (renamed Learfield Sports Directors' Cup), Michigan has ranked No. 1 in the Big Ten rankings in 15 out of the last 27 years ending in 2020–21; the university has ranked in the top 5 nationally a total of 14 years during that 27-year span. Year Rank: National Rank: Big Ten University Top 10 rankings (1993–2021) Stanford 27 Florida 27 UCLA 23 North Carolina 22 Michigan 21 Texas 21 USC 18 Olympians Through the 2008 Summer Olympics, 204 UM students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals at each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. Through the year 2020, UM students/student-coaches (e.g., notably, Michael Phelps) have won a total of 185 Olympic medals: 85 Golds, 48 Silvers, and 52 Bronzes.[89] Last First Year Sport Event Medal Country Abbott Jim 1988 baseball gold USA Amine Myles 2020 wrestling 86k freestyle bronze San Marino Armstrong Betsey 2008 water polo Goalie silver USA Arsenault Samantha 2000 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Barrowman Mike 1992 swimming 200 m breaststroke gold USA Barton Greg 1984 kayaking 1000 m single bronze USA Barton Greg 1988 kayaking 1000 m single gold USA Barton Greg 1988 kayaking 1000 m double gold USA Barton Greg 1992 kayaking 1000 m single bronze USA Bernard Kent 1964 track 4 × 100 m relay bronze Tri.-Tobago Boggs Phil 1976 diving 3 meter gold USA Booker James 1924 track pole vault bronze USA Borges Gustavo 1992 swimming 100 m freestyle silver Brazil Borges Gustavo 1996 swimming 100 m freestyle bronze Brazil Borges Gustavo 1996 swimming 200 m freestyle silver Brazil Borges Gustavo 2000 swimming 100 m freestyle bronze Brazil Brost Todd 1992 hockey silver Canada Brundage Jennifer 2000 softball gold USA Chidester Amanda 2020 softball silver USA Christy Jim 1932 swimming 1500 m freestyle bronze USA Clawson John 1968 basketball gold USA Coe William 1904 track shot put silver USA Corson Marilyn 1968 swimming 400 m freestyle relay bronze USA Craig Ralph 1912 track 100 meters gold USA Craig Ralph 1912 track 200 meters gold USA Darnton William 1960 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Davies John 1952 swimming 200 m breaststroke gold Australia Davis/White Meryl/Charlie 2014 skating Ice Dancing gold USA Davis/White Meryl/Charlie 2010 skating Ice Dancing silver USA Degener Richard 1932 diving springboard bronze USA Degener Richard 1936 diving springboard gold USA DeLoof Catie 2020 swimming 400 m freestyle relay bronze USA Diemer Brian 1984 track 3000 m steeplechase bronze USA Doherty Ken 1928 track decathlon bronze USA Dolan Tom 1996 swimming 400 m ind. medley gold USA Dolan Tom 2000 swimming 400 m ind. medley gold USA Dolan Tom 2000 swimming 200 m ind. medley silver USA Downie Gordon 1976 swimming 800 m freestyle relay bronze Great Britain Duenkel Ginny 1964 swimming 100 m freestyle bronze USA Duenkel Ginny 1964 swimming 400 m backstroke gold USA Dvorak Charles 1904 track pole vault gold USA Dvorak John 1900 track pole vault silver USA Fraser Steve 1984 wrestling Greco-Roman gold USA Gaxiola Álvaro 1968 diving platform silver Mexico Gillanders Dave 1960 swimming 200 m butterfly bronze USA Gillanders Dave 1960 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Gorski Mark 1984 cycling 1000 m sprint gold USA Hagelin Carl 2014 hockey Left Wing silver Sweden Hahn Archie 1904 track 60 meters gold USA Hahn Archie 1904 track 100 meters gold USA Hahn Archie 1904 track 200 meters gold USA Hahn Archie 1906 track 100 meters gold USA Handy H. J. "Jam" 1904 swimming 440 yd (400 m) breaststroke bronze USA Handy H. J. "Jam" 1924 water polo bronze USA Hanley Dick 1956 swimming 800 m freestyle relay silver USA Harlan Bruce 1948 diving 3 meter bronze USA Harlan Bruce 1948 diving platform silver USA Harlock Dave 1994 hockey silver Canada Haughey Siobhán 2020 swimming 100 m freestyle silver Hong Kong Haughey Siobhán 2020 swimming 200 m freestyle silver Hong Kong Hayes Howard 1900 track 800 meters silver USA Herland Doug 1984 rowing pairs with coxswain bronze USA Hubbard Phil 1976 basketball gold USA Hubbard William DeHart 1924 track long jump gold USA Ikola Willard 1956 hockey silver USA Garrels John 1908 track shot put bronze USA Garrels John 1908 track 110 meter hurdles silver USA Jacobson Sada 2004 fencing Individual Sabre bronze USA Jacobson Sada 2008 fencing Team Sabre bronze USA Jacobson Sada 2008 fencing Individual Sabre silver USA Johnson Carl 1920 track long jump silver USA Johnson Jack 2010 hockey silver USA Johnson Kate 2004 rowing eight silver USA Jones Burwell 1952 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Kennedy Bill 1972 swimming 400 m medley relay bronze Canada Ketchum Dan 2004 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Kimball Bruce 1984 diving platform silver USA King Micki 1972 diving 3 meter gold USA Kraenzlein Alvin 1900 track 60 meter dash gold USA Kraenzlein Alvin 1900 track 110 meter hurdles gold USA Kraenzlein Alvin 1900 track 220 meter hurdles gold USA Kraenzlein Alvin 1900 track long jump gold USA Landström Eeles 1960 track pole vault bronze Finland Lang Brent 1988 swimming 400 m freestyle relay gold USA Larkin Barry 1984 baseball silver USA Mac Neil Maggie 2020 swimming 100 m butterfly gold Canada Mac Neil Maggie 2020 swimming 400 m freestyle relay silver Canada Mac Neil Maggie 2020 swimming 400 m medley relay bronze Canada Mahoney Bill 1972 swimming 400 m medley relay bronze Canada Malchow Tom 1996 swimming 200 m butterfly silver USA Malchow Tom 2000 swimming 200 m butterfly gold USA Merriott Ron 1984 diving 3 meter bronze USA Matchefts John 1956 hockey silver USA McClatchey Alan 1976 swimming 800 m freestyle relay bronze Great Britain McLean John 1900 track high hurdles silver USA Namesnik Eric 1992 swimming 400 m ind. medley silver USA Namesnik Eric 1996 swimming 400 m ind. medley silver USA Orwig Bernice 2000 water polo silver USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 200 m ind. medley gold USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 400 m ind. medley gold USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 100 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 200 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 200 m freestyle bronze USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 400 m freestyle relay bronze USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2004 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 400 m ind. medley gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 400 m freestyle relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 200 m freestyle gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 200 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 200 m ind. medley gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 100 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2008 swimming 100 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2012 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2012 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2012 swimming 100 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2012 swimming 200 m ind. medley gold USA Phelps Michael 2012 swimming 200 m butterfly silver USA Phelps Michael 2012 swimming 400 m freestyle relay silver USA Phelps Michael 2016 swimming 200 m butterfly gold USA Phelps Michael 2016 swimming 200 m ind. medley gold USA Phelps Michael 2016 swimming 400 m freestyle relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2016 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2016 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Phelps Michael 2016 swimming 100 m butterfly silver USA Ray Elise 2000 gymnastics bronze USA Riviere Jayde 2020 soccer gold Canada Roberts Trish 1976 basketball bronze USA Robie Carl 1964 swimming 200 m butterfly silver USA Robie Carl 1968 swimming 200 m butterfly gold USA Rose Ralph 1904 track shot put gold USA Rose Ralph 1904 track discus silver USA Rose Ralph 1904 track hammer bronze USA Rose Ralph 1908 track shot put gold USA Rose Ralph 1912 track shot put silver USA Rose Ralph 1912 track shot put-combined gold USA Rydze Dick 1972 diving platform silver USA Samson Paul 1928 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Schule Fred 1904 track 110 meter hurdles gold USA Seufert Chris 1984 diving platform silver USA Smoke Marcia Jones 1964 kayaking 500 m singles bronze USA Sohl Robert 1948 swimming 220 m breaststroke bronze USA Spillane Joan 1960 swimming 400 m freestyle relay gold USA Spillane Joan 1960 swimming 400 m medley relay gold USA Thompson Chris 2000 swimming 1500 m freestyle bronze USA Tolan Eddie 1932 track 100 meters gold USA Tolan Eddie 1932 track 200 meters gold USA Vanderkaay Peter 2004 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Vanderkaay Peter 2008 swimming 800 m freestyle relay gold USA Vanderkaay Peter 2008 swimming 200 m freestyle bronze USA Webster Bob 1960 diving platform gold USA Webster Bob 1964 diving platform gold USA Willis Nick 2008 track 1500 meters silver New Zealand Willis Nick 2016 track 1500m bronze New Zealand White Robert 1956 hockey bronze Canada Wouda Marcel 2000 swimming 800 m freestyle relay bronze the Netherlands Zadorsky Shelina 2020 soccer gold Canada Athletic directors Athletic director Years Charles A. Baird 1898–1909 Philip Bartelme 1909–1921 Fielding H. Yost 1921–1940 Fritz Crisler 1941–1968 Don Canham 1968–1988 Bo Schembechler 1988–1990 Jack Weidenbach 1990–1994 Joe Roberson 1994–1997 Tom Goss 1997–2000 William C. Martin 2000–2010 Dave Brandon 2010–2014 Jim Hackett 2014–2016 Warde Manuel 2016–present Mascot The Michigan Wolverines is one of the few college sports teams that does not have a live or costumed mascot, largely for reasons of tradition.[90] In the late 1920s, the Wolverines did have an unofficial mascot – Biff, the Michigan Wolverine. The first Biff was a stuffed wolverine. The second Biff was a live wolverine, who had a companion named Bennie, but the two mustelids grew to become too ferocious to be taken to games, which ended their career as mascots.[91] See also List of college athletic programs in Michigan Big Ten Athlete of the Year University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1817 by an act of the old Michigan Territory, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania, 20 years before the territory became a state, the university is Michigan's oldest. The institution was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus, a U.S. historic district. The university has been governed by an elected board of regents independently of the state since 1850, when the state's second constitution was officially adopted.[10] The university consists of nineteen colleges and offers degree programs at undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral levels in some 250 disciplines. Michigan has nine professional schools: the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Ross School of Business, Medical School, Law School, Ford School of Public Policy, College of Pharmacy, School of Social Work, School of Public Health, and School of Dentistry. It affiliates with two regional universities located in Flint and Dearborn (each separately accredited universities) and operates a center located in Detroit. Michigan is home to the country's oldest continuously existing legal organization, oldest international professional dental fraternity, oldest continuously running university hospital and longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences. Michigan has been a coeducational institution since 1871. The university's enrollment is approximately 32,000 undergraduate students and 16,000 graduate students.[6] Undergraduate admission to the university is categorized as "most selective."[11] Nearly half of the students are from out of state. International students from some 130 countries account for 15 percent of the entire student body.[6] Michigan is one of the earliest American research universities and a founding member of the Association of American Universities. As a major research center, it ranked 2nd among American universities in research expenditures and produces a large proportion of the country's publications and citations.[12][13] It has been consistently ranked among the top universities in the United States by college and university rankings.[14][15][16] In international comparison, the university occupies top positions in rankings and enjoys a distinguished academic reputation.[17] As of October 2019, 26 Nobel Prize laureates, six Turing Award laureates, two Abel Prize laureates and two Fields Medalist[18] have been affiliated with the university. It is also a leading producer of Fulbright Scholars and MacArthur Fellows.[19] The university's noted alumni include eight domestic and foreign heads of state or heads of government; 47 U.S. senators; 218 members of the U.S. House of Representatives; 42 U.S. Cabinet Secretaries; 41 U.S. governors; and 26 living billionaires.[20] As of 2022, Wolverine athletes have won 188 medals at the Olympic Games.[21] Michigan produced 921 venture capital-backed company founders as alumni or current students from 2006 to 2021, and these founders had raised a total of $26.7B, ranked 7th globally among universities overall.[22] Contents 1 History 1.1 Historical links 2 Campus 2.1 Central Campus 2.2 North Campus 2.3 South Campus 3 Organization and administration 3.1 Student government 3.2 Finances 4 Academics 4.1 Research 5 Student body 5.1 Undergraduate admissions 5.2 Enrollment 6 Student life 6.1 Residential life 6.2 Groups and activities 6.3 Collegiate secret societies 6.4 Media and publications 6.5 Safety 7 Athletics 7.1 National championships 7.2 In the Olympics 7.3 Fight songs and chants 8 Museums 9 Notable alumni 9.1 Honorary alumni 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Sources 12 External links History Main article: History of the University of Michigan The University of Michigan was founded on the 26 of August, 1817,[1] as the Catholepistemiad, or the Catholcpistemiad Michigania, under an act of the Territory of Michigan. The corporate existence of the university had its rise in the Act of 1817, and has been continuous throughout all subsequent changes of its organic law.[23]: 11  The seven-syllable Catholepistemiad was a mish-mash of Latin and Ancient Greek, translates to roughly "School of Universal Knowledge."[24] Established in 1817, the Catholepistemiad was not a university in the contemporary sense but rather a centralized system of schools, libraries, and other cultural institutions borrowing its model from the Imperial University of France founded by Napoleon I a decade earlier.[25][23]: 10  Besides carrying on the central institution, the President and Didactoriim of the Catholepistemiad were also authorized to establish private colleges, academies, libraries, etc., throughout the Territory of Michigan.[23]: 10  It was only after the State of Michigan entered the Union in 1837 that a new plan was adopted to focus the corporation on higher education.[25] The charter of the Catholepistemiad is an extraordinary example of the marked French influence upon American institutions which found its inception during the course of the Revolutionary War, and continued until it began to give way to German influence in the third or fourth decade of the 19th century.[23]: 10  Shortly after the passage of the Act of 1817, Rev. John Monteith became the first president of the Catholepistemiad, and Father Gabriel Richard, a Catholic priest, was vice president. Monteith and Richard enacted that private schools should be established in Detroit, Monroe and Mackinaw, and before the end of September, 1817, the three private schools were in operation.[23]: 11  The cornerstone of the first school house, near the corner of Bates Street and Congress Street in Detroit, was laid on September 24, 1817. Subscriptions amounting to $5,000 payable in instalments running over several years were obtained to carry on the work.[23]: 12  Of the total amount subscribed to start the work two-thirds came from Zion Masonic Lodge and its members.[26] In August 1818, a private Lancasterian school taught by Lemuel Shattuck was opened in the building. These schools' tuition rates ranged from $1.00 to $3.50 per one quarter of a year.[23]: 12  On April 30, 1821, the Territory of Michigan passed a new act changing materially the appearance, and slightly the nature of the existing educational organization.[23]: 13  A board of trustees was appointed to oversee the corporation; the positions of president and vice president were eliminated, and Monteith and Richard were appointed to the board.[1] The University of Michigan took the place of the Catholcpistemiad Michigania as the legal name of the corporation. Painting of a rolling green landscape with trees with a row of white buildings in the background University of Michigan (1855) Jasper Francis Cropsey After the State of Michigan entered the Union in 1837, the new state's early constitution granted the university an unusual degree of autonomy as a “coordinate branch of state government”. It delegated full powers over all university matters granted to its governing Board of Regents.[25] On June 3–5, the Board of Regents held its first meeting in Ann Arbor and formally accepted the proposal by the town to locate the university there.[1] The town of Ann Arbor had existed for only 13 years and had a population of about 2,000.[27] The original 40 acres (16 ha) was the basis of the present Central Campus.[28] This land was obtained through the Treaty of Fort Meigs.[29] Since the founding period, the private sector has remained the primary provider of university financing to supplement tuition collected from students. Early benefactors of the university included businessman Dexter M. Ferry (donor of Ferry Field), Arthur Hill (regent, donor of Hill Auditorium), the Nichols family (regents, donors of the Nichols Arboretum), William E. Upjohn (donor of the Peony Garden), William P. Trowbridge, John S. Newberry, who funded the construction of Helen H. Newberry Residence, and Henry N. Walker, a politician who led a group of prominent Detroit businessmen to fund the Detroit Observatory. Clara Harrison Stranahan, a close friend of Scottish-American industrialist Andrew Carnegie, donated $25,000 to the university in 1895 as a memorial of her father, Seth Harrison. The Waterman Gymnasium was financed by donations from wealthy citizens and matched Joshua W. Waterman's pledge of $20,000. When opened, the total cost of the building was $61,876.49, to which private donors contributed $49,524.34.[23]: 67  Alexander J. Davis's original University of Michigan designs featured the Gothic Revival style. Davis himself is generally credited with coining the term "Collegiate Gothic." In 1838, the Regents contracted with Alexander Jackson Davis, who according to Superintendent John Davis Pierce provided truly "magnificent designs" in the Gothic Revival style; but unfortunately the completion of them at that day would, as Pierce said, involve an expenditure of half a million dollars.[23]: 31  Although approving the designs, the tight budget of the fledgling university forced the Regents to ultimately abandon them and instead adopted a much less expensive plan.[30] The superintendent of construction on the first structure to be built for the university was Isaac Thompson, an associate of Davis.[31] Asa Gray was the first professor appointed to Michigan on July 17, 1837.[32] His position was also the first one devoted solely to botany at any educational institution in America.[33][34][35] The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.[36] Andrew Dickson White, founder and first president of Cornell University and among the earliest benefactors of Michigan, joined the Michigan faculty in 1858. He made his lasting mark on the grounds of the university by enrolling students to plant elms along the walkways on The Diag, resembling the "glorious elms" of Yale.[37] The years 1837-1850 disclosed serious weakness in the organization and working of the university. Regents of the university discovered that the organic act from which they derived their powers, made them too dependent upon the legislature. The subject was brought to the attention of the legislature more than once but without securing the desired action in order to achieve increased independence. By the late 1840s, the Regents achieved a strong position relative to collective bargaining with the legislature as the opinion was becoming common among capitalists, clergymen and intellectual elites, since by then the state derived significant tax revenue through them. Such a situation ultimately led to a change in the organic act of the university. Remodelled, the act, which was approved April 8, 1851, emancipated the university from legislative control that would have been injudicious and harmful. The office of Regent was changed from an appointed one to an elected one, and the office of President was created, with the Regents directed to select one. As Hinsdale argued, "the independent position of the university has had much to do with its growth and prosperity. In fact, its larger growth may be dated from the time when the new sections began to take effect."[23]: 40  Michigan was the first university in the West to pursue professional education, establishing its medical school in 1850, engineering courses in 1854, and a law school in 1859.[25] The university was among the first to introduce instruction in fields as diverse as zoology and botany, modern languages, modern history, American literature, pharmacy, dentistry, speech, journalism, teacher education, forestry, bacteriology, naval architecture, aeronautical engineering, computer engineering, and nuclear engineering.[25] In 1856, Michigan built the nation's first chemical laboratory.[38] That laboratory was the first structure on the North American continent that was designed and equipped solely for instruction in chemistry.[38] In 1869 Michigan opened the first university hospital in the country. James Burrill Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, expanded the curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. The University of Michigan conferred the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1855, four years after the Lawrence Scientific School at Cambridge conferred the degree in 1851, for the first time in the United States, making Michigan the second institution in the country to confer the degree.[23]: 48  The degree of Bachelor of Philosophy was conferred for the first time in the university's history upon six students in 1870.[23]: 79  The degrees of Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy was first offered in 1875.[23]: 88  Methods of instruction had also undergone important changes. The seminar method of study was first introduced into the university by Charles Kendall Adams in 1871-1872, making the university the first American institution to naturalize this product of the German soil.[39][23]: 71  By 1866, enrollment had increased to 1,205 students. Women were first admitted in 1870,[40] although Alice Robinson Boise Wood had become the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–7.[41] Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and the first Puerto Rican to get a university degree in the United States. He returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government.[42][citation needed] Michigan was involved with the building of the Philippine education, legal, and public health systems during the era of the American colonization of the Philippines through the efforts of Michigan alumni that included Dean Conant Worcester and George A. Malcolm.[43] Throughout its history, Michigan has been one of the nation's largest universities, vying with the largest private universities such as Harvard University in Cambridge and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) in New York during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then holding this position of national leadership until the emergence of the statewide public university systems in the post-WWII years.[25] By the turn of the 19th century, the university was the second largest in the United States after Harvard University.[44] Michigan is sometimes referred to as the "Harvard of the West" (though separated by over 600 miles, Michigan is located exactly west of Harvard, at 42.278 degrees north). There are several versions regarding the origin of the analogy. Still, it is widely believed that the analogy was initially circulated among the Bostonians, as the Eastern people were called, in the Midwest. Descendants of Massachusetts founding families made up a large portion of the university population in the 19th century; among them was Regent Charles Hebard, a lineal descendant of William Bradford, a founding father of Plymouth Colony.[23]: 204  It was in the first half of the twentieth century that the analogy gained increased exposure nationally with the rise of the broadcasting industry. The idea became commonly parodied in reverse after Harvard alumnus John F. Kennedy referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in the 1960 presidential campaign.[45] The Diag, ca. 1900 From 1900 to 1920, the growth of higher education led the university to build numerous new facilities. The Martha Cook Building was constructed as an all-female residence in 1915 as the result of a gift from William Wilson Cook in honor of his mother, Martha Walford Cook.[46] Cook planned to endow a professorship of law of corporations, but eventually made possible the development of the Law Quadrangle.[47] The five buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were constructed during the decade of 1923–33 on two city blocks purchased by the university: Lawyers Club, Dormitory Wing, John P. Cook Dormitory, William W Cook Legal Research Library, and Hutchins Hall.[47] The buildings, in the Tudor Gothic style, recalled the quadrangles of the two English ancient universities Oxford and Cambridge.[47] West Engineering Building, 1905 Physicists George Uhlenbeck, Hendrik Kramers, and Samuel Goudsmit circa 1928 at Michigan. In 1920, the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. Shortly after the war, in August 1946, Rensis Likert and his team formed the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. This became the Institute for Social Research (ISR) in 1949 when Dorwin Cartwright moved the Group Dynamics Research Center, the first institute devoted explicitly to group dynamics, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to the University of Michigan. In 1947, the Regents appointed a War Memorial Committee to consider establishing a war memorial in honor of students and alumni who fell in World War II, and in 1948, approved a resolution to “create a war memorial center to explore the ways and means by which the potentialities of atomic energy may become a beneficent influence in the life of man, to be known as the Phoenix Project of the University of Michigan,” leading to the world's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.[48][25] The Memorial Phoenix Project was funded by over 25,000 private contributors by individuals and corporations, such as the Ford Motor Company.[49] The University of Michigan has been the birthplace of some important academic movements, establishing the Michigan schools of thought and developing the Michigan Models in various fields. Several distinguished philosophers, John Dewey, Charles Horton Cooley, George Herbert Mead, and Robert Ezra Park, first met at Michigan. There, they would influence each other greatly.[50] In sociology, Angus Campbell co-authored the seminal book The American Voter, in 1960, alongside Philip Converse, Warren Miller and Donald Stokes, which provided the basis for the Michigan school of thought in American political behavior. One of the book's primary contributions was the introduction of the social-psychological concept of partisan identity and investigations into its effects on political behavior. This theory became known as the Michigan model of voting.[51] In business administration, Michigan Business School developed the Michigan model of HRM in 1984; it is one of the two vying approaches to human resource management. In contrast to the Harvard model, the Michigan model is considered an example of hard HRM, while the Harvard model is viewed as an example of soft HRM. The Michigan model of leadership, developed by Robert E. Quinn, Kim Cameron, and other Michigan faculty, is now one of the most important management frameworks. During the 1960s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first-ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.[52][53][54] In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice, the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society, U-M's administration banned sit-ins. In response, 1,500 students participated in a one-hour sit-in inside the Administration Building, now known as the LSA Building. In April 1968, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a group of several dozen black students occupied the Administration Building to demand that the university make public its three-year-old commitment as a federal contractor to affirmative action and to increase its efforts with respect to recruiting more African American students, faculty and staff. At that time there were no African American coaches, for instance, in the Intercollegiate Athletics Department. The university's Spectrum Center is the oldest collegiate LGBT student center in the U.S, pre-dating Penn's.[55] Due to concerns over the university's financial situation there have been suggestions for the complete separation of the university and state through privatization.[56][57] Even though the university is a public institution de jure, it has embraced funding models of a private university that emphasize tuition funding and raising funds from private donors.[58] Considering that "the University of Michigan already has only minimal fiscal ties to the state," the legislature convened a panel in 2008 that recommended converting the University of Michigan from a public to a private institution.[59] Historical links John Dewey, founder of the University of Chicago Laboratory School The University of Michigan was the first attempt in the New World to build a modern university in the European sense. The institution was the clearest and strongest presentation that had yet been made of what, in this country, at once came to be called the "Prussian ideas." It was a radically different approach to higher education; a complete civil system of education, in contradistinction to the ecclesiastical system made out of the colonial colleges. Michigan alumni and faculty members carried this newer concept of the university with them as they founded other institutions. Most notably, Andrew Dixon White and Charles Kendall Adams at Cornell University.[25] Cornell alumni David Starr Jordan and John Casper Branner passed the concept to Stanford University in the Late 19th Century. Michigan also has many historical links to other American universities through its graduates. University of California: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.[60][61] University of Chicago: Michigan alumnus Robert Ezra Park played a leading role in the development of the Chicago School of sociology. The University of Chicago Laboratory School was founded in 1896 by John Dewey and Calvin Brainerd Cady, who were members of the Michigan faculty. Cornell University: had its Law School founded by Michigan alumni Charles Kendall Adams and Harry Burns Hutchins. Harvard University: Michigan alumnus Edwin Francis Gay was the founding dean of the Harvard Business School from 1908 to 1919,[62] instrumental in the school's planning. Johns Hopkins University: had its pharmacology department established by John Jacob Abel, an alumnus of Michigan. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: had its Media Lab, the world's leading research laboratory, founded by Michigan alumnus Jerome Wiesner. Northwestern University: Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers was instrumental in transforming Northwestern from a small cluster of colleges into a major, nationally recognized university. His wife, Emma Winner Rogers, founded the Northwestern University Settlement Association.[63] Tufts University: had its College of Civic Life founded by John Angelo DiBiaggio, an alumnus of Michigan.[64] Wellesley College: Michigan alumna Alice Freeman Palmer, the President of Wellesley College from 1881 to 1887, "transformed the fledgling school from one devoted to Christian domesticity into one of the nation's premier colleges for women."[65] Yale University: had its residential college system co-organized by James Rowland Angell, a graduate of Michigan.[66] Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers introduced the "case system" and the college degree requirement into the Yale Law School. Campus The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings,[67] with a combined area of more than 37.48 million square feet (860 acres; 3.482 km2).[68] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.[69] There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.[70] In addition to the U-M Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff and alumni.[71] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.[72] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.[73] All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.[74] The 2021 state budget boosted University of Michigan funding by 5% across all 3 campuses.[75] The university has also seen increases in their sustainability efforts through climate, energy, food systems, water, and construction.[76] Central Campus Further information: University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District University of Michigan Central Campus Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Location University of Michigan campus, Ann Arbor, Michigan Area 85 acres (34 ha) Built 1840 Architectural style Late 19th and 20th Century Revivals Late Victorian Art Deco NRHP reference No. 78001514[77] Added to NRHP June 15, 1978 Central Campus was the original location of U-M when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on 40 acres (16 ha) of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original 40-acre (16 ha) campus.[28] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.[78] Residence halls located on Central Campus are split up into two groups: the Hill Neighborhood and Central Campus.[79] Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (which are connected by a skywalk), are also on Central Campus.[80] as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.[81] North Campus Earl V. Moore Building on North Campus North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km2)—that the university bought in 1952.[82] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modernist architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or Collegiate Gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[83] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon, 2 of only 57 globally. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower.[84] The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is located on North Campus.[79] North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the Stamps School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.[85] The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.[86] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library. South Campus University of Michigan Golf Course was designed by Scottish golf course architect Alister MacKenzie and opened in 1931. South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,[87] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.[88] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.[87] U-M's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Center. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, home of the Masters Tournament.[89] The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf's greatest course architect". The U-M Golf Course's signature No. 6 hole—a 310-yard (280 m) par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers—is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion Nick Faldo and golf course architect Tom Doak. The listing of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" is featured in SI's Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters on April 4, 2006.[90] Organization and administration See also: President of the University of Michigan and Board of Regents of the University of Michigan College/school Year founded[91] Literature, Science, and the Arts 1841 Medicine 1850 Engineering 1854 Law 1859 Dentistry 1875 Pharmacy 1876 Music, Theatre & Dance 1880 Nursing 1893 Architecture & Urban Planning 1906 Graduate Studies 1912 Government 1914 Education 1921 Business 1924 Environment and Sustainability 1927 Public Health 1941 Social Work 1951 Information 1969 Art & Design 1974 Kinesiology 1984 The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections[92] for overlapping eight-year terms.[93][94] Between the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1837 and 1850, the Board of Regents ran the university directly; although they were, by law, supposed to appoint a Chancellor to administer the university, they never did. Instead, a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties.[95] The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1850, which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.[96] Today, the president's office is at the Ann Arbor campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's House, the university's oldest building, located on Central Campus in Ann Arbor.[97] Mark Schlissel was the 14th president of the university and served in that role from July 2014 to January 2022. Schlissel was fired by the board after an investigation determined he "may have been involved in an inappropriate relationship with an employee of the university".[98] Mary Sue Coleman, who previously had served as Michigan's president from 2002 to 2014, is serving as interim president subsequent to Dr. Schlissel's dismissal.[98] Samuel Trask Dana Building (West Medical Building) houses the School for Environment and Sustainability There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[99] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[100] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[101] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Architecture, Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Urban Planning and Pharmacy.[100] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.[citation needed] Student government Housed in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the university. With representatives from each of the university's colleges and schools, including graduate students, CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. CSG is a 501(c)(3) organization, independent from the University of Michigan.[102] In recent years CSG has organized Airbus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.[103] CSG was successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007,[104] and during the 2013–14 school year, was instrumental in persuading the university to rescind an unpopular change in student football seating policy at Michigan Stadium.[105] In 2017, CSG successfully petitioned the Ann Arbor City Council to create a Student Advisory Council to give student input into Ann Arbor city affairs.[106] There are student governance bodies in each college and school, independent of Central Student Government. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG).[107] Engineering Student Government (ESG) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG), and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate (LSSS) as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition, the students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association (RHA), which contains the third most constituents after CSG and LSA SG.[108] William W. Cook Legal Research Library and other buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were built during 1923–33 and then donated to the university by William Wilson Cook. It was the university's most significant private gift at the time. A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.[109] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.[110] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.[109] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.[111] Finances Total Endowment and Annual Giving, by year[12] [112] [113] [114] Endowment Assets x $1000 National Rank Annual Giving x $1000 National Rank 2018 11,901,760 9 490,035 15 2017 10,936,014 8 456,132 15 2016 9,743,461 9 433,776 14 2015 9,952,113 9 394,310 18 As of 2019, U-M's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $12.4 billion.[115] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, U-M embarked on a fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference", which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million designated for the permanent endowment.[116] Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.[117] Ultimately, the campaign raised $3.2 billion over 8 years. Over the course of the capital campaign, 191 additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to 471 as of 2009.[118] Like nearly all colleges and universities, U-M suffered significant realized and unrealized losses in its endowment during the second half of 2008. In February 2009, a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent.[119] The university achieved the fourth-highest overall research publication output among American research universities in the 2020 Nature Index, behind Harvard, Stanford and MIT.[13] In the 1980s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In its 2011 annual financial report, the university announced that it had dedicated $497 million per year in each of the prior 10 years to renovate buildings and infrastructure around the campus. In the early 2000s, Michigan faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. In fact, the university did not receive direct state appropriations until 1867, and for most of its history, state support has been limited.[25] James Duderstadt, Michigan president from 1988 to 1996, had argued for years that it was a misnomer to call schools like the University of Michigan "state universities." The state's annual contribution to the school's operating budget was less than 6%. "The state is our smallest minority shareholder," he said.[56] In 2011 less than 5% of its support comes from state appropriations, a number continued to drop still further in the years ahead.[25] Between the years 2000 and 2008, the university was engaged in a $2.5 billion capital raising campaign which, after an eight-year duration, raised $3.11 billion, at the time a record for a US public university.[120] Academics Academic rankings National Forbes[121] 22 THE / WSJ[122] 24 U.S. News & World Report[123] 23 Washington Monthly[124] 16 Global ARWU[125] 26 QS[126] 25 THE[127] 24 U.S. News & World Report[128] 19 The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[129][130][131] The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[129] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[132] With over 200 undergraduate majors, and 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,[133] U-M conferred 6,490 undergraduate degrees, 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011–2012.[134] The 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked Michigan 3rd among public universities in the United States.[135] Michigan was ranked 6th in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs Rankings.[136] Michigan was ranked 3rd in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Business Programs Rankings.[137] The 2020 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked Michigan as the No. 9 "Dream College" among students and the No. 7 "Dream College" among parents.[138] The 2022-23 edition of the CWUR rankings ranked Michigan 12th nationally and 15th globally[139] The University of Michigan is ranked among The Best Colleges in America in 2022[140] and positioned #1 on Money.com’s list.[141] [142][143][144][145] Graduation Rates Retention Rates Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan Total 4-year 6-year 4-year 6-year 4-year 6-year 4-year 6-year Fall 2014 Cohort 70.0% 88.5% 80.2% 93.6% 83.0% 94.3% 80.9% 93.4% Increase 96.2% Decrease Fall 2013 Cohort 70.6% 87.6% 78.6% 93.3% 82.3% 94.4% 80.0% 93.2% Increase 96.9% Decrease Fall 2012 Cohort 68.6% 85.3% 78.4% 90.5% 81.4% 93.6% 79.0% 91.9% Increase 97.3% Increase Fall 2011 Cohort 66.0% 86.9% 74.3% 90.5% 80.4% 93.0% 77.1% 91.6% Increase 97.1% Increase Fall 2010 Cohort 67.4% 84.8% 72.0% 87.1% 79.6% 93.6% 76.5% 91.2% Increase 97.0% Decrease USNWR Global Program Rankings[146] Program Ranking Social Sciences & Public Health 6 Surgery 11 Arts & Humanities 10 Oncology 15 Computer Science 18 Economics & Business 12 Clinical Medicine 12 Infectious Diseases 12 Biology & Biochemistry 17 Psychiatry/Psychology 13 Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems 18 Gastroenterology and Hepatology 22 Engineering 21 Pharmacology & Toxicology 27 Molecular Biology & Genetics 15 Mathematics 21 Endocrinology and Metabolism 23 Public, Environmental and Occupational Health 22 Cell Biology 26 Physics 25 Mechanical Engineering 36 Space Science 25 Environment/Ecology 35 Immunology 31 Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging 37 Chemistry 46 Condensed Matter Physics 85 Optics 57 Physical Chemistry 84 Microbiology 43 Materials Science 44 Neuroscience & Behavior 40 Energy and Fuels 76 Civil Engineering 46 Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology 56 Geosciences 67 Chemical Engineering 94 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 87 Plant and Animal Science 93 Electrical and Electronic Engineering 105 USNWR National Undergraduate Rankings[147] Ranking Engineering (overall) 6 Aerospace /Aeronautical / Astronautical 5 Biomedical 7 Chemical 11 Civil 7 Computer 7 Electrical / Electronic / Communications 5 Environmental / Environmental Health 2 Industrial / Manufacturing 3 Materials 5 Mechanical 6 Business (overall) 4 Accounting 5 Analytics 10 Entrepreneurship 5 Finance 3 International Business – Management 2 Management Information Systems – Marketing 1 Production / Operation Management 3 Quantitative Analysis 9 Supply Chain Management / Logistics 7 Computer Science (overall) 13 Artificial Intelligence 11 Computer Systems 7 Cybersecurity 10 Data Analytics/Science 10 Mobile/Web Applications 8 Programming Languages – Theory – Nursing 4 USNWR National Graduate Rankings[148] Ranking Social Work 1 Sociology 2 Biostatistics 4 Nursing–Midwifery 2 Health Care Management 3 Pharmacy 3 Psychology 3 Engineering 9 Political Science 4 Library and Information Studies 6 Medicine: Primary Care 20 Public Health 6 History 2 Education 8 English 8 Fine Arts 8 Public Affairs 8 Law 10 Nursing: Master's 8 Clinical Psychology 10 Earth Sciences 6 Computer Science 11 Statistics 7 Economics 12 Mathematics 11 Business 10 Nursing: Doctorate 7 Physics 15 Medicine: Research 17 Chemistry 14 Biological Sciences 23 Research See also: List of University of Michigan faculty and staff Research outputs, by year[149][150][151][13] Share National Rank Global Rank 2020 398.64 Increase 4 11 2019 343.84 Decrease 5 14 2018 344.48 Increase 6 14 2017 336.06 Increase 5 11 [139]Michigan is one of the founding members (in the year 1900) of the Association of American Universities. With over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and 471 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline,[152] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. According to the National Science Foundation, Michigan spent $1.6 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 2nd in the nation.[153] This figure totaled over $1 billion in 2009.[154] The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.[154] U-M also has a technology transfer office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests. The Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research was constructed in 1924 as the result of a donation from the widow of iron magnate Thomas H. Simpson, in memory of her late husband, who had died of pernicious anemia In 2009, the university signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km2) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m2) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of administrative space. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not fully articulated, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.[155] The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG[156] and the gastroscope.[157] The university's 13,000-acre (53 km2) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.[158] In the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model[159] that model became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).[160] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.[161] R&D statistics, by year[12][112][113][114] Total Research x $1000 National Rank Federal Research x $1000 National Rank National Academy Members National Rank 2017 1,434,535 2 822,436 3 118 9 2016 1,357,228 2 780,080 3 113 12 2015 1,300,340 2 728,712 3 108 13 2014 1,279,603 2 733,779 3 106 13 U-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,[162] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[163] The U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 13.3 million volumes as of 2012.[164] U-M was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.[165] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the U-M library system. In the late 1960s U-M, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.[166] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by U-M. Another major contribution took place in 1987 when a proposal submitted by the Merit Network together with its partners IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan won a national competition to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.[167] In 2006, U-M joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.[168] The three universities are electronically interconnected via the Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR, pronounced 'MY-lar'), a high-speed data network providing 10 Gbit/s connections between the three university campuses and other national and international network connection points in Chicago.[169] In May 2021, the university announced plans to cut carbon emissions from its campuses. The plan covers all of its operations and goals include removing emissions from direct, on-campus sources by 2040.[170] Student body Undergraduate admissions Admissions statistics 2021 entering class[171] Admit rate 19.5% (16,235 out of 83,029) Yield rate 46.4% Test scores middle 50% SAT EBRW 680–760 SAT Math 710–790 ACT Composite 32–35 High school GPA Average 3.90 The requirements for admission to the freshman class were first published in August 1841, with fluency in ancient languages, such as Latin and Greek, being among the many requirements.[23]: 33  Candidates for admission to the freshman class were examined in English grammar, geography, arithmetic, algebra, Virgil, Cicero's Select Orations, Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and Sophocles's Greek Grammar. In 1851, the university dropped the requirement for students who did not wish to pursue the usual collegiate course embracing the ancient languages, permitting their admission without examination in such languages.[23]: 44  This provision may be considered a prelude to scientific education. Requirements for admission varied from department to department in the early days, and admissions were mostly given by referral. Candidates were required to do no more than satisfying professors on such inquiry as professors saw fit to make of their ability to do the work to obtain admission to the university. Such a practice was deemed flawed, eventually leading to corruption. In 1863, a rigid generalized entrance examination was imposed, creating one standard of qualifications for admission to all the departments, academical and professional.[23]: 79  The early administration praised the then-new practice for its role in strengthening admission to the university.[23]: 44  The entrance examination imposed in 1863 had played a significant role in the admission process during the 19th century until the emergence of the nationwide standardized tests, which were not offered until 1900. Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. U.S. News & World Report rates Michigan "Most Selective"[11] and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 96 out of 99.[172] Admissions are characterized as "more selective, lower transfer-in" according to the Carnegie Classification.[129][173] Michigan received over 83,000 applications for a place in the 2021–22 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States.[173][174] In recent years, annual numbers of applications for freshman admission have exceeded 83,000. Around 16,000 students are offered admission annually, with a target freshman class of more than 7,000 students.[173] Students come from all 50 U.S. states and nearly 100 countries.[173] In academic year 2019–20 full-time undergraduate students made up about 97 percent of the undergraduate student body, with a first-time student retention rate of almost 97 percent.[171] In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.[175] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding, but it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.[citation needed] The debate continued because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.[176] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action that Proposal 2 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.[176] Enrollment Student body composition as of May 2, 2022  Race and ethnicity[177] Total White 55%   Asian 16%   Other[a] 10%   Hispanic 7%   Foreign national 7%   Black 4%   Economic diversity Low-income[b] 18%   Affluent[c] 82%   In Fall 2016, the university had an enrollment of 44,718 students: 28,983 undergraduate students, 12,565 graduate students and 2,665 first professional students[6][100] in a total of 600 academic programs. Of all students, 37,954 (84.9%) are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 6,764 (15.1%) are international students.[6] In 2014, undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools or colleges: About 61 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; 21 percent in the College of Engineering; 5.3 percent in the Ross School of Business; 3.3 percent in the School of Kinesiology; 2.7 percent in the School of Music, Theatre & Dance; and 2 percent in the School of Nursing. Small numbers of undergraduates were enrolled in the colleges or schools of Art & Design, Architecture & Urban Planning, Dentistry, Education, Pharmacy, and Public Policy.[100] In 2014, the School of Information opened to undergraduates, with the new Bachelor of Science in Information degree. Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years.[178] West Hall at the Southeast corner of the Diag Of the university's 12,714 non-professional graduate students, 5,367 are seeking academic doctorates and 6,821 are seeking master's degrees. The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business (1,812 students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees) and the College of Engineering (1,456 students seeking M.S. or M.Eng. degrees). The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (2,076) and College of Engineering (1,496). While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees. Presently, the School for Environment and Sustainability, School of Public Health, and School of Social Work only have graduate students.[100] In Fall 2014, 3,411 Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools: the School of Dentistry (628 students), Law School (1,047 students), Medical School (1,300 students), and College of Pharmacy (436 students).[100] Student life Residential life Main article: University of Michigan Housing Law Quadrangle Law Quadrangle, constructed during the decade of 1923–33, was designed by York and Sawyer in the Tudor style recalled the quadrangles of the two English ancient universities Oxford and Cambridge The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students, or nearly 25 percent of the total student population at the university.[179] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,[180] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.[181] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas. Statue of Portia, above the front entrance to the Martha Cook Residence Hall Lawyers Club Dining Hall The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars, medical sciences, community service and the German language.[182] The Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars and the Women in Science and Engineering Residence Program are housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. The Michigan Community Scholars Program, dedicated to civic engagement, community service learning and intercultural understanding and dialogue, is located in West Quad.[183] The Lloyd Hall Scholars Program (LHSP) is located in Alice Lloyd Hall. The Health Sciences Scholars Program (HSSP) is located in Couzens Hall. The North Quad complex houses two additional living-learning communities: the Global Scholars Program[184] and the Max Kade German Program.[185] It is "technology-rich," and houses communication-related programs, including the School of Information, the Department of Communication Studies, and the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures.[186][187] North Quad is also home to services such as the Language Resource Center and the Sweetland Center for Writing.[188] Betsy Barbour Residence Hall, one of three all-female residence halls on campus, was designed by Albert Kahn in the English Georgian style. The residential system also has a number of "theme communities" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests. These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism.[189] The Adelia Cheever Program is housed in the Helen Newberry House.[190] The First Year Experience is housed in the Baits II Houses and Markley Hall along with portions of all other buildings with the exception of North Quad, Northwood, and Stockwell Hall.[191] The Sophomore Experience is housed in Stockwell Hall and the Transfer Year Experience is housed in Northwood III.[192][193] The newly organized International Impact program is housed in North Quad.[194] Stockwell Residence Hall Groups and activities The university lists 1,438 student organizations.[195] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights, such as local chapters of Students for a Democratic Society and United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS). The latter group seeks to hold accountable multinational companies that exploit their workers in factories around the world where college apparel is produced. Although the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics,[196] there are also conservative groups, such as Young Americans for Freedom, and non-partisan groups, such as the Roosevelt Institute. Michigan Union, an Art Deco building constructed on land wholly owned by the student society in 1917, was designed by Michigan alumni Irving Kane Pond and Allen Bartlit Pond. There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.[197] Michigan Interactive Investments,[198] the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society[199] are also affiliated with the university. The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,[200] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,[201] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.[202] Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately 17% of undergraduates are involved in Greek life. Membership numbers for the 2009–2010 school year reached the highest in the last two decades. Four different Greek councils—the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association—represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.[203] The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.[204] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.[205] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus. Delta Sigma Delta, the first dental fraternity in the world The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,[206] is the university's marching band. Over 100 years old,[207] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.[208] Its eight-member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.[209] The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and Compulsive Lyres, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.[210] The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.[211] Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked The Michigan G-Men and Amazin' Blue at #7 and #13, respectively, out of all groups that have ever competed in ICCA.[212] Phi Delta Phi, the oldest legal organization in continuous existence in the United States. National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.[213] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors," "with High Honors," or "with Honors."[213] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.[213] The archway to the Law Quadrangle The University of Michigan also encourages many cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus. There are currently over 317 organizations under this category.[214] There are organizations for almost every culture from the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association[215] to African Students Association[216] to even the Egyptian Student Association.[217] These organizations hope to promote various aspects of their culture along with raising political and social awareness around campus by hosting an assortment of events throughout the school year. These clubs also help students make this large University into a smaller community to help find people with similar interests and backgrounds. Collegiate secret societies The University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed. Michigauma, more recently known as the Order of Angell, was formed in 1902 by a group of seniors in coordination with University president James Burrill Angell. The group disbanded itself in 2021 due to public concerns about elitism and the society's history. The group was granted a lease for the top floor of the Michigan Union tower in 1932, which they referred to as the "tomb," but the society vacated the space in 2000. Until more recent reforms, the group's rituals were inspired by the culture of Native Americans.[218] Some factions on campus identified Michigauma as a secret society, but many disputed that characterization, as its member list has been published some years in The Michigan Daily and the Michiganensian, and online since 2006 reforms. Adara, known as Phoenix, was formed in the late 1970s by women leaders on campus and disbanded itself in 2021 amid campus criticisms of secret societies.[219] In the early 1980s they joined the tower society and occupied the sixth floor of the tower just below Michigamua. Vulcans, occupied the fifth floor of the Union tower though were not formally a part of the tower society. They draw their heritage from the Roman god Vulcan. The group which used to do its tapping publicly is known for its long black robes and for its financial contributions of the College of Engineering. Media and publications Several academic journals are published at the university: The Law School publishes the well-regarded Michigan Law Review and six other law journals: The Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender and Law.[220] The Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business. Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies. The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. The yearbook is the Michiganensian, founded in 1896. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication Gargoyle Humor Magazine is also published by Michigan students. WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A carrier current station, it was launched in 1953.[221] Safety The University of Michigan Division of Public Safety and Security (DPSS) is responsible for law enforcement and safety on the main campus. The Division of Public Safety leadership team is made up of one executive director, three division deputy directors, three police chiefs and four directors. In addition, the team is also joined by two program managers and an executive assistant.[222] The University of Michigan Police Department (UMPD) is a full-service community-oriented law enforcement agency under the DPSS. Its police officers are licensed by the Michigan Commission on Law Enforcement Standards (MCOLES), and have full authority to investigate, search, arrest and use reasonable force, if necessary, to protect people and property under Michigan law and the U-M Regents’ Ordinance.[223] The Special Victims Unit (SVU) of the U-M Police Department (UMPD) assists those who have experienced interpersonal violence, such as sexual assault, intimate partner violence, dating violence, stalking or child abuse.[224] Violent crime is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including Theodore Kaczynski's attempted murder of professor James V. McConnell and research assistant Nicklaus Suino in 1985. Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, graduated from Michigan with his PhD in 1967. A radical left-wing militant organization Weather Underground was founded at the university in 1969.[225] It was later designated a domestic terrorist group by the FBI.[226] In 2014, the University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.[227] Seven years later, in 2021, the university attracted national attention when a report commissioned by the university was released that detailed an investigation into sexual assault allegations against doctor Robert Anderson who reportedly sexually abused at least 950 university students, many of whom were athletes, from 1966 to 2003.[228] Several football players from that time say legendary football coach Bo Schembechler ignored and enabled the abuse and told players to "toughen up" after being molested.[229] Schembechler reportedly punched his then 10-year-old son Matthew after he reported abuse by Dr. Anderson.[230] Following the exposure of a similar history of abuse at Ohio State University, male survivors of both Anderson at Michigan and Strauss at Ohio State spoke out to combat sexual abuse.[231] The University of Michigan settled with the survivors for $490 million.[232] Athletics Main article: Michigan Wolverines Burgee of University of Michigan The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines. They participate in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except women's water polo, which is a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association. U-M boasts 27 varsity sports, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams.[233] In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 21 of the award's 29 seasons between 1993-2021 and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.[234] More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events,[235] and as of 2021 its students and alumni have won 155 Olympic medals.[236] Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of 107,601[237] (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for Fritz Crisler[238]) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—regularly exceeds the official capacity.[239] The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium. U-M is also home to 29 men's and women's club sports teams, such as rugby, hockey, volleyball, boxing, soccer, and tennis. National championships The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (976 through the end of the 2021 season) and fourth among FBS schools in winning percentage (.729).[240][241] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.[242] The Wolverines have won a record 43 Big Ten championships. The program has 11 national championships, most recently in 1997,[243] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.[244] The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships.[245] The men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which illicit payments to players took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.[246] The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships. In the Olympics Through the 2012 Summer Olympics, 275 U-M students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. U-M students/student-coaches (e.g., notably, Michael Phelps) have won a total of 185 Olympic medals: 85 golds, 48 silvers, and 52 bronzes.[247] Fight songs and chants The University of Michigan's fight song, "The Victors", was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that won a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa to be "the greatest college fight song ever written."[248] The song refers to the university as being "the Champions of the West." At the time, U-M was part of the Western Conference, which would later become the Big Ten Conference. Michigan was considered to be on the Western Frontier when it was founded in the old Northwest Territory. Although mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief",[249] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at his funeral.[250] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue." A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.[251] Before "The Victors" was officially the university's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.[252] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song "Varsity" was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.[253] Museums For a more comprehensive list, see List of museums and collections at the University of Michigan. Newberry Hall (Kelsey Museum of Archeology) The university is also home to several public and research museums including but not limited to the University Museum of Art, University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, Detroit Observatory, Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry, and the LSA Museum of Anthropological Archaeology. Kelsey Museum of Archeology has a collection of Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern artifacts.[254] Between 1972 and 1974, the museum was involved in the excavation of the archaeological site of Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria.[255] The Kelsey Museum re-opened November 1, 2009 after a renovation and expansion.[256] The collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art include nearly 19,000 objects that span cultures, eras, and media and include European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African art, as well as changing exhibits. The Museum of Art re-opened in 2009 after a three-year renovation and expansion.[257] UMMA presents special exhibitions and diverse educational programs featuring the visual, performing, film and literary arts that contextualize the gallery experience.[258] The University of Michigan Museum of Natural History began in the mid-19th century and expanded greatly with the donation of 60,000 specimens by Joseph Beal Steere in the 1870s. The building also houses three research museums: the Museum of Anthropology, Museum of Paleontology. Today, the collections are primarily housed and displayed in the Ruthven Museums Building which was completed in 1928.[259] Notable alumni For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Michigan alumni. In addition to the late U.S. president Gerald Ford, the university has, as of 2020, produced thirty-four Pulitzer Prize winners, twenty-seven Rhodes Scholars,[260] one Mitchell Scholar[261] and nine Nobel laureates. As of 2012, the university has almost 500,000 living alumni.[262] More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either a United States Senator (47 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 215 graduates), including former House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt[263] and U.S. Representative Justin Amash, who represented Michigan's Third Congressional District.[264] Mike Duggan, Mayor of Detroit, earned his bachelor's degree and J.D. degree at Michigan, while the former Michigan Governor Rick Snyder earned his bachelor, M.B.A., and J.D. degrees from Michigan. Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson received his medical degree from the U-M medical school. Thomas E. Dewey, another Michigan alumnus, was the Governor of New York from 1943 to 1954 and was the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1944 and 1948 presidential elections. The 13th President of Pakistan, Arif Alvi, completed his master's degree in prosthodontics in 1975. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States William Rufus Day (B.S.) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States William Rufus Day (B.S.)   Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States George Alexander Sutherland Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States George Alexander Sutherland   Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States William Francis Murphy (J.D. 1914) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States William Francis Murphy (J.D. 1914)   United States Secretary of Agriculture Julius Sterling Morton (B.A.) United States Secretary of Agriculture Julius Sterling Morton (B.A.)   Puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada David Mills (LAW: LLB 1867) Puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada David Mills (LAW: LLB 1867)   Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Maria Lourdes Sereno (LLM) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Maria Lourdes Sereno (LLM)   38th President of the United States Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (B. A. 1935, HLLD 1974) 38th President of the United States Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (B. A. 1935, HLLD 1974)   British politician George Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown (MA) British politician George Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown (MA)   British politician Howard Emerson Flight, Baron Flight (BUS: MBA) British politician Howard Emerson Flight, Baron Flight (BUS: MBA)   33rd Governor of Michigan William Alfred Comstock 33rd Governor of Michigan William Alfred Comstock U-M's contributions to aeronautics include aircraft designer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed Skunk Works fame,[265] Lockheed president Willis Hawkins, and several astronauts including the all-U-M crews of both Gemini 4[266] and Apollo 15.[267] Robert E. Park Alice Hamilton (MED: MD 1893) Claude Shannon (A.B., B.S.E.E.) Numerous U-M graduates contributed greatly to the field of computer science, including Claude Shannon (who made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory),[268] and Turing Award winners Edgar Codd, Stephen Cook, Frances E. Allen and Michael Stonebraker. U-M also counts among its alumni nearly two dozen billionaires, including prominent tech-company founders and co-founders such as Dr. J. Robert Beyster, who founded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1969[269] and Google co-founder Larry Page.[270] Alice Freeman Palmer (A.B. 1876, Ph.D. Hon 1882) Several prominent and/or groundbreaking women have studied at Michigan—by 1900, nearly 150 women had received advanced degrees from U-M.[271] Sarah Dix Hamlin was the first female student accepted to the University of Michigan. She graduated in 1874.[272] Marjorie Lee Browne received her M.S. in 1939 and her doctoral degree in 1950, becoming the third African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics.[273][274] Many, however, were forced to leave the university to continue their studies or to become faculty in their own right elsewhere, like Katharine Coman—when U-M President James Angell offered her a "Dean of Women" position, she told him that ″′if the regents...wish to propose a chaperone for students, and propose to dignify that office by allowing the woman who holds it to do a little University teaching,′ she was not interested. If, however, the regents accepted women as equal partners and as faculty, and if she were one of several women given proper rank and authority, she would consider it.″[271] Michigan's Regents did not accept, so instead Coman became dean, founder of the Economics Department, and the first female statistics professor in the US at Wellesley College.[275]: 15  Notable writers who attended U-M include playwright Arthur Miller,[263] essayists Susan Orlean,[263] Jia Tolentino,[276] Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,[263] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Indian author and columnist Anees Jung, Daniel Okrent,[263] and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy,[263] Brad Meltzer,[263] Betty Smith,[263] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,[263] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, and Alireza Jafarzadeh (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator). In Hollywood, famous alumni include actors Michael Dunn,[263] Darren Criss, James Earl Jones,[263] David Alan Grier,[263] actresses Lucy Liu,[263] Gilda Radner,[263] and Selma Blair,[263] television director Mark Cendrowski, and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.[263] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel,[263] Andrew Keenan-Bolger, his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger, and Taylor Louderman attended U-M for musical theatre. The musical theatre group StarKid Productions had their start at the university, and staged multiple productions there.[277] Musical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman,[263] singer Joe Dassin, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.[263] Well-known composers who are alumni include Frank Ticheli, Andrew Lippa, and the Oscar and Tony Award-winning duo Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. Pop superstar Madonna[263] and rock legend Iggy Pop,[263] attended but did not graduate. 14th President of Yale University James Rowland Angell, an early proponent of eugenics, graduated from Michigan in 1890. His father, James Burrill Angell, was president of Michigan from 1871 to 1909. Other U-M graduates include former Dean of Harvard Law School Martha Minow, Dean of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Erika H. James, current Dean of Yale Law School, Heather Gerken, assisted-suicide advocate Dr. Jack Kevorkian,[263] Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,[278] activist Tom Hayden,[263] architect Charles Moore,[279] the Swedish Holocaust hero Raoul Wallenberg,[280] and Civil War General Benjamin D. Pritchard.[281] Neurosurgeon and CNN chief medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at the university.[282] Clarence Darrow attended law school at U-M at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education.[263] Frank Murphy, who was mayor of Detroit, governor of Michigan, attorney general of the United States, and Supreme Court justice was also a graduate of the Law School.[263] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is another U-M law school graduate (J.D. 1988).[263] Vaughn R. Walker, a federal district judge in California who overturned the controversial California Proposition 8 in 2010 and ruled it unconstitutional, received his undergraduate degree from U-M in 1966.[283] Kenneth Marin, who became a professor of economics after he graduated from the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a member of the White House Consumer Advisory Council where he served on Wage and Price Control in the mid-1960s. He went to Tanzania in the late sixties and worked as an economic advisor to the government of President Julius Nyerere until the early 1970s. U-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.[263] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991) and Charles Woodson (1997).[244] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan, with the latter studying Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.[284] National Hockey League players Marty Turco, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Dylan Larkin, Zach Hyman, Brendan Morrison,[263] Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri[263] all played for U-M's ice hockey team. Baseball Hall of Famers George Sisler and Barry Larkin also played baseball at the university.[263] Several team owners have also been alumni, including multiple-team owner Bill Davidson (NBA Detroit Pistons, NHL Tampa Bay Lightning, WNBA Detroit Shock, among others) and NFL owners Stephen M. Ross (Miami Dolphins), Preston Robert Tisch (New York Giants), and Ralph Wilson (Buffalo Bills). The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the Moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 (two of whom had engineering degrees from U-M; the third had attended for a year before transferring[267]) placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.[263] The plaque states: "The Alumni Association of The University of Michigan. Charter Number 1. This is to certify that The University of Michigan Club of The Moon is a duly constituted unit of the Alumni Association and entitled to all the rights and privileges under the Association's Constitution." Several small U-M flags were also brought on the mission; a persistent campus legend claims at least one flag was left on the Moon.[267] Honorary alumni Edward Wood (HLLD 1944), 1st Earl of Halifax Edward Wood (HLLD 1944), 1st Earl of Halifax   Haile Selassie I (HDCL 1954), Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I (HDCL 1954), Emperor of Ethiopia   Sukarno (HDCL 1956), First President of Indonesia Sukarno (HDCL 1956), First President of Indonesia   Queen Juliana (HDCL 1965), Queen of the Netherlands Queen Juliana (HDCL 1965), Queen of the Netherlands   Nelson Mandela (HLLD 1987), Father of the Nation for South Africa Nelson Mandela (HLLD 1987), Father of the Nation for South Africa   Elie Wiesel (HDHL 1992), Recipient of Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 Elie Wiesel (HDHL 1992), Recipient of Nobel Peace Prize in 1986

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