Millennium Crown Year 2000 Silver Coin Stamps Old Queen Elizabeth II Hologram UK

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Seller: Top-Rated Seller anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33,495) 99.8%, Location: Manchester, Take a Look at My Other Items, GB, Ships to: WORLDWIDE, Item: 315028611935 Millennium Crown Year 2000 Silver Coin Stamps Old Queen Elizabeth II Hologram UK. Millenium Year 2000 Crown This is Cupro-Nickle Crown Coin with Velvet Case & four millennium stamps Canada 1999 / 2000 Hologram Stamp - The year on the stamp changes from 1999 to 2000 Canada Boy with Peace Dove Stamp USA Baby Year 2000 Stamp Australia Celebration 1999 / 2000 Hologram Stamp -  The year on the stamp changes from 1999 to 2000 1999 Millennium £5 Crown The Greenwich Meridian Greenwich Mean Time is recognised throughout the world as an international time zone system with every day beginning and ending from twelve midnight at Greenwich. Despite its universality, GMT is in fact of fairly recent adoption, influenced by the arrival of the railways. The development of railway networks enabled people to travel faster than the speed of the sun. With each town adhering to local time the organisation of a timetable proved impossible and a uniform system of keeping time became essential. By the mid-nineteenth century the majority of clocks on church towers and town halls were set to GMT and towards the end of the century it was given formal authority as British standard time. Greenwich was also chosen for a worldwide time zone system by the International Meridian Conference, 1884. The 1999 Millennium Crown With a denomination (face value) of five pounds, the Millennium Crown has been produced by the Royal Mint as a lasting souvenir of the occasion. Obverse The obverse (head), which is dated 1999, bears the fourth major different portrait of the Queen, designed by Ian Rank-Broadley, and introduced in 1998. Reverse Designed by Jeffery Matthews and modelled by Royal Mint engraver Robert Evans, the reverse of the coin perfectly captures the passage of time from this century into the new millennium. The focal point of the design bears a representation of the British Isles with a pair of clock hands, pivoted on Greenwich and set at the crucial twelve o'clock position, with the important millennium dates of 1999 and 2000 incorporated either side. In addition, the traditional beading around the outer edge has been transformed into the minutes and hours of a clock face, further enhancing the essential theme of the design. This is continued by the incuse edge inscription:- WHAT'S PAST IS PROLOGUE taken from Shakespeare's The Tempest and recognising the dawn of the new millennium as an opportunity to look into the future. The First Millennium For Britain the start of the first millennium is marked by the presence of the Romans, who brought with them a hitherto unknown level of civilisation, including an efficient communications system, incredible construction skills and even central heating. Following their departure, a long and ultimately futile struggle against the invasions and settlement of people from the Continent of Europe saw Britain again become a patchwork of numerous kingships, each loath to relinquish their sovereignty. Not until the military success of Alfred the Great, did England start to find an enduring unity, but at the end of the first millennium AD a major role on the world scene was still some way distant. The Second Millennium During the second millennium the pace of change quickened dramatically. If the Domesday Book revealed a small and rural economy, the centuries that followed transformed the country into a highly advanced industrial nation. Not only did British scientists and engineers lead the way in discovery and innovation but the nation that produced Newton also showed itself capable of giving birth to great writers, poets, artists, and composers. The name of Shakespeare, for instance, is known throughout the world and it is appropriate that one of his plays should have provided the edge inscription for the new millennium crown. Specifications Version   Diameter Weight Alloy Uncirculated 38.61 28.28 Cupro-nickel  
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The millennium celebrations were a worldwide, coordinated series of events to celebrate and commemorate the end of 1999 and the start of the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar. The celebrations were held as marking the end of the 2nd millennium and the 20th century, and the start of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century (although the start and end points of such periods was then, and continues to be, disputed). Countries around the globe held official festivities in the weeks and months leading up to the date, such as those organised in the United States by the White House Millennium Council, and most major cities produced firework displays at midnight. Equally, many private venues, cultural and religious centres held events[1] and a diverse range of memorabilia was created, including souvenir postage stamps.[2] As with every New Year's Eve, many events were timed with the stroke of midnight in the time zone of the location. There were also many events associated with the dawn on 1 January. An international television broadcast called 2000 Today was produced by a consortium of 60 broadcasters, while an alternative program Millennium Live was cancelled two days before the event. Several countries in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, and hence close to the International Date Line made arguments they were the first to enter the new millennium. Variously, the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, Tonga, Fiji and Kiribati all laid claims to the status – by moving the dateline itself, the temporary institution of daylight saving time, and claiming the "first territory", "first land", "first inhabited land" or "first city" to see the new year.[3] Events Standard Time Zones Map from 1999. (Sri Lanka was on UTC+6, Belarus, Turkey, Syria and Jordan were on UTC+2, Morocco was on UTC±0, and Samoa and Tokelau were on UTC-11.) Celebrations occurred from right to left. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (October 2015) UTC+14 The US Navy submarine Topeka positioned itself 400 metres (1,300 ft) underwater, straddling both the International Date Line and the Equator.[4] At Caroline Island in the mid-Pacific, renamed as "Millennium Island", the Republic of Kiribati claimed the first land to see the new millennium.[5] Simultaneously, a ceremony was held in Tonga, consisting of a choir recitation of Hallelujah, and an address by King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV.[6] On the Chatham Islands (UTC+13:45) there was a Māori blessing. "As they faced the Pacific Ocean, a beacon was lit and school children sang."[7] UTC+13 In Auckland, a fireworks display on the Harbour made New Zealand the first industrial nation to celebrate the year 2000, being just west of the International Date Line. UTC+12 UTC+11 Sydney, the host city of the 2000 Summer Olympics, held a large fireworks display centering on the Harbour Bridge, with the locally famous graffito Eternity being recreated.[8] For the first time in its history, the Sydney Opera House precinct was almost completely cordoned off from the public. Instead, tickets costing as much as A$2,000 each were being sold for Opera House parties.[5] However, public transport and access was available to view the fireworks on the Bridge, which included a "waterfall" effect.[9] UTC+10 Adelaide's celebrations were at their Central Business District with a special presentation before the countdown and many fireworks. Adelaide was on UTC+10:30 during daylight saving time. Brisbane's celebrations were broadcast live on ABC (Australia) and worldwide via 2000 Today. UTC+9 In Tokyo, there were a series of concerts (NHK's Kōhaku Uta Gassen at NHK Hall, Johnny's Countdown Live at the Tokyo Dome) and a fireworks display. At midnight, temple bells across Japan were rung 108 times to "dispel the evils of mankind".[4] Fireworks over Seoul, South Korea in January 1, 2000 The Japanese heavy metal band Seikima-II played its last concert "The Doomsday" before its first breakup on 31 December. A major part of the band's fictional storyline was a prophecy stating that they would conquer the world before breaking up in 1999, with the name of the band itself being a pun meaning "the end of the century" in Japanese. Following the conclusion of the concert at 23:59:59 on 31 December (a second before midnight), the band disbanded and could be seen disappearing into a portal of light leaving the stage.[10] UTC+8 The traditional Chinese New Year did not start until 5 February of that year, however celebrations were still held in Beijing alongside fireworks and dragon dances. At midnight, Chinese paramount leader Jiang Zemin lit a flame dedicated to the history of Chinese civilization.[11] In Hong Kong, at eight minutes to midnight, film star Jackie Chan led a group of singers, and at the stroke of midnight, a fireworks display began. In the Philippines, millennium parties simultaneously began in different parts of the country. President Joseph Estrada and top government officials joined celebrations at the Rizal Park (which was broadcast on ABS-CBN), while at the Ayala Millennium Center, Regine Velasquez sang the Philippine Millennium Theme Song, "Written in the Sand" at the top of the Peninsula Manila at about ten minutes to the Philippine midnight as part of the Philippine presentation on 2000 Today (Global Millennium Day broadcast on GMA). In Singapore, a pop trio consisting of Fann Wong, Tanya Chua and Elsa Lin performed a millennium song for Singapore, entitled Moments of Magic. UTC+7 Fireworks for the Vietnamese New Year in February were cancelled; in turn, Ho Chi Minh City organized a countdown party on 31 December at 10 pm, culminating in fireworks which began at midnight.[citation needed] UTC+6 In India (UTC+5:30), many Indians use the Hindu calendar, but the start of the year 2000 was still celebrated. On New Year's Eve, fireworks were observed in the capital New Delhi. This was overshadowed by the return of Indian Airlines Flight 814's passengers and crew, who arrived home from Afghanistan after being held hostage for a week. One way the new millennium was celebrated in India was with the grand opening of the Thiruvalluvar Statue a 41 m (133 ft) stone statue in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, depicting Valluvar, a Tamil speaking poet, philosopher and author of the Tirukkural, a book on morality.[12] Both Valluvar and the Tirukkural are treated with reverence by Tamil speakers regardless of political or religious background with the Tirukkural considered the most important work written in Tamil.[13] UTC+5 to +3 Boris Yeltsin during his New Year's Eve address. 4:46CC Vladimir Putin's New Year address (in Russian). Moscow's government and the Russian national government had sponsored parties across the city. Celebrations were held at the Spasskaya Tower to ring in the new millennium. The President of Russia Boris Yeltsin unexpectedly announced his resignation during his annual Presidential New Year Address.[14] For the rest of the day and into 2000, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin served as Acting President, and he gave a New Year address of his own on the same day.[15][16] In March 2000, Putin was elected as president in his own right.[17] UTC+2 South Africa's Nelson Mandela lit a candle in his former cell at Robben Island at the stroke of midnight. Athens held a fireworks display over the Acropolis and a televised choir sang the Olympic anthem, a Byzantine anthem and the Greek national anthem.[18] In Giza, a concert entitled The Twelve Dreams of the Sun with music by Jean-Michel Jarre was held on the Pyramids. At the time, most Egyptians were observing the Muslim holy month of Ramadan.[19] In Jerusalem, and particularly at the Mount of Olives, fears that doomsday fanatics "...could try to trigger an apocalypse prompted one of Israel's biggest peacetime police operations."[4] In Helsinki, The Celebration Was In the Senate Square. UTC+1 Paris was the focal point of celebrations in France where searchlights and 20,000 strobe lights for the event were installed on the Eiffel Tower. They remained in operation until June 2003, when they were replaced by another installation.[20] In Madrid, star-shaped balloons were set up at midnight on top of the Casa de Correos building in Puerta del Sol Square.[21] In Stockholm, the band Europe performed a concert to celebrate the new millennium.[22][23] This was the first concert played by the band since 1992 when they went on hiatus, and they were brought back together due to a request to perform such a concert.[22][23] For the first and (so far only) time, both of their lead guitarists, John Norum and Kee Marcello played together, as both of them had accepted the offer of playing with the band that night.[22][23] The two songs performed, "Rock the Night" and "The Final Countdown", the band's two biggest hits, had extra meaning due to the night they were sung on.[22][23] In Vatican City, Pope John Paul II led a blessing in St Peter's Square. UTC±0 In London, attention focused around Big Ben, as well as the opening of the Millennium Dome with which Prime Minister Tony Blair, his wife Cherie, and Queen Elizabeth II attended.[24] A huge fireworks display, called the "River of Fire", went along 4 miles (6 km) of the River Thames. In Cardiff, Wales, Welsh band, Manic Street Preachers held a concert at the Millennium Stadium. Named, 'Manic Millennium' it was attended by 57,000 fans and led to the release of Leaving the 20th Century. The final song A Design for Life was broadcast live worldwide. The Irish national radio and television organisation RTÉ produced a marathon 19-hour broadcast called Millennium Eve: Celebrate 2000, while the BBC in the United Kingdom headed an international 28-hour event known as 2000 Today. UTC–1 UTC–2 Rio de Janeiro held a special party led by Gal Costa at minutes to midnight. South Georgia and the Sandwich Islands became the first place in the Americas to celebrate the millennium but with no people on it, all of the British inhabitants chose to spend the midnight celebrations back at GMT time.[citation needed] UTC–3 Argentina's celebration was centered in Ushuaia, the southernmost city in the world, with a tango performance by Julio Bocca and Eleonora Cassano, broadcast on ARTEAR (El Trece)'s El Día del Milenio and worldwide through the BBC-led 2000 Today. UTC–4 In Newfoundland (UTC-4:30), a concert was held that was broadcast to thousands of Canadians as the small island celebrated being the first place in North America to welcome the 21st century. Meanwhile, in Bermuda, celebrations were marked as the first Caribbean nation to crossover to the new millennium reached its highest at midnight. UTC–5 The millennium celebration with ABC News during the ABC 2000 Today broadcast in Times Square. In Ottawa, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien presided over celebrations on Parliament Hill, which included artistic performances and a midnight fireworks display launched from the Peace Tower.[25][26] Fireworks were launched from the CN Tower in Toronto.[25] In Montreal, thousands attended a Celine Dion millennium concert at the Molson Centre, which concluded her Let's Talk About Love World Tour.[27] In New York City's Times Square, a new Times Square Ball made of Waterford Crystal was commissioned and organizers expected a total attendance exceeding two million spectators.[28] It was broadcast live during ABC 2000 Today with Peter Jennings and Dick Clark in the United States, and worldwide via 2000 Today.[29] Meanwhile, elsewhere in the city, in Madison Square Garden, Billy Joel was performing a special concert to celebrate the new millennium. Leading up to the first few moments of 2000, Joel sang a special song titled "2000 Years". After that, there was a brief countdown to the year 2000 and at the stroke of midnight, Joel sang "Auld Lang Syne", a song traditionally sung in the western world at the stroke of midnight in the first few seconds of the new year. The concert was released on an album titled "2000 Years: The Millennium Concert" in May 2000. A millennium celebration was held at the Walt Disney World in Florida, primarily at the Epcot theme park. U.S. President Bill Clinton watched with thousands of spectators in Washington, D.C. as the Washington Monument lit up at midnight. Washington was also the world's largest Y2K command center despite GMT being the coordinated time zone. In the Roxy Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia, the band Gov't Mule played three sets for a concert at the theatre to celebrate the millennium. At the first set, during the last few minutes before 2000, the band played their song "Towering Fool" which was then followed by a brief "Countdown Jam" for the remainder of the old year. Immediately after the millennium started, the band sang a cover of King Crimson's song "21st Century Schizoid Man" (the first time the band sang the song at a concert) to welcome the 21st century.[30] The concert was released as an album though not until 2010.[31] UTC–6 Chicago celebrated the millennium by hosting a fireworks show on Navy Pier, along with celebrations at homes and in Grant Park, as was viewed during the ABC 2000 Today broadcast.[29] UTC–7 Singer Neil Diamond sang "America" during a concert given by him at the Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado and incorporated the Mountain Time millennium countdown and celebrations into the performance.[32] UTC–8 In Los Angeles, the Hollywood Sign became illuminated in various colors, one of the very few times the sign became lit.[33] It was also the last stop in the ABC 2000 Today broadcast in the United States.[29] UTC–9 Alaska was the next to celebrate the millennium, at Diomede Island, Fairbanks and Anchorage with Fireworks and Yupik drumming. Some of the planned celebrations had been canceled in Anchorage, as many people planned to stay home, [34]due to the temperature of minus-eight degrees Fahrenheit and fog. UTC–10 Hawaiian celebrations were centered in Honolulu. The party was headed by then-governor Benjamin Cayetano and his family. UTC–11 Samoa, the last independent nation to celebrate the new millennium, remains unchallenged in its claim as the last place on Earth to celebrate the closing of the century. This time zone remained in use in Samoa until 29 December 2011, when it would be shifted to UTC+13.[3] See also Year 2000 problem List of UTC time offsets 2000 millennium attack plots Notes References  "A pointer to celebrations". Asia week.com. CNN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.  "Stamp issue – Millennium Firsts". Posterity Post. Chatham Islands Postal Service. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2015.  Aimee, Harris (1999). "Millenium: Date Line Politics". Honolulu Magazine (August ed.): 20. Archived from the original on 28 June 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2012.  "Japan Holds Traditional, Millennium Celebrations". Orlando Sentinel. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.  Rivera, Larry (1 January 2000). "Into the New Millennium". Australia Travel. About.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2012.  "TONGA: MILLENNIUM CELEBRATIONS: MIDNIGHT". AP Archive. YouTube. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2022.  Beale, Jonathan (31 December 1999). "Celebrating on Chatham Island". BBC. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2015.  Dennis, Anthony (1 January 2000). "Millennium dawns". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.  "Video of Sydney Millennium fireworks". YouTube. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.  "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - Japan's SEIKIMA-II To Release 'Akuma Nativity - Songs of the Sword' Compilation". www.roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 2009.  "Sydney harbour first to light up". The Guardian. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.  "CM unveils Thiruvalluvar statue". The Hindu. 2 January 2000. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.  "India's Statue of Liberation". Hinduism Today. 1 May 2000. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.  "Yeltsin's resignation speech". MONITORING. BBC News. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.  "Новогоднее обращение исполняющего обязанности Президента Владимира Путина к гражданам России". Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.  "0001_type84779_124026". Kremlin.ru.[permanent dead link]  "Putin — already Russia's longest leader since Stalin — signs law that may let him stay in power until 2036". USA Today. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022.  "ET1". Youtube. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2015.  "The Twelve Dreams of the Sun was a concert by Jean Michel Jarre". YouTube. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.  "The Eiffel Tower's Illuminations". Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel. 30 October 2017. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.  "TeleMadrid – Campanadas 1999 [Entrada al 2000]". YouTube. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.  Ashcroft, Phil. "Marcello". Rathole. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008.  Cockett, Dave. "Europe". Rathole. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007.  "2000: World celebrates New Millennium". 1 January 2000. Retrieved 7 July 2023.  Branswell, Brenda; DeMont, John; Wood, Chris; Phillips, Andrew; Came, Barry; Fennell, Tom; Bergman, Brian; Geddes, John (10 January 2000). "New Year Celebrations and No Y2K Disasters". Maclean's. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.  "Year 2000 arrives in Central Canada". CBC Archives. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.  Helligar, Jeremy; Morton, Danielle; Miller, Sue (1 March 1999). "Family Matters". People. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2022.  Kelley, Tina (30 December 1999). "There's Another Countdown Before the Famed '10, 9, 8 . . .'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2015.  "ABC 2000 Today Highlights". YouTube. ABC. 31 December 1999. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2019.  "99c". MuleBase.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2001.  Kosakow, Jonathan (13 September 2010). "Gov't Mule: Mulennium". PopMatters. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010.  "Neil Diamond Denver NYE 1999/2000". 31 December 2015. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021 – via YouTube.  "Fast Facts". 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.  "CNN Transcript - CNN International Special Event: Millennium 2000 Coverage - January 1, 2000". CNN. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Millennium celebrations. Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata IsraelUnited StatesLatvia Categories: New Year celebrationsTurn of the third millenniumJanuary 2000 eventsDecember 1999 events  A millennium (plural millennia or millenniums) is a period of one thousand years,[1] sometimes called a kiloannum (ka), or kiloyear (ky). Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the calendar in consideration (typically the year "1") and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see millenarianism). The word millennium derives from the Latin mille, thousand, and annus, year.[2] Debate over millennium celebrations All aboard for the millennium! by Opper and Keppler, 1896 There was a public debate leading up to the celebrations of the year 2000 as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood as the beginning of the "new" millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous decades, centuries, and millennia. The issue arises from the difference between the convention of using ordinal numbers to count years and millennia, as in "the third millennium", or using a vernacular description, as in "the two thousands". The difference of opinion comes down to whether to celebrate, respectively, the end or the beginning of the "-000" year. The first convention is common in English-speaking countries, but the latter is favoured in, for example, Sweden (tvåtusentalet, which translates literally as the two thousands period). Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000, to January 1, 2001) argued that the Anno Domini system of counting years began with the year 1 (There was no year zero) and therefore the first millennium was from the year 1 to the end of the year 1000, the second millennium from 1001 to the end of 2000, and the third millennium beginning with 2001 and ending at the end of 3000. Similarly, the first millennium BC was from the year 1000 BC to the end of the year 1 BC. Popular culture supported celebrating the arrival of the new millennium in the transition from 1999 to 2000 (i.e., December 31, 1999, to January 1, 2000), in that the change of the hundreds digit in the year number, with the zeroes rolling over, is consistent with the vernacular demarcation of decades by their 'tens' digit (e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as "the 1980s" or "the eighties"). This has been described as "the odometer effect".[3] Also, the "year 2000" had been a popular phrase referring to an often utopian future, or a year when stories in such a future were set. There was also media and public interest in the Y2K computer bug. A third position was expressed by Bill Paupe, honorary consul for Kiribati: "To me, I just don't see what all the hoopla is about ... it's not going to change anything. The next day the sun is going to come up again and then it will all be forgotten."[4] And even for those who did celebrate, in astronomical terms, there was nothing special about this particular event.[5] Stephen Jay Gould, in his essay Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000) (Dinosaur in a Haystack), discussed the "high" versus "pop" culture interpretation of the transition. Gould noted that the high culture, strict construction had been the dominant viewpoint at the 20th century's beginning, but that the pop culture viewpoint dominated at its end.[6] The start of the 21st century and 3rd millennium was celebrated worldwide at the start of the year 2000. One year later, at the start of the year 2001, the celebrations had largely returned to the usual ringing in of just another new year,[7] although some welcomed "the real millennium", including America's official timekeeper, the U.S. Naval Observatory,[8] and the countries of Cuba[9] and Japan.[10] The popular[11] approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of "a millennium" and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight between December 31, 1999, and January 1, 2000, with the cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combining to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal date.[11] See also     List of calendars     List of decades, centuries, and millennia     Century     Millennialism     Millennium Dome     Millennials References "Millennium", Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford University Press, 2016). von Harnack, Carl Gustav Adolf (1911). "Millennium" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461. "For the Chronologically Correct, Now It's Time for the Millennium". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 2000. Retrieved April 12, 2021. "Millennium: Date Line Politics". WaybackMachine. Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. Retrieved February 6, 2021. "When Did the 21st Century Start?". timeanddate.com. Retrieved February 7, 2021. Gould, Stephen (1995). Dinosaur in a Haystack. Harmony Books. "Millennium Gets Little Notice". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2021. "For the Chronologically Correct, Now It's Time for the Millennium". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2020. "Castro hosts party for the 'true Millennium'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2020. "Japanese purists prepare to welcome new millennium". DeseretNews. December 15, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2020.     Associated Press, "Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party", Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2001. External links     The dictionary definition of millennia at Wiktionary     The dictionary definition of millennium at Wiktionary     Media related to Millennium at Wikimedia Commons     Quotations related to Millennium at Wikiquote     vte Millennia CE / AD         1st 2nd 3rd 4th and later BCE / BC         1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th and earlier     vte Time measurement and standards     Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards         Coordinated Universal Time         offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31-1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 12-hour clock 24-hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line IERS Reference Meridian Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian      template illustration template illustration Obsolete standards         Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics         Absolute space and time Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T-symmetry Horology         Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch         stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar         Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Holocene Islamic (lunar Hijri) Julian Solar Hijri Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Intercalation Julian date Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology         Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology         Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time         Instant Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics         Chronology Duration         music Mental chronometry Decimal time Metric time System time Time metrology Time value of money Timekeeper Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata         Germany Categories:     Units of timeMillenniaChronology1000 (number) 21st century     Article     Talk     Read     Edit     View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For a timeline of 21st-century events, see Timeline of the 21st century. For other uses, see 21st century (disambiguation). Millennium 3rd millennium Centuries     20th century 21st century 22nd century Timelines     20th century 21st century 22nd century State leaders     20th century 21st century 22nd century Decades     2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s     2050s 2060s 2070s 2080s 2090s Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments     vte The 21st (twenty-first) century is the current century in the Anno Domini or Common Era, under the Gregorian calendar. It began on 1 January 2001 (MMI) and will end on 31 December 2100 (MMC).[1] The rise of a global economy and Third World consumerism marked the beginning of the century, along with increased private enterprise and deepening global concern over terrorism after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.[2][3][4] The NATO interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq in the early 2000s, and the overthrow of several regimes during the Arab Spring in the early 2010s, led to mixed outcomes in the Arab world, resulting in several civil wars and political instability.[5] The United States has remained the sole global superpower while China is now considered an emerging superpower. In 2022, 45.3% of the world's population lived in "some form of democracy", though only 8% lived in "full democracies".[6] The United Nations estimates that by 2050, two thirds of the world's population will be urbanized. The European Union was greatly expanded in the 21st century, adding 13 member states, but the United Kingdom withdrew. Most European Union member states introduced a common currency, the Euro. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was also greatly expanded, adding 11 member states. The world economy expanded at high rates from $42.29 trillion in 2000 to $94.10 trillion in 2021, although many economies rose at greater levels, some gradually contracted.[a] Effects of global warming and rising sea levels exacerbated the ecological crises, with eight islands disappearing between 2007 and 2014.[7][8][9] In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic began to rapidly spread worldwide, killing over 6.9 million people around the globe and causing severe global economic disruption, including the largest global recession since the Great Depression. Due to the sudden proliferation of internet-accessible mobile devices, such as smartphones becoming ubiquitous worldwide beginning in the early 2010s, more than half of the world's population obtained access to the Internet by 2018.[10] After the success of the Human Genome Project, DNA sequencing services became available and affordable.[11][12] Pronunciation There is a lack of general agreement over how to pronounce specific years of the 21st century in English. Academics have pointed out that the early years of previous centuries were commonly pronounced as, for example, "eighteen oh five" (for 1805) and "nineteen oh five" (for 1905).[13] Generally, the early years of the 21st century were pronounced as in "two-thousand (and) five", with a change taking place around 2010, when pronunciations often shifted between the early-years form of "two-thousand and ten" and the traditionally more concise form of "twenty-ten". The Vancouver Olympics, which took place in 2010, was being officially referred to by Vancouver 2010 as "the twenty-ten Olympics". Society Shanghai has become a symbol of the recent economic boom of China. Advances in technology such as ultrasound, prenatal genetic testing and genetic engineering are changing the demographics and has the potential to change the genetic makeup of the human population. Because of sex-selective abortion, fewer girls have been born in the 21st century (and since the early 1980s) compared to past centuries, mostly because of son preference in East and South Asia. In 2014, only 47 percent of Indian births were of girls.[14] This has led to an increase in bachelors in countries such as China and India. The first genetically modified children were born in November 2018 in China, beginning a new biological era for the human species and raising great controversy. Anxiety[15] and depression[16] rates have risen in the United States and many other parts of the world. However, suicide rates have fallen in Europe and most of the rest of the world so far this century, declining 29% globally between 2000 and 2018, despite rising 18% in the United States in the same period. The decline in suicide has been most notable among Chinese and Indian women, the elderly, and middle-aged Russian men.[17][18] Knowledge and information The entire written works of humanity, from the beginning of recorded history to 2003, in all known languages, are estimated to be at five exabytes of data.[19][20] Since 2003, with the beginning of social media and "user-generated content", the same amount of data is created every two days.[21] The growth of human knowledge and information continues at an exponential rate. Telecommunications in the early 21st century are much more advanced and universal than they were in the late 20th century. Only a few percent of the world's population were Internet users and cellular phone owners in the late 1990s; as of 2023, 64.4% of the world's population is online, and as of 2019, an estimated 67% own a cell phone.[22] In the 2010s, artificial intelligence, mainly in the form of deep learning and machine learning, became more prevalent and is prominently used in Gmail and Google's search engine, in banking, with the military and other areas. In 2020, 9% of the world's population still lacked access to electricity.[23] India's Prayag Kumbh Mela is regarded as the world's largest religious festival. In 2001, Dennis Tito became the first space tourist, beginning the era of commercial spaceflight. Entrepreneurs Elon Musk and Richard Branson are working towards commercial space exploration, colonization and tourism, while China and India have made substantial strides in their space programs. On 3 January 2019, China landed a robotic spacecraft on the far side of the Moon, the first to do so.[24] Culture and politics Further information: International relations since 1989 War and violence have declined considerably compared to the 20th century, continuing the post-World War II trend called Long Peace. Malnourishment and poverty are still widespread globally, but fewer people live in the most extreme forms of poverty. In 1990, approximately one-in-four people were malnourished, and nearly 36% of the world's population lived in extreme poverty; by 2015, these numbers had dropped to approximately one-in-eight and 10%, respectively. The Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal drew international attention to the possible adverse effects of social media in influencing citizen's views, particularly regarding the 2016 United States presidential election. Population and urbanization The world population was about 6.1 billion at the start of the 21st century and reached 8 billion by November 2022. It is estimated to reach nearly 8.6 billion by 2030,[25] and 9.8 billion by 2050. According to the United Nations World Urbanization prospects, a 60% projection of the world's human population is to live in megacities and megalopolises by 2030, 70% by 2050, and 90% by 2080. It is expected by 2040, the investing of more than 5 times the current global gross domestic product is expected to be in urban infrastructure.[26] Life expectancy has increased as child mortality continues to decline. A baby born in 2019, for example, will, on average (globally), live to 73 years—27 years longer than the global average of someone born in 1950.[27] Ten million Britons (16% of the United Kingdom population) will, on average, live to 100 or older.[28] Climate change remains a serious concern; UN Chief António Guterres, for instance, has described it as an "existential threat" to humanity.[29] Furthermore, the Holocene extinction event, the sixth most significant extinction event in the Earth's history, continues with the widespread degradation of highly biodiverse habitats as a by-product of human activity.[30] A map of uncontacted tribes, around the start of the 21st century Economics, education and retirement Economically and politically, the United States and Western Europe were dominant at the beginning of the century; by the 2010s, China became an emerging global superpower and, by some measures, the world's largest economy. In terms of purchasing power parity, India's economy became more significant than Japan's around 2011.[31] Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are decentralized currencies that are not controlled by any central bank. These currencies are increasing in popularity worldwide due to the expanding availability of the internet and are mainly used as a store of value. There is an ongoing impact of technological unemployment due to automation and computerization: the rate at which jobs are disappearing—due to machines replacing them—is expected to escalate.[32] Automation alters the number of jobs and the skills demands of industries. As of 2019, the production output of first world nations' manufacturing sectors was doubled when compared to 1984 output; but it is now produced with one-third fewer workers and at significantly reduced operating costs.[33] Half of all jobs with requirements lower than a bachelor's degree are currently in the process of being replaced with partial- or full-automation.[34] The World Economic Forum forecast that 65% of children entering primary school will end up in jobs or careers that currently do not yet exist.[35] A rise in the retirement age has been called for in view of an increase in life expectancy and has been put in place in many jurisdictions.[36][37] Linguistic diversity As of 2009, Ethnologue catalogued 6,909 living human languages.[38] The exact number of known living languages will vary from 5,000 to 10,000, generally depending on the precision of one's definition of "language", and in particular, on how one classifies dialects. Estimates vary depending on many factors, but the general consensus is that there are between 6,000 and 7,000 languages currently spoken. Between 50 and 90% of those will have become extinct by the year 2100.[39] The top 20 languages spoken by more than 50 million speakers each, are spoken by 50% of the world's population. In contrast, many of the other languages are spoken by small communities, most of them with fewer than 10,000 speakers.[39] Events Main article: Timeline of the 21st century 2000s Belligerents of the Second Congo War George W. Bush, the 43rd president of the United States, from 2001 to 2009 September 11 attacks Angela Merkel and José Manuel Barroso Barack Obama, the first African-American president of the United States, and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev after signing the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino     1998–2003 – The Second Congo War continued into the early 21st century. A 1999 ceasefire quickly broke down and a UN peacekeeping mission, MONUC, was unable to control the fighting. Troops from Rwanda and Uganda continued to support rebel groups against the Democratic Republic of the Congo and rifts also grew between Rwanda and Uganda as they accused each other of supporting rival rebel groups as well. Laurent Kabila, president of the DRC, was assassinated in January 2001 and his son, Joseph Kabila, took power. Throughout 2002 steps were made towards peace and Rwanda and Uganda both removed their troops from the country. On December 17, 2002, a massive treaty officially ended the war. However, the DRC only holds power in less than half of the country, with most of the eastern and northern portions still controlled by rebel groups, where there is still significant infighting. In addition, Rwanda still supports anti-DRC rebels and anti-Rwandan rebels continue to operate from the DRC. The war killed an estimated 3.9 million people, displaced nearly 5.5 million, and led to a widespread and ongoing famine that continues to result in deaths. Severe human rights violations continue to be reported.[40]     2000–2005 – The Second Intifada, a major Palestinian uprising against Israel, is estimated to have led to the deaths of approximately 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis.     2001         January 20:             George W. Bush is inaugurated as the 43rd president of the United States. He is the second president from the Bush family, after his father.             Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo becomes the second woman President of the Philippines and the first to be the child of a previous President, Diosdado Macapagal.         April 1 – The Netherlands becomes the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.         May 13 – Conservative media magnate Silvio Berlusconi wins the general election in Italy, becoming the country's Prime Minister. Berlusconi would go on to dominate Italian politics for the rest of the decade.         June 1 – The Nepalese royal massacre occurs at a house on the grounds of the Narayanhity Royal Palace, the residence of the Nepalese monarchy. Ten members of the family were killed during a party or monthly reunion dinner of the royal family in the house. The dead included King Birendra of Nepal and Queen Aishwarya.         July 20–22 – More than 200,000 anti-globalization protesters march in Genoa, during the 27th G8 summit. Two demonstrators are killed by the Italian police. On July 21, a group of Carabinieri attacked the school Armando Diaz, critically injuring many peaceful protesters. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi insisted that police used the minimum amount of force necessary to achieve their goals.         September 11 – September 11 attacks – Nineteen al-Qaeda terrorists hijack four commercial airliners and crash two of them into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon and one into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania of the United States on 11 September, killing nearly 3,000 people. The president George W. Bush subsequently declares the War on Terror.         December 11 – After 15 years of negotiations, the People's Republic of China becomes a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO).     2001–2014 – The Northern Alliance and NATO-led ISAF invades Afghanistan on October 7, 2001, and overthrows the Al-Qaeda-supportive Taliban government. Troops remained to install a democratic government, fight a slowly escalating insurgency, and to hunt for Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden who would be killed by American troops nearly 10 years later, on May 2, 2011. On December 24, 2014, NATO forces officially ended combat operations in Afghanistan, but forces remained until August 30, 2021, followed by a quick withdrawal of all troops.     2002         May 20 – After a long period of occupation by Indonesia, East Timor's independence is recognized by Portugal and the UN.         July 1 – The International Criminal Court (ICC) is established.         September 10 – Switzerland, a neutral country, becomes a member of the United Nations.         October 12 – Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, claims responsibility for the detonation of three bombs in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people and left 209 people injured.         November 15 – Hu Jintao becomes the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, making him the paramount leader of China after Jiang Zemin.     2003–present – In February 2003, a conflict in Darfur, Sudan begins and escalates into full-scale war. By 2008 it was believed that up to 400,000 people had been killed and over 2.5 million displaced. In 2005, the ICC decided that Darfur war criminals would be tried, and on July 14, 2008, Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir was charged with 5 accounts of crimes against humanity and 2 accounts of war crimes, even though the ICC had no power to enforce such charges.     2003–2010 – The U.S.-led coalition invades Iraq on March 20, 2003, and overthrows the government of Saddam Hussein (who is executed by the Iraqi government on December 30, 2006). Coalition troops remain in the country to install a democratic government and fight an escalating insurgency. In addition to an insurgency against the American presence, Iraq also suffered from a civil war for several years. The war was soon seen as the central front of the War on Terror by many governments, despite growing international dissatisfaction with the war. The total death toll has been estimated at near 150,000 but these estimations are highly disputed, with one highly disputed study guessing even over 1 million.[41] After the U.S.-led coalition initiated a troop surge in 2007, casualty numbers have decreased significantly. Combat ended, at least officially, in August 2010.     2003–2005 – A series of nonviolent revolutions known as the colour revolutions overthrow governments in Georgia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and Lebanon.     2003         December – Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi announces that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all weapons of mass destruction.     2004         March 11 – Ten explosions occur at the Cercanías commuter train system of Madrid, Spain, killing 191 people and injuring around 2,000.         May 1 – The European Union expands by 10 countries (including 8 former communist countries, plus Malta and Cyprus).         May 10 – Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is re-elected as President of the Philippines, marking the first time a woman was re-elected to the position in the country.         June 5 – Former U.S. president Ronald Reagan dies at the age of 93, after suffering nearly a decade from Alzheimer's disease.         September 1 – A group of Chechen rebels invades a school in Beslan, keeping thousands of hostages during three days. A series of shootings and bombings kills 334 people and injured 750.         November 11 – Palestinian leader and Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat dies in France, at the age of 75, from hemorrhagic stroke.         November 18 – Massachusetts becomes the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.     2005         April 19 – After the death of Pope John Paul II on April 2, Joseph Ratzinger of Germany is elected as Pope Benedict XVI.         July 7 – Four Islamic extremist suicide bombers set off three bombs in London; 56 people are killed, including the four suicide bombers.         November 22 – Angela Merkel becomes the first elected female Chancellor of Germany.     2006–2008 – The dismantling of former Yugoslavia continues after Montenegro gains independence on June 3, 2006, and Kosovo declares independence on February 17, 2008. Kosovo's independence is disputed by Russia and many of its allies and remains partially recognized to this day.     2006         July 12 – Hezbollah crosses the border of Lebanon and captures two Israeli soldiers. Israel responds by sending troops across the border and bombing Hezbollah strongholds, while Hezbollah fires missiles on towns in northern Israel, approximately 6 each day. At the end of the war 1,200 Lebanese civilians, 500 Hezbollah fighteres, 44 Israeli civilians and 121 Israeli soldiers die. A ceasefire is signed on August 14, after which Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon.         October 9 – North Korea conducts its first nuclear test.[42] This was preceded by years of political wrangling with the U.S. over the status of their nuclear program.     2007–2008 – Nepal's centuries-old monarchy is disestablished, and the country becomes a republic.     2007         January 1 – Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.         January 25 – A civil war escalates in the Gaza Strip throughout June, which would result in the Hamas driving most Fatah-loyal forces out from the Strip. In reaction, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas dismisses Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh and dissolves the Hamas-ruled parliament. Scattered conflict continues.         July 25 – Pratibha Patil becomes the first woman to be elected President of India.         December 13 – 27 EU member states sign the Treaty of Lisbon, with the treaty coming into effect on December 1, 2009.     2007–2008 – Crisis follows the Kenyan presidential election of 2007, leading to the formation of a coalition government, with Mwai Kibaki as president and Raila Odinga as prime minister.     2008         February 16 – Kosovo unilaterally declares independence from Serbia. Serbia refuses to recognize it and considers Kosovo as part of its territory.         April 1 – Some cadres of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) attack Senior leader of Nepali Congress, Bal Chandra Poudel, during an electoral period in Rasuwa, Nepal.         August 1–12 – An armed conflict is fought between Georgia and the Russian Federation together with Ossetian and Abkhazian separatists on the other. Russia officially recognizes independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.         November 4 – Barack Obama is elected as the first African-American president of the United States. He is sworn into office in January 20, 2009. He is awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which cited "his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples," and accepted the award the following year with "deep gratitude and great humility".     2009         June 13 – Protests erupt in Iran, following the presidential election against Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.         August 1 – Filipina politician and the first female President of the Philippines and in Asia Corazon Aquino dies at the age of 76.[43] 2010s Julia Gillard was sworn in as the first female Prime Minister of Australia in 2010. Inauguration of Benigno Aquino III Americans celebrating the death of Osama bin Laden in front of the White House Pope Francis in Poland Ukraine, Euromaidan, people protesting in favor of Ukraine's European way. Pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk, Ukraine 2015 European migrant crisis Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte Turkish anti-coup rally in support of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 22 July 2016 China's Xi Jinping has been the leader for life since 2018 Students from Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, parents, and others march in the March for Our Lives protest in Parkland, FL in 2018 Catriona Gray, Miss Universe 2018     2010         February 25 – Kamla Persad-Bissessar becomes the first female Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.         April 10 – Polish President Lech Kaczyński dies in an airplane crash near the city of Smolensk, Russia, along with his wife and 94 other people on board.         May 10 – Benigno Simeon Aquino III is the first bachelor President of the Philippines and the second to be the child of a previous president.         June 11–July 11 – South Africa becomes the first country in Africa to host the FIFA World Cup.         June 24 – Julia Gillard becomes the first female Prime Minister of Australia.         October 3 – Dilma Rousseff is elected as the first female president of Brazil. She serves as the president until her impeachment and removal from office on August 31, 2016.         November 13 – Burmese opposition leader and 1991 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest, after being incarcerated since 1989.         December 17 – The Arab Spring, a revolutionary wave, begins in Tunisia, and eventually spreads across the Middle East and the Arab world, with widespread protests, demonstrations, riots and civil wars for free elections and human rights.     2011         March 11 – The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan leave 15,899 dead.         April 29 – An estimated two billion people watch the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey in London.         May 2 – Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks, is killed in a raid at his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan by the U.S. Navy's SEAL Team 6 (DEVGRU).         July 10 – Britain's largest tabloid newspaper, the News of the World, shuts down after 168 years in print due to the 2009 phone hacking scandal.         July 14 – South Sudan, following the January 2011 independence referendum, becomes a member of the United Nations.         July 22 – Anders Behring Breivik perpetrates two terrorist attacks in Norway, the first being a bombing targeting government buildings in central Oslo, the second being a mass shooting at a youth camp on the island of Utøya. It was the deadliest attack in Norway since the Second World War, with 77 people killed and 319 injuries.         September 17 – The Occupy movement, an international protest movement against social and economic inequality, takes shape. It is partially inspired by the Arab Spring and is one of the first significant global protest movements to occur in the age of social media.         October 20 – Deposed dictator Muammar Gaddafi is captured and killed by the National Liberation Army of Libya, during the Libyan Civil War.         November 16 – Italy's long-term Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi resigns amid public protests, financial crisis and sexual scandals.         December 15 – The Iraq War is formally declared over.         December 17 – Kim Jong-il, supreme leader of North Korea, dies. He is succeeded by his son Kim Jong-un.     2012         January 12 – Civil unrest breaks out in Romania in January 2012, partially due to the introduction of a new health reform legislation, but also due to the unpopularity of Băsescu-backed Boc government. The unrest continues until Victor Ponta's resignation in November 2015, in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub fire.         September 11–12 – In Benghazi, Libya, an attack is coordinated against two United States government facilities, by members of the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia.         November 15 – Xi Jinping becomes the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, making him the paramount leader of China after Hu Jintao.         December 10 – Séléka rebels seize power in the Central African Republic, ousting the President and government and beginning a civil war.         December 14 – The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting takes place, the deadliest mass shooting in an elementary school in US history, with 27 deaths.         December 19 – Park Geun-hye is elected President of South Korea, the first woman to hold the position.     2013         January 11 – France intervenes with its army in the Northern Mali conflict, defeating the Islamists who had taken control of the country.         February 28 – Pope Benedict XVI resigns, becoming the first pope to do so since 1415. Benedict takes the title pope emeritus. At the subsequent papal conclave, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina is elected pope on March 13, becoming the first Latin American pope. Bergoglio takes the name of Pope Francis.         March 5 – President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez dies due to prostate cancer and is succeeded by Nicolás Maduro.         March 21 – Convicted Kurdish leader Abdullah Ocalan puts an end to the armed revolt against Turkey.         April 8 – British politician and first female Prime Minister of the UK Margaret Thatcher dies at the age of 87, from a stroke.         July 1 – Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.         September 14 – Syria avoids an American intervention on its soil during the Syrian Civil War, accepting to destroy all chemical weapons stocks owned.         November – China declares an "Air Defense Identification Zone" in the East China Sea, including over the Senkaku Islands, a group of islands held by Japan, but claimed by both Japan and China, and the Socotra Rock, claimed by both China and South Korea.         December 5 – South African political and civil leader Nelson Mandela dies at the age of 95, from natural causes.         December 15 – The South Sudanese Civil War breaks out.         Iran allows international inspections on its nuclear policy in exchange of the removal of the sanctions and the right to produce a small amount of low-grade enriched uranium, thus marking an apparent new policy towards the United Nations under Hassan Rohani's presidency.     2013–2014 – A political crisis in Thailand breaks out and the government declares martial law.     2014         February 22 – Pro-Russian President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovich is ousted amidst the Euromaidan revolution. The Russian Federation annexes Crimea in response, and a "low intensity" war in Donbas breaks out between the Ukrainian government and Russian-backed separatists.         May 26 – Narendra Modi becomes 14th Prime Minister of India, winning a clear majority in the election.         July 8–August 26 – In Israel, tensions rise again between Hamas in the Gaza Strip and the State of Israel. Hamas fire hundreds of missiles into civilian cities in Israel, and the IDF retaliates and conducts airstrikes on the Gaza Strip for more than a month, with high casualties on both sides.         July 17 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, a civilian commercial aircraft, is shot down in pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory in Eastern Ukraine.         September 18 – Scotland votes to remain part of the United Kingdom during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.         September–October – During the Syrian civil war, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant rises and seizes territories in northern Iraq and Syria, near the border with Turkey. The United States lead a coalition of more than 30 countries to destroy ISIL. Meanwhile, Russia leads its own coalition, along with Syria, Iraq and Iran, and Russia's military action begins on September 30, 2015.         October 31 – In Burkina Faso, President Blaise Compaoré resigns amidst widespread protests, ending 27 years of leadership.         November 16 – In Romania, Klaus Iohannis wins the November 2014 election, becoming the first Romanian president of an ethnic minority.         December 17 – United States President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announce the beginning of a process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the United States, ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the two nations. Meanwhile, on July 20, 2015, with full diplomatic relations, the embassies of both countries are opened after five decades.     2015         January 7 – Two gunmen, brothers Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, commit a mass murder at the offices of Charlie Hebdo in Paris, killing 12 people. Following the attack, about two million people, including more than 40 world leaders, met in Paris for a rally of national unity, and 3.7 million people joined demonstrations across the country. The phrase Je suis Charlie became a common slogan of support at the rallies and in social media.         March 23 – Singaporean politician and the 1st Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew dies at the age of 91.         June 26 – The Supreme Court of the United States determines that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry in a landmark case Obergefell v. Hodges.         July 14 – Iran and the P5+1 (China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US + Germany) agree on final provisions of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in regards to the latter's nuclear program.         October – The Chinese Communist Party announces the end of one-child policy after 35 years.         November 13 – ISIL claims responsibility of the November 2015 Paris attacks, which killed 137 and left 416 injured.         November 24 – Turkey shoots down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M attack aircraft. This is the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the attack on the Sui-ho Dam (during the Korean War).         November 30–December 12 – During the UN summit on Climate Change, 193 nations agree to reduce carbon emissions starting in 2020.         During the 2015 European migrant crisis, around 1.3 million people, most notably refugees of the wars in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, flee to Europe to claim asylum, leading to considerable political upheaval in the European Union. Germany ultimately takes in the majority of the asylum seekers.     2016         May 9 – Rodrigo Duterte becomes the first Mindanaoan President of the Philippines and the oldest person ever elected to the presidency.         June 5 – Hillary Clinton becomes the Democratic Party's nominee for president of the United States, making her the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party.         June 12 – In Orlando, Florida, Omar Mateen, a 29-year-old security guard, kills 49 people and wounds 53 others in a terrorist attack inside Pulse, a gay nightclub.         June 23 – The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union in the June 2016 membership referendum.         July 13 – After 6 years of leadership, British Prime Minister David Cameron resigns and is succeeded by Theresa May.         July 15–16 – A coup d'état is attempted in Turkey against state institutions, including but not limited to the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The attempt is carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council.         September 2 – 1st President of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov dies at age of 78, after 25 years of leadership.         November 8 – Donald Trump is elected as the 45th president of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.         December 19:             Andrei Karlov, the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, is killed by Turkish police officer Mevlüt Mert Altıntaş.             The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claims responsibility for the 2016 Berlin truck attack in Germany, in which 12 were killed and 49 others injured.         Cuban political and revolutionary leader Fidel Castro dies at the age of 90.         Former President of Israel and 1994 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shimon Peres dies at the age of 93, from a massive stroke.         Bhumibol Adulyadej, the longest-reigning Thai monarch dies at the age of 88, from a long illness.     2017         January 21–22 – In opposition to Donald Trump's inauguration, millions of people in the US and worldwide join the Women's March.         January 27 – U.S. President Donald Trump signs an executive order restricting travel and immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries. This order was blocked by the U.S. federal courts; a second, related order issued by Trump was also blocked by the federal courts. The block of second order was partially removed, by the Supreme Court, in June. The Supreme Court stated they would reconsider the order in October.         April 6 – In response to a suspected chemical weapons attack on a rebel-held town, the U.S. military launches 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Shayrat Airbase in Syria.         May 23 – Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao, following an attack in Marawi by the Maute group. This would last until October 23.         August 17–18 – In the 2017 Barcelona attacks, a terrorist drives into more than 100 people in Barcelona, Spain, killing 13 and injuring many.         October 27 – Catalonia declares independence from Spain,[44] but the declaration is not recognized by the Spanish government or any other sovereign nation.[45]     2018         March 19 – Paula-Mae Weekes becomes the first female President of Trinidad and Tobago.         March 24 – In over 900 cities internationally, people participate in demonstrations against gun violence and mass shootings, calling for stronger gun control in the March for Our Lives, which was a student-led demonstration in response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida that took place in February 14.         May 9 – The opposition-led Pakatan Harapan coalition, led by former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, secures a parliamentary majority in the Malaysian Parliament, ending the 61-year rule of the Barisan Nasional coalition in Malaysia since independence in 1957.         May 19 – The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle is held at St George's Chapel, England, with an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion.         June 12 – President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un attend a summit in Singapore, the first meeting between the leaders of the two countries.         October 28 – Jair Bolsonaro is elected as the 38th president of Brazil, after having been stabbed during the election campaign and undergone three surgeries.         December 17 – Catriona Gray from the Philippines is crowned Miss Universe 2018 at the IMPACT Arena in Thailand.[46]         The National People's Congress of China approves a constitutional change removing term limits for its leaders, granting Xi Jinping the status of "leader for life". Xi is the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (de facto leader).     2019         January 10 – Venezuela enters a presidential crisis after the disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election leads to Juan Guaidó being declared the acting president, disputing Nicolás Maduro.         February 27–28 – President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un meet for the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit in Vietnam.         March 13 – The Suzano school shooting: In a school in Suzano, São Paulo, Brazil, two ex-students kill 8 people and injure 11 others before committing suicide.         March 15:             The Christchurch mosque shootings: Australian terrorist Brenton Harrison Tarrant kills 51 people and injures 40 at two mosques in New Zealand.             Over 2 million people in Hong Kong protest against proposed legislation regarding extradition to China.         March 23 – Most of the territory formerly held by the Islamic State in Syria collapses amidst the Syrian Civil War. After years of global push back, the extremist group transitions from a proto-state into an insurgency as it retains offshoots and influence in regions across the globe.         April 30 – Emperor Akihito of Japan abdicates from his throne, the first abdication by a Japanese monarch in almost two centuries. The abdication ends the Heisei era of Japan and ushers in the Reiwa era with new emperor Naruhito ascending to the throne on May 1.         July 16 – The European Parliament elects Ursula von der Leyen as the new president of the European Commission.         July 24 – Boris Johnson becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after defeating Jeremy Hunt in a leadership contest, succeeding Theresa May.         December 10 – Sanna Marin, at the age of 34, becomes the world's youngest serving prime minister after being selected to lead Finland's Social Democratic Party.         December 18 – President Donald Trump is impeached by the United States House of Representatives.         December 31 – The first known case of COVID-19 is reported in Wuhan, China; the disease would rapidly proliferate into a global pandemic throughout the next three months.[47][48] 2020s ABS-CBN franchise renewal protests in Quezon City on July 10, 2020 George Floyd protests in Miami during the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020.[49] Joe Biden, the 46th and current president of the United States.[50] January 6 United States Capitol attack Fall of Kabul 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos Crowds at Buckingham Palace following the death of Elizabeth II Death and funeral of Pope Benedict XVI 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank The April 4 indictment document against Donald Trump Coronation of Charles III and Camilla Wagner Group rebellion     2020         January 2 – The Royal Australian Air Force and Navy are deployed to New South Wales and Victoria to assist mass evacuation efforts amidst the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season.[51][52]         January 3 – A U.S. drone strike at Baghdad International Airport kills Iranian general Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi paramilitary leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. Five days later, Iran carries out retaliatory missile strikes on U.S. bases in Iraq, while Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 is shot down by the IRGC after being mistaken for an American cruise missile.         January 31 – The United Kingdom becomes the first member state to leave the European Union.         March – Beginning of the worldwide pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, the virus which causes COVID-19. Widespread economic disruption, including a stock market crash, occurred during the pandemic.         May 5 – The National Telecommunications Commission of the Philippines issues a cease and desist order to the broadcasting operations of ABS-CBN, the country's largest media network, as Congress fails to renew its franchise granted in 1995. The network signed off at 7:52 p.m (PST). The last time the network was shut down was upon the declaration of martial law by the Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. On July 10, Members of the Philippine House Committee on Legislative Franchises vote against the franchise renewal of the said network.[53]         May 26 – Protests break out following the murder of George Floyd across hundreds of cities in the United States and even smaller ones outside the US. Derek Chauvin, the officer responsible for Floyd's murder, would ultimately be convicted on two counts of murder and one of manslaughter in the wake of the protests.         June 15 – Maria Ressa, CEO of Philippine news site Rappler, is found guilty of cyberlibel by a Manila court over a 2012 story linking a businessman to various crimes. She faces up to six years in prison.         June 30 – China passes the controversial Hong Kong national security law, allowing China to crack down on opposition to Beijing at home or abroad.         August 11 – Kamala Harris becomes the Democratic Party's nominee for vice-president of the United States, making her the first African-American, the first Asian-American and the third female vice presidential running mate on a major party ticket.         August 18 – A mutiny in a military base by soldiers of the Malian Armed Forces develops into a coup d'état. President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister Boubou Cissé, among other senior governmental and military officers, are forced to resign.         September 4 – Kosovo and Serbia announce that they will normalize economic relations.         November 3 – Joe Biden is elected as the 46th president of the United States, and Kamala Harris is elected as vice-president. Biden is the oldest person elected to a first term.         November 15:             President of Kyrgyzstan Sooronbay Jeenbekov resigns from office after weeks of massive protests in the wake of the October 2020 parliamentary election; opposition leader Sadyr Japarov assumes office as both the acting president and Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan.             The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is signed by 15 Asia-Pacific countries to form the world's largest free-trade bloc, covering a third of the world's population.         Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok and Abdelaziz al-Hilu, the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North (SPLM–N), sign an agreement to transition the country into a secular state.         A United Nations Human Rights Council fact-finding mission formally accuses the Venezuelan government of crimes against humanity, including cases of killings, torture, violence against political opposition and disappearances since 2014. President Nicolás Maduro and other senior Venezuelan officials are among those implicated in the charges.         France, Germany, and the United Kingdom issue a joint note verbale to the United Nations rejecting China's claims to the South China Sea, and supporting the ruling in Philippines v. China that said the historic rights per the nine-dash line ran counter to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However the statement says that on "territorial sovereignty" they "take no position."         Israel, Sudan, Morocco, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain sign agreements to formally normalise diplomatic relations.         Azerbaijan launches a successful military campaign against Armenian forces to take back the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region. Turkey sends Syrian mercenaries to assist in this endeavor, and Russia ends the conflict by deploying peacekeepers.         North Korea demolishes the Inter-Korean Liaison Office in Kaesong, established in 2018 to improve relations.         The Special Tribunal for Lebanon convicts in absentia Salim Ayyash, a senior member of Hezbollah, for the 2005 assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.         Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, the longest-serving prime minister in the history of Japan, announces his pending resignation from office, citing ill health, he was replaced by Yoshihide Suga and Fumio Kishida.         The Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Sabah al-Sabah dies at the age of 91. Crown Prince Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah is named his successor.         The EU launches legal action against the UK, accusing it of breaking international law by overriding sections of the Brexit withdrawal agreement.         In the 2020 New Caledonian independence referendum, New Caledonia votes against independence from France.         Massive protests breakout in Kyrgyzstan following accusations that the parliamentary election was "unfair".     2021         January 1 – Christine Dacera, a 23-year-old Philippine Airlines flight attendant, was found unconscious in a bathtub in City Garden Grand Hotel in Makati City. She was declared dead on arrival after she was rushed to Makati Medical Center due to ruptured aortic aneurysm.[54]         January 6 – Pro-Trump rioters storm the US Capitol, disrupting the Congressional certification of United States President-elect Joe Biden. Trump is impeached a second time a week later for his role in the storming, making him the first US federal official to be impeached more than once and the first president to have his trial occur after his tenure expired.         January 15 – Wikipedia's 20th anniversary is noted in the media.[55][56][57][58]         February 1 – A coup d'état in Myanmar removes Aung San Suu Kyi from power and restores military rule.[59]         February 18 – NASA's Mars 2020 mission (containing the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter drone) lands on Mars at Jezero Crater, after seven months of travel.[60]         April 30–June 13 – A crush during a pilgrimage on Lag BaOmer, renewed violence during the 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis and continuing problems with the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel precede the 2021 Israeli presidential election. Amidst the election, Naftali Bennett and Yair Lapid agree to a rotation government, first headed by Bennett, in order to oust Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister as the month of crises is the culmination of scandals and corruption, including financial criminal charges, during Netanyahu's record long tenure.         June 24 – Filipino politician and the 15th President of the Philippines Benigno Aquino III dies at the age of 61.[61]         July 7 – President of Haiti, Jovenel Moïse, is assassinated in a midnight attack by unknown mercenaries.         August 15 – The Taliban regain control of Kabul after US forces and the republican government flee Afghanistan, marking the end of the War in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[62]         October 29 – Cinderella Obeñita from the Philippines is crowned Miss Intercontinental 2021 at Egypt.[63]         November 5 – Maureen Montagne from the Philippines is crowned Miss Globe 2021 at Tirana, Albania.[64]         November 30 – Barbados becomes a republic by replacing Elizabeth II as Queen with Sandra Mason as president in the role of head of state.         December 16 – Typhoon Rai lashes into Visayas and Mindanao, leaving about 409 people dead.[65]         December 25 – NASA, ESA, the Canadian Space Agency and the Space Telescope Science Institute launch the James Webb Space Telescope, the successor of the Hubble Space Telescope.     2022         February 4 – China and Russia issue a joint statement opposing further NATO expansion, expressing "serious concerns" about the AUKUS security pact, and pledging to cooperate with each other on a range of issues.[66]         February 4–20 – The 2022 Winter Olympics are held in Beijing, China, making it the first city ever to host both the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics.[67]         February 24 – After a prolonged military buildup, Russia launches an invasion of Ukraine.         March 31 – The Philippine Air Force (PAF) introduces 1Lt. Jul Laiza Mae Camposano-Beran as the first female fighter pilot at the Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pampanga.[68]         May 9 – Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte are elected the 17th President and 15th Vice President of the Philippines in a landslide victory.         May 24 – The Robb Elementary School shooting is perpetrated by 18-year-old Salvador Ramos, who fatally shot nineteen students and two teachers and wounded seventeen other people in Uvalde, Texas, United States. The shooting was the third-deadliest school shooting in the United States, after the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in 2012, and the deadliest in Texas. In the shooting's wake, the most significant gun safety reform legislation in the U.S. in 30 years is enacted.         June 24 – The Supreme Court rules that the Constitution of the United States does not confer a right to abortion, thus overruling the 1973 case Roe v. Wade, and its related 1992 case Planned Parenthood v. Casey. Protests erupt across nearly every major city in the United States.         July 8 – Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzo Abe is assassinated while giving a public speech in the city of Nara, Japan.         July 31 – Filipino politician and the 12th President of the Philippines Fidel V. Ramos dies at the age of 94.[69]         September 8 – Elizabeth II, the longest reigning British monarch and longest reigning female monarch dies, and is succeeded by Charles III, her eldest child.         October 29 – At least 158 people are killed and another 197 injured in a crowd crush during Halloween festivities in Seoul, South Korea.         October 30 – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is elected as the 39th president of Brazil, after defeating incumbent Jair Bolsonaro, becoming the first Brazilian president to be elected for a third term.         November 24 – Long-time opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim is appointed by Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah as Prime Minister of Malaysia.         December 7 – The Congress of Peru removes President Pedro Castillo from office and arrests him after he tries to dissolve congress in a coup attempt, Vice President Dina Boluarte succeeds him, leading to large protests against Boluarte and in favor of Castillo to erupt.         December 31 – Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, who served from 2005 until his resignation in 2013, dies at the age of 95.     2023         January 7:             After four days and fifteen ballots, Representative Kevin McCarthy is elected the 55th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.             Five black police officers of the Memphis Police Department, severely beat Tyre Nichols, a 29-year-old Black man, during a traffic stop. Nichols dies due to his injuries on January 10, and his death causes outrage and protests across the country.         January 8 – Supporters of former Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro storm the Brazilian National Congress, the Supreme Federal Court and the Presidential Palace of Planalto.         January 14 – R'Bonney Gabriel from the United States is crowned Miss Universe 2022 at the New Orleans Morial Convention Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.[70]         January 17 – Nguyễn Xuân Phúc resigns as President of Vietnam amid several recent scandals in the government, he was later replaced by Võ Văn Thưởng who was elected on March 2.         January 18 – The Court of Tax Appeals acquits online news website Rappler as well as its founder, Maria Ressa, in a tax evasion case filed against them by the Philippine government in 2018.         January 25 – Chris Hipkins succeeds Jacinda Ardern as Prime Minister of New Zealand, six days after she announced her resignation.         January 27 – Widespread unrest erupts in Israel following an Israeli military raid in Jenin which left nine Palestinians dead. Incendiary air balloons are launched into Israeli populated areas following it. Israel responds with targeted airstrikes. Later the same day, seven Jewish civilians are shot dead in an East Jerusalem synagogue in a retaliatory attack.         January 30 – A Jamaat-ul-Ahrar suicide bombing inside a mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, kills at least 101 people and injures over 220 others.         February 1 – Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Tom Brady announces his retirement from the NFL.         February 2 – The European Central Bank and Bank of England each raise their interest rates by 0.5 percentage points to combat inflation, one day after the US Federal Reserve raises its federal funds rate by 0.25 percentage points.         February 3:             The US announces it is tracking alleged Chinese spy balloons over the Americas, with one drifting from Yukon to South Carolina before being shot down the next day, and a second hovering over Colombia and Brazil. This event is followed by subsequent detections and shootdowns of high-altitude objects elsewhere.             A Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous materials derails in East Palestine, Ohio. Multiple train cars burned for more than two days, followed by emergency crews conducting a controlled burn of several additional cars, releasing hydrogen chloride and phosgene into the atmosphere.         February 6 – Two earthquakes strike southern Turkey, the first 7.8 (Mww) in Gaziantep Province and the other 7.5 Mww  in Kahramanmaraş Province, causing widespread damage and at least 58,000 deaths in Turkey and Syria, with more than 120,000 injured.[71][72]         February 7 – LeBron James breaks the all time NBA scoring record, scoring 38,388 points. The record was previously held by Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.         February 12 – The Kansas City Chiefs defeat the Philadelphia Eagles by a score of 38–35 to win Super Bowl LVII. Quarterback Patrick Mahomes wins Super Bowl MVP.         February 13 – A mass shooting takes place at Michigan State University. Three people were killed in the attack, and the shooter later takes his own life.         February 14 – Republican Nikki Haley announces her 2024 presidential campaign.         February 16:             The family of Bruce Willis announce that the actor has been diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia.             Controversial YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki steps down after filling the position for nine years, and is succeeded by Chief Product Officer Neal Mohan. Her departure leaves Big Tech without any female CEOs.         February 21 – Vladimir Putin announces that Russia is suspending its participation in New START, a nuclear arms reduction treaty with the US.         February 24 – The Philippine Independent Church ordains Wylard Ledama to the diaconate as the first trans woman clergy in the country.[73]         February 27 – The United Kingdom and the European Union reach a new agreement surrounding modifications to the Northern Ireland Protocol.         February 28 – A train crash in Thessaly, Greece, kills 57 people and injures dozens. The crash leads to nationwide protests and strikes against the condition of Greek railways and their mismanagement by the government.         March 2 – Alex Murdaugh is convicted by a jury and sentenced to life in prison without parole the next day for the murders of both his wife and son as well as two gun charges.         March 4:             Negros Oriental governor Roel Degamo, along with nine others, dies in an attack by gunmen in his home in Pamplona.[74]             UN member states agree on a legal framework for the High Seas Treaty, which aims to protect 30% of the world's oceans by 2030.         March 10:             The National People's Congress unanimously re-elects Xi Jinping as the President of the People's Republic of China to an unprecedented third term.             Iran and Saudi Arabia agree to resume diplomatic relations which were severed in 2016 at talks meditated by China.             Silicon Valley Bank, the 16th largest bank in the United States, fails, creating the largest bank failure since the 2008 financial crisis, affecting companies around the world.         March 17 – The International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Russian president Vladimir Putin, the first against a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.         March 19 – In a deal brokered by the Swiss government, investment bank UBS agrees to buy Credit Suisse for CHF 3 billion (US$3.2 billion) in an all-stock deal.         March 20 – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the synthesis report of its Sixth Assessment Report on climate change.         March 24–27 – A tornado outbreak kills at least 26 people in Mississippi and Alabama.         March 27 – Seven people, including the perpetrator, are killed in a mass shooting at the Covenant School in Nashville, Tennessee.         March 26 – Large-scale spontaneous protests erupt across Israel in the wake of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu firing his defence minister who spoke against the government's judicial overhaul plan.         March 30 – Former U.S. president Donald Trump is indicted by a New York City grand jury, the first such indictment of a former President in U.S. history.         April 2:             Former Arkansas Governor Asa Hutchinson announces his 2024 presidential campaign.             Russian pro-government war correspondent Vladlen Tatarsky is killed by a bombing at a café in Saint Petersburg owned by oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin. Sixteen others are injured.         April 4 – Finland becomes the 31st member of NATO, doubling the Western alliance's border with Russia.         April 5:             Attorney and author Robert F. Kennedy Jr. announces his presidential campaign.             Clashes between Palestinians and the Israeli police happen at Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.         April 10 – Two document leaks from the Pentagon detailing foreign military aid relating to the Russian invasion of Ukraine are leaked onto the Internet.         April 11 – In the village of Pazigyi, at least 165 people are killed by the Myanmar Air Force during the opening celebrations of a People's Defence Force administration office.         April 14 – Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) to search for life in the Jovian system, with an expected arrival date of 2031.         April 15:             Nuclear power in Germany ends after the closure of the final power plants and nuclear being a power source for the country for over 50 years.             Fighting breaks out across Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. The RSF captures Khartoum International Airport, and the presidential palace in Khartoum.         April 18 – Fox News and Dominion Voting Systems reach a $787.5 million settlement in the defamation lawsuit.         April 24 – Fox News and CNN fires Tucker Carlson and Don Lemon respectively. Carlson's firing was a result of the Dominion lawsuit settlement, while Lemon's was because of numerous misogynistic comments made in the past.         April 25 – President Biden formally announces his campaign for reelection in the 2024 United States presidential election.         May 1 – San Francisco-based First Republic Bank fails and is auctioned off by the US FDIC to JPMorgan Chase for $10.7 billion The collapse surpasses March's collapse of Silicon Valley Bank to become the second largest in US history.         May 2 – The 2023 Writers Guild of America strike begins due to unsuccessful pay raise negotiations. The strike halts the production of most movies and TV shows.         May 5 – World Health Organization declares end of the COVID-19 pandemic global health emergency.         May 6:             The coronation of Charles III and Camilla as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms is held in Westminster Abbey, London.             Nine people are killed, including the perpetrator, after a mass shooting at a mall in Allen, Texas.         May 7 – Syria is readmitted into the Arab League after being suspended since 2011.         May 9:             A Manhattan-based federal civil jury finds that former President Donald Trump sexually abused and defamed writer E. Jean Carroll in 1996, awarding her $5 million in damages.             U.S. Representative George Santos is indicted by federal prosecutors and charged with multiple counts of wire fraud, money laundering, and theft of private funds.         May 12 – The Title 42 expulsion policy expires at midnight, creating a question about whether a new immigration policy would be formed as a replacement. This comes as a surge of migrants gather at the U.S southern border.         May 19 – Senator Tim Scott from South Carolina files to run in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries.         May 24 – Ron DeSantis launches his campaign to run for President of the United States.         June 1 – Crown Prince of Jordan Hussein bin Abdullah marries Saudi architect and distant relative of the Saud family Rajwa Al Saif in the Jordanian capital of Amman.         June 2 – A train collision in Odisha, India results in at least 288 deaths and 1,000 others injured.         June 3 – Pres. Biden signs the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 into law in an effort to prevent the United States from entering a debt ceiling default.         June 6:             Nova Kakhovka dam in the Russian-controlled region of Kherson is destroyed, threatening the region with devastating floodwaters.             Former New Jersey governor Chris Christie announces his 2024 presidential campaign.         June 7 – Mike Pence announces his candidacy for President in the 2024 election.         June 8 – Former U.S. president Donald Trump is indicted by Jack Smith's special counsel over mishandling of classified documents found at the FBI search of Mar-a-Lago.         June 12 – The Denver Nuggets win the 2023 NBA Finals, their first NBA championship, in five games against the Miami Heat. Nikola Jokic wins NBA Finals MVP.         June 13 – At least 103 people are killed when a wedding boat capsizes on the Niger River in Kwara State, Nigeria.         June 14:             Scientists report the creation of the first synthetic human embryo from stem cells, without the need for sperm or egg cells.             At least 80 people die and 500 are reported missing after a boat carrying migrants capsizes off the coast of the Peloponnese.         June 15 – Miami mayor Francis Suarez launches his presidential campaign.         June 18 – All five crew members of Titan, a deep-sea submersible exploring the wreck of the Titanic, are killed following a catastrophic implosion of the vessel.         June 20 – Hunter Biden agrees to plead guilty to federal tax and firearms charges.         June 22 – Former Texas congressman Will Hurd launches his presidential campaign.         June 23 – Paramilitary organization known as the Wagner group launches a rebellion against the Russian government.         June 27:             Riots break out across France after the murder of teenager of algerian descent Nahel Merzoukh by a police officer.             The Supreme Court rules 6-3 in Moore v. Harper against the implementation of the independent state legislature theory.         June 29 – The Supreme Court rules that affirmative action in university admissions violates the Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment. The court rules 6-3 in both Students for Fair Admissions v. University of North Carolina and Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard.         June 30 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to end MINUSMA, its peacekeeping mission in Mali.         July 3:             In the largest incursion by Israel into the West Bank since the Second Intifada, the Israeli military deployed ground forces and armed drones into the Jenin camp, killing thirteen and injuring more than one-hundred. An attack claimed by Hamas as retaliation for the incursion, occurred in Tel Aviv the following day, injuring nine.             Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.         July 4:             Actress Allison Mack is released from prison early, after serving two years for her role in the NXIVM sex-trafficking cult.             Iran joins the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, becoming the organization's ninth member.         July 5 – Meta Platforms launches Threads as a direct competitor to Twitter.         July 7:             Patrick Crusius, the man who killed 23 people at an El Paso Walmart in 2019 is sentenced to 90 consecutive life sentences, the second longest amount of life sentences in the United States behind Terry Nichols, the accomplice of the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995.             A state judge in Oklahoma dismisses a lawsuit by the last three known survivors of the Tulsa race massacre in 1921 for reparations.         July 8 – In the Netherlands, the governing coalition collapses and Prime Minister Mark Rutte announces his upcoming resignation.         July 9 – New Zealand signs a free trade agreement with the European Union, increasing bilateral trade.         July 10:             China and the Solomon Islands sign a cooperation agreement between the People's Police and the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force in an upgrade of bilateral relations.             The European Commission and the U.S. government sign a new data communication agreement aimed at resolving legal uncertainties that European and American companies face when transferring personal data.         July 11 – Leslie Van Houten, a former member of the Manson Family, is released on parole after serving more than fifty years in prison.         July 14 – SAG-AFTRA announces it will begin an ongoing strike against the major film and TV studios in protest of low compensation, ownership of work, and generative AI.         July 18:             President Marcos signs the Maharlika Investment Fund, the Philippines' first sovereign wealth fund, into law.[75]             The International Criminal Court denies the Philippine government's appeal against the resumption of the investigation by prosecutor Karim Khan into the killings attributed to the drug war during the leadership of Rodrigo Duterte as Davao City mayor and the country's president.[76]             Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel announces charges against 16 “fake electors” for former U.S. President Donald Trump in a effort to reverse president Joe Biden’s victory in the state during the 2020 election. Politics, wars and states Main articles: International relations since 1989 and List of wars: 2003–present Russian President Vladimir Putin with George W. Bush and other Western leaders in Moscow, 9 May 2005 Protesters try to stop members of the G8 from attending the summit during the 27th G8 summit in Genoa, Italy by burning vehicles on the main route to the summit. New countries and territorial changes Some territories and states have gained independence during the 21st century. This is a list of sovereign states that have gained independence in the 21st century and have been recognized by the UN. Celebration of the Declaration of Independence of Kosovo     East Timor East Timor (Timor-Leste)[77] on 20 May 2002.     Montenegro Montenegro on 3 June 2006.     Serbia Serbia on 3 June 2006.     South Sudan South Sudan on 9 July 2011. These nations gained sovereignty through government reform.     Comoros Union of the Comoros on 23 December 2001. The Union of the Comoros replaced the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros     Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan on 13 July 2002. The Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan replaced the Islamic State of Afghanistan.     Serbia and Montenegro State Union of Serbia and Montenegro on 4 February 2003. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro replaced the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.     Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan replaced the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan     Nepal Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal on 28 May 2008. The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal replaced the Kingdom of Nepal.     Libya National Transitional Council of Libya on 20 October 2011. The National Transitional Council of Libya replaced the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.     Libya State of Libya on 8 August 2012. The State of Libya replaced the National Transitional Council of Libya.     Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 15 August 2021. The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan replaced the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. These territories have declared independence and secured relative autonomy but they have only been recognized by some UN member states:     Kosovo Kosovo on 17 February 2008. (partially recognized)     South Ossetia South Ossetia on 26 August 2008. (partially recognized)     Abkhazia Abkhazia on 26 August 2008. (partially recognized) These territories have declared independence and secured relative autonomy but they have been recognized by no one:     Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in June 2014. Had taken over much of Iraq, Syria and Libya. It is considered a terrorist organization and no longer holds any significant territorial control.     Catalonia Republic of Catalonia on 27 October 2017. The Catalan Parliament proclaimed the Catalan Republic, but the Kingdom of Spain did not recognise this and for a time imposed direct rule. (See 2017 Catalan independence referendum and 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis)     South Yemen Southern Transitional Council in March 2017. Claimed the majority of the southern part of Yemen and the restoration of South Yemen. These territories were annexed from a sovereign country, the action has only been recognized by some UN member states:     Autonomous Republic of Crimea Crimea annexed from Ukraine into the Russian Federation on 18 March 2014.      Donetsk People's Republic,[b] Kherson Oblast,  Luhansk People's Republic,[c] and Zaporizhzhia Oblast annexed from Ukraine into the Russian Federation on 30 September 2022. These territories were ceded to another country:     Bangladesh India India–Bangladesh enclaves, traded between the two countries in 2015.     Republic of Artsakh Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh and the Lachin corridor, surrendered by Armenia to Azerbaijan at the end of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. Science and technology Space exploration NASA successfully lands the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars. Artist's impression of New Horizons' close encounter with the Pluto–Charon system.     2001 – Dennis Tito becomes the first space tourist by paying $19 million to board the International Space Station.     2003 – Space Shuttle Columbia disaster on 1 February.     2003 – The Chinese space program launches its first crewed space flight, Shenzhou 5, on 15 October. This made China the third country in the world to have indigenous crewed space capability.     2004 – Mars Exploration Rovers land on Mars; Opportunity discovers evidence that an area of Mars was once covered in water.     2004 – SpaceShipOne makes the first privately funded human spaceflight, on 21 June.     2005 – The Huygens probe lands on Titan, the largest of Saturn's moons, on 14 January.     2006 – The New Horizons probe is launched to Pluto, on 19 January.     2006 – Pluto is reclassified from a planet to a dwarf planet, leaving the solar system with eight planets.     2007 – China launches its first lunar mission with the Chang'e 1, on 24 October.     2008 – India launches its first lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 which included a remote sensing orbiter and impactor on 22 October 2008. It made India the third nation to place its flag on Moon.     2008 – Chinese space program launches its third crewed space flight carrying its first three-person crew and conducts its first spacewalk that makes China the third nation after Russia and USA to do that, Shenzhou 7, on 25 September.     2008 – Phoenix discovers water ice on Mars.     2009 – Iran launches its first satellite, Omid, on 2 February.     2011 – NASA retires the last Space Shuttle, Atlantis, marking an end to its three-decade shuttle program.     2012 – SpaceX successfully delivers cargo to the International Space Station.     2012 – NASA successfully lands the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars, on 6 August.     2014 – India's Mars Orbiter Mission, the nation's first attempt to send a spacecraft to Mars, successfully entered orbit on 24 September, making India the fourth nation in the world to reach that goal.     2014 – The European Space Agency robotic spacecraft Philae landed successfully on the comet 67P, the first cometary landing ever.     2015 – On 14 July, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft became the first to fly by Pluto, on a mission to photograph and collect data on its planetary system. No other spacecraft has yet performed such a mission so far from Earth.     2015 – On 28 September, NASA announces that liquid water has been found on Mars.[78]     2015 - SpaceX launches and lands a Falcon 9 into orbital space on 21 December, becoming the first reusable rocket to do so.     2016 - SpaceX lands the first orbital rocket, a CRS-8, on a drone platform at sea on 8 April.     2016 – On 4 July, NASA's Juno space probe maneuvered into a polar orbit to study the planet Jupiter.[79]     2016 - On 26 July, Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the world.     2016 – On 24 August, an Earth-sized exoplanet is discovered around Proxima Centauri, 4.2 light years away, which is potentially habitable.     2016 - On 8 September, NASA's ORIRIS-Rex space probe is launched as the first asteroid sample return mission to collect samples from Bennu.     2019 – On 3 January, Chinese probe Chang'e 4 becomes the first human-made object to land on the far side of the Moon.[80]     2019 – NASA concludes the 15-year Opportunity rover mission after being unable to wake the rover from hibernation.[81]     2019 – Israel launched its first spacecraft, Beresheet, towards the Moon on 7 April; after two months of journey, the spacecraft failed to land and crashed on the surface of the Moon, making Israel the seventh country to orbit the Moon.     2019 – The first image of the supermassive black hole inside galaxy Messier 87 was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope.[82]     2021 – NASA's Perseverance rover, carrying the Ingenuity helicopter, successfully lands on Mars.     2021 – NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is successfully launched into orbit.     2022 – The first image of the supermassive black hole inside Milky Way was captured by the Event Horizon Telescope.     2022 – The first image from the James Webb Space Telescope is published.[83]     2022 – NASA successfully launches the Artemis 1 Moon mission on the SLS spacecraft after multiple delays. Physics     2003 – WMAP observations of the cosmic microwave background.     2010 – The Large Hadron Collider's first high energy collisions took place in March 2010.     2012 – Physicists discover the Higgs boson based on collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, on 4 July. It is the latest particle to be discovered in the Standard Model.[84]     2016 – On 11 February, LIGO announces the discovery of bursts of gravitational waves generated by cosmic collisions of black holes on, and was previously predicted by Albert Einstein 100 years ago.     2022 – on 13 December, the US Department of Energy announces that scientists at the National Ignition Facility have achieved the first positive energy gain from a fusion reactor in history.[1] Mathematics     2002 – Grigori Perelman posted the first of a series of eprints to the arXiv, in which he proved the Poincaré conjecture, the first of the Millennium Prize Problems to be solved.     2013 – Yitang Zhang publishes a paper in the Annals of Mathematics that established the first finite bound on the least gap between consecutive primes that is attained infinitely often. Biotechnology and medicine Further information: Timeline of medicine and medical technology § 2000 – present See also: Medicine in the 2010s     2003 – Completion of the Human Genome Project     2005 – The first successful partial face transplant is performed in France.     2006 – Australian of the Year Dr Ian Frazer develops a vaccine for cervical cancer.     2007 – Visual prosthetic (bionic eye) Argus II.     2008 – Japanese scientists create a form of artificial DNA.     2008 – Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant.     2012 – The first successful complete face transplant is performed in Turkey.     2012 – Doubts raised over Statin medication.     2013 – First kidney grown in vitro in the U.S.     2013 – First human liver grown from stem cells in Japan. Telecommunications Steve Jobs discussing the iPhone, an early smartphone, in 2008 The Digital Revolution continued into the early 21st century with mobile phone usage and Global Internet usage growing massively, becoming available to many more people, with more applications and faster speeds. Worldwide Internet users[85] Users     2005     2010     2017     2019     2021 World population[86]     6.5 billion     6.9 billion     7.4 billion     7.75 billion     7.9 billion Worldwide     16%     30%     48%     53.6%     63% In developing world     8%     21%     41.3%     47%     57% In developed world     51%     67%     81%     86.6%     90% Social networking emerged in the mid-2000s, as a popular social communication, largely replacing much of the function of email, message boards and instant messaging services. Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat and WeChat are all major examples of social media to gain widespread popularity. The use of webcams and front-facing cameras on PCs and related devices, and services such as Skype, Zoom, and FaceTime have made video calling and video conferencing widespread. Their use hugely increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Civil unrest Further information: List of protests in the 21st century December 2001 riots in Argentina, also known as "Argentinazo". 2007 Georgian demonstrations against the government of president Mikheil Saakashvili. Tahrir Square Protest during the Arab Spring in Egypt. Peaceful protests in Madrid. In August 2011, Spain's unemployment reached 21.2% (46.2% for youths). Protests in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, after the shooting of Michael Brown. 2019–20 Hong Kong protests "La marcha más grande de Chile" during the 2019–2020 Chilean protests.     2001 G8 Genoa summit protests     December 2001 riots in Argentina     2002 Gujarat riots     Protests against the Iraq War     Bolivian gas conflict     2003 Maldives civil unrest     2005 Belize unrest     Protests against Faure Gnassingbé     2005 Belfast riots     2005 civil unrest in France     Jeans Revolution     2006–2008 Lebanese protests     Saffron Revolution     2007 Georgian demonstrations     2008 Armenian presidential election protests     2008 Tibetan unrest     2008 riot in Mongolia     2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests     2009 G-20 London summit protests     April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests     2009–2010 Iranian election protests     2010 Thai political protests     Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010     2010 G-20 Toronto summit protests     2010 Mozambican protests     2010 UK student protests     2010–2012 Greek protests     Arab Spring     Tunisian revolution     2011 Egyptian revolution     2011 Egyptian Post-Revolution protests     Impact of the Arab Spring     2011 Magallanes protests     2011 Iranian protests     2011 Libyan civil war     Syrian civil war     2011 Northern Ireland riots     2011 Malawian protests     2011 United Kingdom anti-austerity protests     Anti-austerity movement in Portugal     Spanish "Indignants"     2011 England riots     2011–13 Chilean student protests     2011 Israeli social justice protests     Worldwide "Occupy" Protests     2011–2013 Russian protests     Bersih 3.0 rally     Yo Soy 132     Belfast City Hall flag protests     2012–2013 Iraqi protests     2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots     Gezi Park protests     2013 protests in Brazil     June 2013 Egyptian protests     2013–2014 Cambodian protests     2013 Muzaffarnagar riots     2013–2014 Thai political crisis     Euromaidan     2013 Italian social protests     2013 Little India riots     2014 Ukrainian Revolution     2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina     Venezuelan protests (2014–present)     2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka     2014 Pakistan anti-government protest     2014 Ferguson unrest     2014 Hong Kong protests     2015 Baltimore protests     Burundian unrest (2015–2018)     2015–18 Iraqi protests     2015 Lebanese protests     Protests against Donald Trump     Nuit debout     2016 Gabonese protests     2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt     2016–17 South Korean protests     Dakota Access Pipeline protests     2016 Manipur unrest     2016–17 Cameroonian protests     2017–2019 Romanian protests     2017 Belarusian protests     2017–2018 Russian protests     2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis     Unite the Right rally     2017–2018 Honduran protests     2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka     2018–2019 Nicaraguan protests     2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests     Yellow vests movement     Serbian protests (2018–present)     Sudanese Revolution     2018 Armenian revolution     2018–2023 Haitian crisis     2019–2020 Algerian protests     2019–20 Hong Kong protests     2019 Venezuelan uprising attempt     2019 Papua protests     2019 Egyptian protests     2019–2020 Iraqi protests     2019 Ecuadorian protests     2019–2020 Chilean protests     2019 Catalan protests     2019–2020 Guinean protests     2019–20 Lebanese protests     2019 Bolivian protests     2019 Indonesian protests and riots     2019–20 Iranian protests     2019 Maltese protests     2019-2020 Colombian protests     Citizenship Amendment Act protests     2020–2021 Thai protests     2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu     2020–2021 United States racial unrest     2020 Belarusian protests     2020–2021 Serbian protests     2020–2021 Bulgarian protests     2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest     End SARS protests     2020 Polish protests     2020 Peruvian protests     2020–2021 United States election protests     2020–2021 Armenian protests     2020 Guatemalan protests     2021 Dutch curfew riots     2021 Russian protests     2021 Myanmar protests     2021 Senegalese protests     2021 Paraguayan protests     2021 Colombian protests     2021 South African unrest     2022 Kazakh protests     2022 Sri Lankan protests     2022 Ecuadorian protests     Anti-MONUSCO protests     Mahsa Amini protests     2022–2023 Brazilian election protests     2022–2023 Peruvian protests     2023 Israeli judicial reform protests     2023 French pension reform strikes     2023 Manipur violence     2023 Senegalese protests     Nahel Merzouk protests Disasters Natural disasters The tsunami striking Ao Nang in Thailand on 26 December 2004. New Orleans, Louisiana in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. 2000s     2001 Gujarat earthquake – An earthquake in Gujarat, India on 26 January 2001, killed approximately 20,000 people.     January 2001 El Salvador earthquake – A 7.9 earthquake in El Salvador shook the whole country on 13 January 2001, causing a major devastating landslide, hundreds dead, thousands injured and many homeless. A month later, on 13 February 2001, the country suffered a second earthquake – 6.7     2003 European heat wave – Approximately up to 70,000 people were killed across Europe in a summer long heat wave.     2003 Bam earthquake – An earthquake in Bam, Iran on 27 December 2003, killed more than 26,000.     2004 Hurricane Jeanne – Over 3,000 people are killed by Hurricane Jeanne in Haiti in September 2004.     2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami – On 26 December 2004, a massive undersea earthquake resulted in a massive tsunami striking southeast Asia killing approximately 230,000.     2005 Hurricane Katrina – The hurricane killed 1,836 in southeast Louisiana and Mississippi (mostly in New Orleans) and South Florida. A significant portion of the city, most of which sits below sea level, was submerged. Damages reached US$81.5 billion, making Katrina the costliest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the U.S.     2005 Kashmir earthquake – An earthquake in Kashmir on 8 October 2005, killed at least 74,500 in India and Pakistan.     2008 Cyclone Nargis – lead to catastrophic storm surge, leading to a death toll in excess of 100,000 and making millions homeless.     2008 Sichuan earthquake – An earthquake between 7.9 and 8.0-magnitude struck Sichuan, China, on 12 May 2008, killing 68,712, with 17,921 missing.     2009 Black Saturday bushfires – The Black Saturday bushfires were a series of bushfires that ignited or were burning across the Australian state of Victoria, Australia on and around Saturday, 7 February 2009. The fires occurred during extreme bushfire-weather conditions and resulted in Australia's highest ever loss of life from a bushfire; 173 people died and 414 were injured.     2009 L'Aquila earthquake – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila (Italy) on 6 April 2009, one of the worst in Italian history. 308 were pronounced dead and more than 65,000 were made homeless.     2009 flu pandemic – A worldwide outbreak of Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 spread around the world forming a pandemic by June 2009. 2010s Damaged buildings in Port-au-Prince as a result of the 2010 Haiti earthquake Hurricane Maria destruction in Dominica in 2017.     2010 Haiti earthquake – At least 230,000 are killed in Haiti after a massive earthquake on 12 January 2010. Three million people were made homeless.     2010 Chile earthquake – A massive earthquake, magnitude 8.8, strikes the central Chilean coast on 27 February 2010.     2010 Yushu earthquake – A large 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck the Yushu region of China in Qinghai near Tibet, on 14 April 2010, killing over 2,200 people.     2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull – A massive ash cloud is formed by the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, on 14 April 2010, grounding flights across northwest Europe. Scientists began recording volcanic activity there in 2009 which increased through March 2010 culminating in the second phase eruption in April.     2010 Pakistan floods – Began in July 2010 after record heavy monsoon rains. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan was worst affected. At least 1,600 people were killed, thousands were rendered homeless, and more than thirteen million people were affected.[87][88][89][90][91] Estimates from rescue service officials suggest the death toll may reach 3,000 victims.[92]     2011 Queensland floods – Began in December 2010 primarily in Queensland. The flood causes thousands of people to evacuate. At least 200,000 people were affected by the flood. The flood continued throughout January 2011 in Queensland, and the estimated reduction in Australia's GDP is about A$30 billion.     Cyclone Yasi – A category 5 (Australian Scale) cyclone hits North Queensland with winds as strong as 290 km/h (197 miles/hr) and devastates the residents of North Queensland.     February 2011 Christchurch earthquake – 185 people died in New Zealand after a 6.3-magnitude earthquake hit Christchurch on 22 February 2011, making it New Zealand's second-deadliest natural disaster after the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.     2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami – On 11 March 2011, a catastrophic undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.0 occurred offshore of eastern Japan, the greatest in the country's history and created a massive tsunami which killed 15,894; it also triggered the Fukushima I nuclear accidents. The overall cost for the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accidents reached up to US$235 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster on record.     2011 Super Outbreak – Regarded as the deadliest tornado outbreak ever recorded and dubbed the 2011 Super Outbreak, a catastrophic tornado outbreak on 25–28 April affected the Southern United States and killed over 330 people, most of whom were in or from Alabama. Damages are expected to be near or over $10 billion.     2011 Joplin tornado – On 22 May 2011, a devastating EF5 tornado struck Joplin, Missouri resulting in 159 casualties, making it the deadliest tornado to hit the United States since 1947.     Tropical Storm Washi – Locally known as Sendong, it caused catastrophic flooding in the Philippine island of Mindanao on the night of 16 December 2011. The hardest hits were in Cagayan de Oro and Iligan City. Almost 1000 people perished, most of whom were sleeping, and President Benigno Aquino III declared a state of calamity four days later.     Hurricane Sandy – 24–30 October 2012 – kills at least 185 people in the Caribbean, Bahamas, United States and Canada. Considerable storm surge damage causes major disruption to the eastern seaboard of the United States.[93][94][95]     2013 Bohol earthquake - An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 that killed 22 people and destroyed a total worth of ₱2.25 billion,     Typhoon Haiyan 2013 – kills more than 6,000 people in central Philippines. Considered to be one of the strongest storms ever, it brought major damage and loss of life to the Philippines, especially the islands of Leyte and Samar. A worldwide humanitarian effort began in the aftermath of the typhoon.     2014 Southeast Europe floods – kill at least 80 people in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Floodwaters caused over 2,000 landslides across the Balkan region, spreading damage across many towns and villages.     April 2015 Nepal earthquake – An earthquake of 7.8 magnitude kills almost 9,000 people, injures another 22,000 and leaves nearly 3 million people homeless in Central Nepal. The earthquake was so strong it was felt in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.     2016 Taiwan earthquake – An earthquake of 6.4 magnitude kills 117 people, injures 550, and 4 people were left missing. The earthquake resulted in 3 executives of the Weiguan developer being arrested under charges of professional negligence resulting in death.     August 2016 Central Italy earthquake – A 6.2 magnitude earthquake killed 299 people and severely damaged Amatrice, Accumoli and Arquata del Tronto. 2020s     Unprecedented flooding displaces millions and threatens famine in Sudan and South Sudan in 2020–2021.[96][97]     On 12 January 2020, the Taal Volcano erupted for the first time in 43 years.     The 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, the most active regional season on record with 30 total named storms, results in over 400 fatalities across parts of the United States, Central America and the Caribbean.     At least 20 people are killed in 2021 Henan floods in China after heavy rainfall (at least 20c per hour) exacerbated by the approach of Typhoon In-fa breaks existing records.     The 2021 European floods kill over 188 people and devastate Belgium, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Croatia, Switzerland, Italy and Luxemburg. Floods in Germany prove to be the deadliest since the North Sea Flood of 1962.     On 27 July 2022, a magnitude-7.0 earthquake hit Luzon, causing 11 deaths and ₱1.88 billion of property damage.     In September 2022, Hurricane Ian hit the west coast of Florida as a Category 4 Atlantic hurricane, becoming the deadliest hurricane to hit Florida since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane. Human-made disasters Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling unit in the Gulf of Mexico on fire in 2010     On 27 July 2002, a Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes at an air show in Ukraine, killing 77 and injuring more than 100, making it the worst air show disaster in history.     On 1 February 2003, at the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all seven astronauts on board.     The Black Saturday bushfires – the deadliest bushfires in Australian history took place across the Australian state of Victoria on 7 February 2009, during extreme bushfire-weather conditions, resulting in 173 people killed, more than 500 injured, and around 7,500 homeless. The fires came after Melbourne recorded the highest-ever temperature (46.4 °C, 115 °F) of any capital city in Australia. The majority of the fires were ignited by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit.     On 10 April 2010, Polish President Lech Kaczyński, his wife and 94 other people, including dozens of government officials, are killed in a plane crash.     On 20 April 2010, an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling rig, operating in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Louisiana, left eleven crewmen dead and resulted in a fire that sank the rig and caused a massive-scale oil spill[98] that may become one of the worst environmental disasters in United States history.[99] On 18 June 2010, oceanographer John Kessler said that the crude gushing from the well contains 40 percent methane, compared to about 5 percent found in typical oil deposits. Methane is a natural gas that could potentially suffocate marine life and create "dead zones" where oxygen is so depleted that nothing lives. "This is the most vigorous methane eruption in modern human history," Kessler said.[100] On 20 June an internal BP document was released by Congress revealing that BP estimated the flow could be as much as 100,000 barrels (4,200,000 US gallons; 16,000 cubic metres) per day under the circumstances that existed since 20 April blowout.[101][102] Pandemics and epidemics Western African Ebola virus epidemic U.S. yearly overdose deaths. More than 70,630 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2019.     2002–2004 – Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads to many countries in the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.     2009 – Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 spreads around the world, becoming a global pandemic.     2014 – Ebola virus spreads in west Africa, prompting the then-largest epidemic, with more than 20,000 cases. The first cases outside Africa are reported.     2019–present – A worldwide pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus takes place. It leads to widespread social and economic disruption and, by early 2023, more than 6.9 million deaths.[103][104] Economics and industry     The late-2000s financial crisis caused the Great Recession, which lasted into the early 2010s.     In the early 2010s the European debt crisis caused major effects on European politics and contributing to power shifts and the introduction of austerity policies in different countries.     Developing countries make up for 97% of the world's growth, and industrialization leads to the rapid rise of BRIC economies and the weakening of American hegemony in the global economy.     The recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic forced many governments and economic sectors to heavily invest and restructure, especially through widespread introduction of remote work.     Economic restructuring was pursued in many economies due to global climate change. Sports Association football is the most popular sport worldwide with the FIFA World Cup being the most viewed football event. Other sports such as rugby, cricket, baseball, basketball, ice hockey, tennis, and golf are popular globally. In cricket, the emergence of the Twenty20 format and the creation of the Indian Premier League led to changes in the nature of the sport. American swimmer Michael Phelps won an Olympic record setting 8 Gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The Beijing Bird's Nest Stadium during the 2008 Summer Olympics. Olympics     The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States     The 2004 Summer Olympics were held in Athens, Greece     The 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin, Italy     The 2008 Summer Olympics were held in Beijing, China     The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada]]     The 2012 Summer Olympics were held in London, United Kingdom     The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi, Russia     The 2016 Summer Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil     The 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea     The 2020 Summer Olympics were held in Tokyo, Japan     The 2022 Winter Olympics were held in Beijing, China     The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France     The 2026 Winter Olympics will be held in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy     The 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States     The 2032 Summer Olympics will be held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Association football     The 2002 FIFA World Cup – host South Korea and Japan – was won by Brazil     The 2006 FIFA World Cup – host Germany – was won by Italy     The 2010 FIFA World Cup – host South Africa – was won by Spain     The 2014 FIFA World Cup – host Brazil – was won by Germany     The 2018 FIFA World Cup – host Russia – was won by France     The 2022 FIFA World Cup – host Qatar – was won by Argentina Cricket     The 2003 Cricket World Cup – host South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya – was won by Australia     The 2007 Cricket World Cup – host West Indies – was won by Australia     The 2011 Cricket World Cup – host India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh – was won by India     The 2015 Cricket World Cup – host Australia and New Zealand – was won by Australia     The 2019 Cricket World Cup – host England and Wales – was won by England Gridiron football Quarterback Tom Brady led the New England Patriots and Tampa Bay Buccaneers during his career, appearing in ten Super Bowls himself, the most ever.     In the National Football League, the New England Patriots were the dominant franchise of the first two decades of the 21st century, winning six Super Bowls between their first, in 2001, and their most recent, in 2018 and appearing in an additional three others. Head Coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady led the team during the stretch, with Brady also leading the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to an additional Super Bowl following the 2020 season. Other teams with multiple Super Bowl appearances over that time period include the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, Kansas City Chiefs, Seattle Seahawks, and Carolina Panthers. Besides Brady, who also won three Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award (MVP), other highly recognized players include quarterback Peyton Manning, who won five MVP awards, the most in history, and quarterback Aaron Rodgers who won three MVPs, who in 2011 set the NFL record for season passer rating. Successful offensive players at other positions include wide receiver Randy Moss, who set the record for most receiving touchdowns in a season with 23 in 2007, wide receiver Michael Thomas, who set the NFL record for most receptions in a season with 149 in 2019, tight end Rob Gronkowski, who became the first tight end to lead the league in receiving touchdowns in 2011, and running back Adrian Peterson, who set the all-time NFL record for rushing yards in a game with 296 in 2007, his rookie year. Key defensive players of the century include safety Ed Reed, who led the league in interceptions three times, linebacker Ray Lewis, who set the career tackles record when he retired in 2012, and linebacker J. J. Watt, who is the only player to record more than 20 quarterback sacks in two different seasons.     In American college football, the sport saw the creation of the College Football Playoff, the first playoff for NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, the highest level of college football in the U.S. The series was dominated by two teams, the Clemson Tigers and Alabama Crimson Tide, at least one of which has played in every Playoff since its inception in 2014 and between them have won all but one of said championships. Prior to 2014, the method of determining the champion was done via the Bowl Championship Series (BCS), a single championship game that attempted to match the top two teams in the country using a series of polls and computer rankings to choose the top two teams. In the BCS era, the top teams were Alabama, which won three BCS Championships, and Florida State, LSU, and Oklahoma, which won two BCS Championships each. Nick Saban, who led both LSU and Alabama to one and seven national championships respectively, was the most dominant coach of his era, while quarterbacks dominated the Heisman Trophy, winning 16 of 20 during the first two decades of the 21st century. Several controversies over the payment of athletes dominated the sport, with Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush being forced to return his award over receiving improper benefits while maintaining amateur status, while officials and media continued to debate the possibility of paying athletes at all levels of college athletics.     In Canadian football, the league opened the 21st century facing an uncertain financial future, suffering from the failures of the experiment of trying to field Canadian football teams in the United States and having to contract a large number of teams at the end of the 20th century. The league fluctuated between eight and nine teams as two different Ottawa-based franchises failed during the first decade of the 21st century. The league found stability during the 2010s, and showed surprising parity between the teams, with all nine teams appearing in at least one Grey Cup during the 2000s and 2010s, and with only the Montreal Alouettes winning back-to-back titles during those two decades, in 2009 and 2010. Quarterback Anthony Calvillo of the Alouettes was the face of the league during his career, winning three Most Outstanding Player Awards and setting several passing records in the process. Golf Tiger Woods was the most successful male golfer of the first two decades of the 21st century.     The 2002 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 15 and a half to USA's 12 and a half.     The 2004 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 18 and a half to USA's 9 and a half.     The 2006 Ryder Cup was won by Europe again 18 and a half to USA's 9 and a half.     The 2008 Ryder Cup was won by USA 16 and a half to Europe's 11 and a half.     The 2010 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 14 and a half to USA's 13 and a half.     The 2012 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 14 and a half to USA's 13 and a half.     The 2014 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 16 and a half to USA's 11 and a half.     The 2016 Ryder Cup was won by USA 17 to Europe's 11.     The 2018 Ryder Cup was won by Europe 17 and a half to USA's 10 and a half. Motorsport The start of a race during the 2016 Supercars Championship in Australia     Dale Earnhardt died after a last-lap crash during the Daytona 500 in February 2001.     Michael Schumacher broke many records in the first few years of the century, including the record for most races won (91), most World Championships (7), and most pole positions (68) by the time he retired in 2006. In 2010, he announced his comeback to Formula One after three years out of the sport, retiring again in 2012.     Sebastian Vettel broke numerous records on his way to becoming Formula One's youngest ever world champion, in 2010 at age 23, and then the youngest ever double world champion, in 2011 at age 24.     Sébastien Loeb became the most successful rally driver ever, winning the World Rally Championship a record 9 consecutive times between 2004 and 2012. He also set new records for the most wins, podium finishes and points scored.     Casey Stoner won his second MotoGP world title (2007 and 2011), and announced his retirement from the sport at just 27 years of age, citing disagreement with the direction of the sport and a desire to spend more time with his family. His retirement became effective at the end of the 2012 MotoGP season. Stoner has won every MotoGP-branded race at least once.     Craig Lowndes became the first driver to reach 100 race wins in the V8 Supercars Championship.     Lewis Hamilton broke the record for most career pole positions in Formula One in 2019, and the record for most career wins in 2020. Rugby Union     2003 Rugby World Cup – host Australia – was won by England     2007 Rugby World Cup – host France – was won by South Africa     2011 Rugby World Cup – host New Zealand – was won by New Zealand     2015 Rugby World Cup – host England – was won by New Zealand     2019 Rugby World Cup – host Japan – was won by South Africa Tennis (Men)     Roger Federer won 20 Grand Slam titles (6 Australian Opens, 1 French Open, 8 Wimbledons, and 5 US Opens) to surpass Pete Sampras' record of 14.     Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal and Novak Djokovic each completed a Career Grand Slam, winning the singles championships in the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and US Open; Nadal also won the Olympic Singles gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics to complete a Golden Career Slam.     At the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, John Isner and Nicolas Mahut completed the longest tennis match ever. Isner won 6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7), 7–6(3), 70–68.     In 2019, Rafael Nadal became the first male player to win a single Grand Slam tournament (French Open) 12 times. Tennis (Women)     Serena Williams won 23 Grand Slam titles (7 Australian Opens, 3 French Opens, 7 Wimbledons, and 6 US Opens) in the 21st century, to add to her 1999 US Open title. Including a 2017 Australian Open win whilst 8 weeks pregnant     Maria Sharapova became the first female Russian player to reach No.1 on 22 August 2005. She also retired in 2020.     China's Li Na won the 2011 French Open, becoming the first player, male or female, from that country to win a Grand Slam.     Belarusian Victoria Azarenka won the 2012 Australian Open, becoming the first player, male or female, from that country to win a Grand Slam, and also hold the No.1 ranking (taking over from Caroline Wozniacki). Arts and entertainment Arts Main article: Contemporary art     Art:21 - Art in the 21st Century (2001–2018), a PBS series Music A. R. Rahman, an Indian composer, became the first-ever from the sub-continent to have won double Oscars for his original score and soundtrack in 2009. At the beginning of the century, the compact disc (CD) was the standard form of music media, but alternative forms of music media started to take it place such as music downloading and online streaming. A resurgence in sales of vinyl records in the 2010s was driven by record collectors and audiophiles who prefer the sound of analog vinyl records to digital recordings. In 2020, for the first time since the 1980s, vinyl surpassed CDs as the primary form of physical media for consumers of music, though both were still surpassed by online streaming, which by the 2020s became the predominant way that people consumed music.[105] As of 2020, the most active music streaming services were YouTube (1 billion monthly music users, 20 million premium subscribers), Tencent Music (657 million monthly users, 42.7 million premium subscribers), 130 million premium subscribers), SoundCloud (175 million monthly users), Gaana (152 million monthly users), JioSaavn (104 million monthly users), Spotify (286 million monthly users), Pandora (60.9 million monthly users), and Apple Music (60 million subscribers).[106] Television As with music, the story of the first two decades of the 21st century was the growth of streaming television services in competition with older forms of television, such as Terrestrial television, cable television, and satellite television. The first major company to dominate the streaming service market was Netflix, which began as a DVD-delivery service in the late 1990s, transitioned into an online media streaming platform initially focused on delivering content produced by studios, then began to produce its own content, beginning with the popular and critically acclaimed series House of Cards in 2013. Netflix's success encouraged the creation of numerous other streaming services, such as Hulu, YouTube Premium, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+, which within a year of its launch overtook Netflix as the most downloaded television streaming application.[107] Issues and concerns     Global warming. Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.[108] The resulting economic and ecological costs are hard to predict. Some scientists argue that human-induced global warming risks considerable losses in biodiversity and ecosystem services unless considerable sociopolitical changes are introduced, particularly in patterns of mass consumption and transportation.[109] Global Peak Oil forecast. Virtually all economic sectors rely heavily on petroleum.     Globalization. Advances in telecommunications and transportation, the expansion of capitalism and democracy[disputed – discuss] since the late 1980s, and free trade agreements have resulted in unprecedented global economic and cultural integration. Most economists believe free trade leads to economic growth and benefits most people, including small businesses.[110] In recent years, however, there has been a backlash against globalization and a return to protectionist attitudes among some leaders and nations, most notably United States President Donald Trump and the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union. Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2006. Almost 97% of future population growth is expected to occur in developing countries.[111]     Population. The world's population demographics will shift considerably in this century, with the population of Europe and East Asia to decline considerably and the population of Africa and to a lesser extent South Asia to grow considerably. The United Nations estimates that world population will reach 9.8 billion by 2050.[112] Most of this growth will take place in the world's poorer countries, which may slow down the global reduction of poverty and combined with the effects of global warming may lead to large migrations.         Overconsumption and overpopulation. The United Nations estimates that world population will reach 9.2 billion by mid-century. Such growth raises questions of ecological sustainability and creates many economic and political disruptions. In response, many countries have adopted policies which either force or encourage their citizens to have fewer children, and others have limited immigration. Considerable debate exists over what the ultimate carrying capacity of the planet may be; whether or not population growth containment policies are necessary; to what degree growth can safely occur thanks to increased economic and ecological efficiency; and how distribution mechanisms should accommodate demographic shifts. Many developed countries (most notably Japan) will experience population decline, and the population debate is strongly tied with discussions about the distribution of wealth.     Poverty. Poverty remains the root cause of many of the world's other ills, including famine, disease, and insufficient education. Poverty contains many self-reinforcing elements (for instance, poverty can make education an unaffordable luxury, which tends to result in continuing poverty) that various aid groups hope to rectify in this century. Immense progress has been made in reducing poverty, especially in China and India but increasingly in Africa as well. Microcredit lending has also started to gain a profile as a useful anti-poverty tool.     Disease. AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria each kill over a million people annually. HIV remains without a cure or vaccine, and while new cases are declining it remains a major problem, especially for women.[113] Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern for organisms such as tuberculosis. Other diseases, such as SARS, COVID-19, ebola, the Zika virus and flu variations, are also causes for concern. The World Health Organization has warned of a possible coming flu pandemic resulting from bird flu mutations. In 2009, there was an outbreak of swine flu whose country of origin is still unknown. In early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by Russia and the United States.[114]     War and terrorism. Although war and terror have declined so far in the early 21st century,[115] active conflicts continue around the world, such as the Syrian Civil War, the Yemeni Civil War and the War in Afghanistan. The 9/11 terrorist attacks triggered invasions of Afghanistan and partially and controversially Iraq. The War on Terror has seen controversies over civil liberties, accusations of torture, continued terrorist attacks and ongoing instability, violence, and military occupation. Violence continues in the Arab–Israeli conflict. Considerable concern remains about nuclear proliferation, especially in Iran and North Korea, and the availability of weapons of mass destruction to rogue groups.         War on drugs. Increasingly, the legal, social and military battle led by governments against drug cartels around the world show little results in ending drug trading and consumption, and a constant increase in the lives taken from this struggle. Notably, after 2006 in the Mexican Drug War, more than 100,000 human lives have been lost to this conflict. Some jurisdictions have enacted some degree of legalization or decriminalization of some kinds of drugs, notably including several U.S. states legalizing marijuana either for recreational or medical use.     Intellectual property. The increasing popularity of digital formats for entertainment media such as movies and music, and the ease of copying and distributing it via the Internet and peer-to-peer networks, has raised concerns in the media industry about copyright infringement. Much debate is proceeding about the proper bounds between protection of copyright, trademark and patent rights versus fair use and the public domain, where some argue that such laws have shifted greatly towards intellectual property owners and away from the interests of the general public in recent years, while others say that such legal change is needed to deal with a perceived threat of new technologies against the rights of authors and artists (or, as others put it, against the outmoded business models of the current entertainment industry). Domain name "cybersquatting" and access to patented drugs and generics to combat epidemics in third-world countries are other IP concerns.     Technology developments continue to change society. Communications and control technology continues to augment the intelligence of individual humans, collections of humans, and machines. Some, notably Ray Kurzweil, have predicted that by the middle of the century there will be a technological singularity if artificial intelligence that outsmarts humans is created. In addition, some economists have expressed concerns over technological unemployment due to automation.   Marriage open to same-sex couples   Death penalty for homosexuality     Civil rights, including women's rights, LGBT rights, racial equality and the rights of disabled and neurodiverse people are still a work in progress. Women are not able to realize or are outright denied their rights in many countries, including India, China[116] and Saudi Arabia, and sexual violence against women is still an enormous problem everywhere in the world. Sex-selective abortion has reduced the number of women born worldwide since 1990, mostly because of son preference in China, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, South Korea and some other smaller countries. In many countries attitudes towards homosexuality have become more tolerant. Same-sex marriage was legalized in several jurisdictions during the first two decades of the century, but outlawed by constitutional amendment in other places. Meanwhile, some countries such as Uganda and Russia moved to toughen their laws against any sort of homosexual behavior or expression. Political battles over pro- or anti-gay legislation provoked much activism in the streets and on the Internet. Hate groups remain a serious problem, and ethnic minorities have a lower status in many countries, including the United States. Neurological conditions such as autism are slowly becoming more understood and recognized. Astronomical events     2004: Transit of Venus.     23 December 2007: grand conjunction, a galactic conjunction which happens every 26,000 years.     2009: Triple conjunction Jupiter–Neptune.     Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009, total of 6 min 38.8 s, saros 136.     Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010, annular of 11 min 08 s, saros 141. The longest of the century, and also of the entire millennium.     2012: Transit of Venus.     11 November 2019: Transit of Mercury.     Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020, annular of 38 s, saros 137 Further information: List of future astronomical events § 21st century See also     iconModern history portal     20th century     Timelines of modern history     Contemporary art     International relations since 1989 Notes See, for instance, the Lost Decades in Japan. See Russian occupation of Donetsk Oblast.     See Russian occupation of Luhansk Oblast. References "The 21st Century and the 3rd Millennium". aa.usno.navy.mil. 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Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019. Sanger-Katz, Margot (16 August 2016). "Is Terrorism Getting Worse? In the West, Yes. In the World, No". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2019.     Fry, Lisa. "Chinese Women and Economic Human Rights" (PDF). Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2022. Further reading     Adebajo, Adekeye, ed. Curse of Berlin: Africa After the Cold War (Oxford UP, 2014).     Allitt, Patrick N. America after the Cold War: The First 30 Years (2020).     Andersson, Jenny. The future of the world: Futurology, futurists, and the struggle for the post cold war imagination (Oxford UP, 2018).     Ahram, Ariel I. War and Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).     Asare, Prince, and Richard Barfi. "The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy: Emphasis on Poverty Alleviation and Economic Growth." Economics 8.1 (2021): 32-43 online.     Aziz, Nusrate, and M. Niaz Asadullah. "Military spending, armed conflict and economic growth in developing countries in the post–Cold War era." Journal of Economic Studies 44.1 (2017): 47–68.     Brands, Hal. Making the unipolar moment: U.S. foreign policy and the rise of the post-Cold War order (2016).     Brügger, Niels, ed, Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the world wide web (Peter Lang, 2017).     Cameron, Fraser. US foreign policy after the cold war: global hegemon or reluctant sheriff? (Psychology Press, 2005).     Cassani, Andrea, and Luca Tomini. Autocratization in post-cold war political regimes (Springer, 2018).     Clapton, William ed. Risk and Hierarchy in International Society: Liberal Interventionism in the Post-Cold War Era (Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2014)     Dai, Jinhua, and Lisa Rofel, eds. After the Post–Cold War: The Future of Chinese History (Duke UP, 2018).     Duong, Thanh. Hegemonic globalisation: U.S. centrality and global strategy in the emerging world order (Routledge, 2017).     The Economist. The World in 2020 (2019)     The Economist. The Pocket World in 2021 (2020) excerpt     Gertler, Mark, and Simon Gilchrist. "What happened: Financial factors in the great recession." Journal of Economic Perspectives 32.3 (2018): 3-30. online     Harrison, Ewam. The Post-Cold War International System: Strategies, Institutions and Reflexivity (2004).     Henriksen, Thomas H. Cycles in US Foreign Policy Since the Cold War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) excerpt.     Howe, Joshua P. Behind the curve: science and the politics of global warming (U of Washington Press, 2014).     Jackson, Robert J. and Philip Towle. Temptations of Power: The United States in Global Politics after 9/11 (2007)     Lamy, Steven L., et al. Introduction to global politics (4th ed. Oxford UP, 2017)     Mandelbaum, Michael The Rise and Fall of Peace on Earth (Oxford UP, 2019) why so much peace 1989–2015. excerpt     Maull, Hanns W., ed. The rise and decline of the post-Cold War international order (Oxford UP, 2018).     Pekkanen, Saadia M., John Ravenhill, and Rosemary Foot, eds. Oxford handbook of the international relations of Asia (Oxford UP, 2014), comprehensive coverage.     Ravenhill, John, ed. Global political economy (5th ed. Oxford UP, 2017) excerpt     Reid-Henry, Simon. Empire of Democracy: The Remaking of the West Since the Cold War (2019) excerpt     Rosenberg, Jerry M. (2012). The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007–2012 (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810883406.     Rubin, Robert, and Jacob Weisberg. In an uncertain world: tough choices from Wall Street to Washington (2015).     Rudolph, Peter. "The Sino-American World Conflict" (German Institute for International and Security Affairs. SWP Research Paper #3, February 2020). doi: 10.18449/2020RP03 online     Schenk, Catherine R. International economic relations since 1945 (2nd ed. 2021).     Smith, Rhona K.M. et al. International Human Rights (4th ed. 2018)     Smith, Rhona KM. Texts and materials on international human rights (4th ed. Routledge, 2020).     Strong, Jason. The 2010s: Looking Back At A Dramatic Decade (2019) online     Taylor-Gooby, Peter, Benjamin Leruth, and Heejung Chung, eds. After austerity: Welfare state transformation in Europe after the great recession (Oxford UP, 2017).     Tooze, Adam (2018). Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World. New York: Viking. ISBN 9780670024933.     Tooze, Adam. Shutdown: How Covid Shook the World's Economy (2021).     United Nations. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020 (2020) online annual reports     United Nations. World Economic and Social Survey 2010 - Retooling Global Development (2010) online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 21st century.     Reuters – The State of the World The story of the 21st century     Long Bets Foundation to promote long-term thinking     Century Seasons     Long Now Long-term cultural institution     Scientific American Magazine (September 2005 Issue) The Climax of Humanity     MapReport 21st Century Event World Map     MillenniaCenturiesDecadesYears     vte Decades and years 21st century 19th century ← 20th century ← ↔ → 22nd century → 23rd century 1990s     1990     1991     1992     1993     1994     1995     1996     1997     1998     1999 2000s     2000     2001     2002     2003     2004     2005     2006     2007     2008     2009 2010s     2010     2011     2012     2013     2014     2015     2016     2017     2018     2019 2020s     2020     2021     2022     2023     2024     2025     2026     2027     2028     2029 2030s     2030     2031     2032     2033     2034     2035     2036     2037     2038     2039 2040s     2040     2041     2042     2043     2044     2045     2046     2047     2048     2049 2050s     2050     2051     2052     2053     2054     2055     2056     2057     2058     2059 2060s     2060     2061     2062     2063     2064     2065     2066     2067     2068     2069 2070s     2070     2071     2072     2073     2074     2075     2076     2077     2078     2079 2080s     2080     2081     2082     2083     2084     2085     2086     2087     2088     2089 2090s     2090     2091     2092     2093     2094     2095     2096     2097     2098     2099 2100s     2100     2101     2102     2103     2104     2105     2106     2107     2108     2109     vte Centuries and millennia Millennium     Century BC (BCE) 4th     40th     39th     38th     37th     36th     35th     34th     33rd     32nd     31st 3rd     30th     29th     28th     27th     26th     25th     24th     23rd     22nd     21st 2nd     20th     19th     18th     17th     16th     15th     14th     13th     12th     11th 1st     10th     9th     8th     7th     6th     5th     4th     3rd     2nd     1st AD (CE) 1st     1st     2nd     3rd     4th     5th     6th     7th     8th     9th     10th 2nd     11th     12th     13th     14th     15th     16th     17th     18th     19th     20th 3rd     21st     22nd     23rd     24th     25th     26th     27th     28th     29th     30th Authority control Edit this at Wikidata International         FAST National         France BnF data Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic         2 Categories:     21st century3rd millenniumCenturiesContemporary history The year 2000 problem, also known as the Y2K problem, Y2K scare, millennium bug, Y2K bug, Y2K glitch, Y2K error, or simply Y2K refers to potential computer errors related to the formatting and storage of calendar data for dates in and after the year 2000. Many programs represented four-digit years with only the final two digits, making the year 2000 indistinguishable from 1900. Computer systems' inability to distinguish dates correctly had the potential to bring down worldwide infrastructures for computer reliant industries. In the years leading up to the turn of the century (millennium), the public gradually became aware of the "Y2K scare", and individual companies predicted the global damage caused by the bug would require anything between $400 million and $600 billion to rectify.[1] A lack of clarity regarding the potential dangers of the bug led some to stock up on food, water, and firearms, purchase backup generators, and withdraw large sums of money in anticipation of a computer-induced apocalypse.[2] Contrary to published expectations, few major errors occurred in 2000. Supporters of the Y2K remediation effort argued that this was primarily due to the pre-emptive action of many computer programmers and information technology experts. Companies and organizations in some countries, but not all, had checked, fixed, and upgraded their computer systems to address the problem.[3][4] Then-U.S. president Bill Clinton, who organized efforts to minimize the damage in the United States, labeled Y2K as "the first challenge of the 21st century successfully met",[5] and retrospectives on the event typically commend the programmers who worked to avert the anticipated disaster. Background Y2K is a numeronym and was the common abbreviation for the year 2000 software problem. The abbreviation combines the letter Y for "year", the number 2 and a capitalized version of k for the SI unit prefix kilo meaning 1000; hence, 2K signifies 2000. It was also named the "millennium bug" because it was associated with the popular (rather than literal) rollover of the millennium, even though most of the problems could have occurred at the end of any century. Computerworld's 1993 three-page "Doomsday 2000" article by Peter de Jager was called "the information-age equivalent of the midnight ride of Paul Revere" by The New York Times.[6][7][8] The problem was the subject of the early book Computers in Crisis by Jerome and Marilyn Murray (Petrocelli, 1984; reissued by McGraw-Hill under the title The Year 2000 Computing Crisis in 1996). Its first recorded mention on a Usenet newsgroup is from 18 January 1985 by Spencer Bolles.[9] The acronym Y2K has been attributed to Massachusetts programmer David Eddy[10] in an e-mail sent on 12 June 1995. He later said, "People were calling it CDC (Century Date Change), FADL (Faulty Date Logic). There were other contenders. Y2K just came off my fingertips."[11] The problem started because on both mainframe computers and later personal computers, storage was expensive, from as low as $10 per kilobyte, to in many cases as much as or even more than US$100 per kilobyte.[12] It was therefore very important for programmers to minimize usage. Since computers only gained wide usage in the 20th century, programs could simply prefix "19" to the year of a date, allowing them to only store the last two digits of the year instead of four. As space on disc and tape was also expensive, these strategies saved money by reducing the size of stored data files and databases in exchange for becoming unusable past the year 2000.[13] This meant that programs facing two-digit years could not distinguish between dates in 1900 and 2000. Dire warnings at times were in the mode of: The Y2K problem is the electronic equivalent of the El Niño and there will be nasty surprises around the globe. — John Hamre, United States Deputy Secretary of Defense[14] Options on the De Jager Year 2000 Index, "the first index enabling investors to manage risk associated with the ... computer problem linked to the year 2000" began trading mid-March 1997.[15] Special committees were set up by governments to monitor remedial work and contingency planning, particularly by crucial infrastructures such as telecommunications, utilities and the like, to ensure that the most critical services had fixed their own problems and were prepared for problems with others. While some commentators and experts argued that the coverage of the problem largely amounted to scaremongering,[16] it was only the safe passing of the main event itself, 1 January 2000, that fully quelled public fears. Some experts who argued that scaremongering was occurring, such as Ross Anderson, professor of security engineering at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, have since claimed that despite sending out hundreds of press releases about research results suggesting that the problem was not likely to be as big as some had suggested, they were largely ignored by the media.[16] In a similar vein, the Microsoft Press book Running Office 2000 Professional, published in May 1999, accurately predicted that most personal computer hardware and software would be unaffected by the year 2000 problem.[17] Authors Michael Halvorson and Michael Young characterized most of the worries as popular hysteria, an opinion echoed by Microsoft Corp.[18] Programming problem The practice of using two-digit dates for convenience predates computers, but was never a problem until stored dates were used in calculations. Bit conservation need I'm one of the culprits who created this problem. I used to write those programs back in the 1960s and 1970s, and was proud of the fact that I was able to squeeze a few elements of space out of my program by not having to put a 19 before the year. Back then, it was very important. We used to spend a lot of time running through various mathematical exercises before we started to write our programs so that they could be very clearly delimited with respect to space and the use of capacity. It never entered our minds that those programs would have lasted for more than a few years. As a consequence, they are very poorly documented. If I were to go back and look at some of the programs I wrote 30 years ago, I would have one terribly difficult time working my way through step-by-step. —Alan Greenspan, 1998[19] Business data processing was done using unit record equipment and punched cards, most commonly the 80-column variety employed by IBM, which dominated the industry. Many tricks were used to squeeze needed data into fixed-field 80-character records. Saving two digits for every date field was significant in this effort. In the 1960s, computer memory and mass storage were scarce and expensive. Early core memory cost one dollar per bit. Popular commercial computers, such as the IBM 1401, shipped with as little as 2 kilobytes of memory.[a] Programs often mimicked card processing techniques. Commercial programming languages of the time, such as COBOL and RPG, processed numbers in their character representations. Over time, the punched cards were converted to magnetic tape and then disc files, but the structure of the data usually changed very little. Data was still input using punched cards until the mid-1970s. Machine architectures, programming languages and application designs were evolving rapidly. Neither managers nor programmers of that time expected their programs to remain in use for many decades, and the possibility that these programs would both remain in use and cause problems when interacting with databases - a new type of program with different characteristics - went largely uncommented upon. Early attention The first person known to publicly address this issue was Bob Bemer, who had noticed it in 1958 as a result of work on genealogical software. He spent the next twenty years fruitlessly trying to raise awareness of the problem with programmers, IBM, the government of the United States and the International Organization for Standardization. This included the recommendation that the COBOL picture clause should be used to specify four digit years for dates.[21] In the 1980s, the brokerage industry began to address this issue, mostly because of bonds with maturity dates beyond the year 2000. By 1987 the New York Stock Exchange had reportedly spent over $20 million on Y2K, including hiring 100 programmers.[22] Despite magazine articles on the subject from 1970 onward, the majority of programmers and managers only started recognizing Y2K as a looming problem in the mid-1990s, but even then, inertia and complacency caused it to be mostly unresolved until the last few years of the decade. In 1989, Erik Naggum was instrumental in ensuring that internet mail used four digit representations of years by including a strong recommendation to this effect in the internet host requirements document RFC 1123.[23] On April Fools' Day 1998, some companies set their mainframe computer dates to 2001, so that "the wrong date will be perceived as good fun instead of bad computing" while having a full day of testing.[24] While using 3-digit years and 3-digit dates within that year was used by some, others chose to use the number of days since a fixed date, such as 1 January 1900.[25] Inaction was not an option, and risked major failure. Embedded systems with similar date logic were expected to malfunction and cause utilities and other crucial infrastructure to fail. Saving space on stored dates persisted into the Unix era, with most systems representing dates to a single 32-bit word, typically representing dates as elapsed seconds from some fixed date, which causes the similar Y2K38 problem. Resulting bugs from date programming Webpage screenshots showing the JavaScript .getYear() method problem, which depicts the year 2000 problem An Apple Lisa does not accept the date Storage of a combined date and time within a fixed binary field is often considered a solution, but the possibility for software to misinterpret dates remains because such date and time representations must be relative to some known origin. Rollover of such systems is still a problem but can happen at varying dates and can fail in various ways. For example: An upscale grocer's 1997 credit-card caused crash of their 10 cash registers, repeatedly, due to year 2000 expiration dates, and was the source of the first Y2K-related lawsuit.[26] The Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program had a very elementary Y2K problem: Excel (in both Windows and Mac versions, when they are set to start at 1900) incorrectly set the year 1900 as a leap year for compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3.[27] In addition, the years 2100, 2200, and so on, were regarded as leap years. This bug was fixed in later versions, but since the epoch of the Excel timestamp was set to the meaningless date of 0 January 1900 in previous versions, the year 1900 is still regarded as a leap year to maintain backward compatibility. In the C programming language, the standard library function to extract the year from a timestamp returns the year minus 1900. Many programs using functions from C, such as Perl and Java, two programming languages widely used in web development, incorrectly treated this value as the last two digits of the year. On the web this was usually a harmless presentation bug, but it did cause many dynamically generated web pages to display 1 January 2000 as "1/1/19100", "1/1/100", or other variants, depending on the display format.[citation needed] JavaScript was changed due to concerns over the Y2K bug, and the return value for years changed and thus differed between versions from sometimes being a four digit representation and sometimes a two-digit representation forcing programmers to rewrite already working code to make sure web pages worked for all versions.[28][29] Older applications written for the commonly used UNIX Source Code Control System failed to handle years that began with the digit "2". In the Windows 3.x file manager, dates displayed as 1/1/19:0 for 1/1/2000 (because the colon is the character after "9" in the ASCII character set). An update was available. Some software, such as Math Blaster Episode I: In Search of Spot which only treats years as two-digit values instead of four, will give a given year as "1900", "1901", and so on, depending on the last two digits of the present year. Similar date bugs Main article: Time formatting and storage bugs 4 January 1975 The date of 4 January 1975 overflowed the 12-bit field that had been used in the Decsystem 10 operating systems. There were numerous problems and crashes related to this bug while an alternative format was developed.[30] 9 September 1999 Even before 1 January 2000 arrived, there were also some worries about 9 September 1999 (albeit less than those generated by Y2K). Because this date could also be written in the numeric format 9/9/99, it could have conflicted with the date value 9999, frequently used to specify an unknown date. It was thus possible that database programs might act on the records containing unknown dates on that day. Data entry operators commonly entered 9999 into required fields for an unknown future date, (e.g., a termination date for cable television or telephone service), in order to process computer forms using CICS software.[31] Somewhat similar to this is the end-of-file code 9999, used in older programming languages. While fears arose that some programs might unexpectedly terminate on that date, the bug was more likely to confuse computer operators than machines. Leap years Main article: Zeller's congruence Normally, a year is a leap year if it is evenly divisible by four. A year divisible by 100 is not a leap year in the Gregorian calendar unless it is also divisible by 400. For example, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not. Some programs may have relied on the oversimplified rule that "a year divisible by four is a leap year". This method works fine for the year 2000 (because it is a leap year), and will not become a problem until 2100, when older legacy programs will likely have long since been replaced. Other programs contained incorrect leap year logic, assuming for instance that no year divisible by 100 could be a leap year. An assessment of this leap year problem including a number of real-life code fragments appeared in 1998.[32] For information on why century years are treated differently, see Gregorian calendar. Year 2010 problem Some systems had problems once the year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the "Y2K+10" or "Y2.01K" problem.[33] The main source of problems was confusion between hexadecimal number encoding and binary-coded decimal encodings of numbers. Both hexadecimal and BCD encode the numbers 0–9 as 0x0–0x9. BCD encodes the number 10 as 0x10, while hexadecimal encodes the number 10 as 0x0A; 0x10 interpreted as a hexadecimal encoding represents the number 16. For example, because the SMS protocol uses BCD for dates, some mobile phone software incorrectly reported dates of SMSes as 2016 instead of 2010. Windows Mobile is the first software reported to have been affected by this glitch; in some cases WM6 changes the date of any incoming SMS message sent after 1 January 2010 from the year 2010 to 2016.[34][35] Other systems affected include EFTPOS terminals,[36] and the PlayStation 3 (except the Slim model).[37] The most important occurrences of such a glitch were in Germany, where up to 20 million bank cards became unusable, and with Citibank Belgium, whose digipass customer identification chips failed.[38] Year 2022 problem Known as the Y2K22 bug. The maximum value of a signed 32-bit integer, as used in many computer systems, is 2147483647. Systems using an integer to represent a 10 character date-based field, where the leftmost two characters are the 2-digit year, ran into an issue on 1 January 2022 when the leftmost characters needed to be '22', i.e. values from 2200000001 needed to be represented. Microsoft Exchange Server was one of the more significant systems affected by the Y2K22 bug. The problem caused emails to be stuck on transport queues on Exchange Server 2016 and Exchange Server 2019, reporting the following error: The FIP-FS "Microsoft" Scan Engine failed to load. PID: 23092, Error Code: 0x80004005. Error Description: Can't convert "2201010001" to long.[39] Year 2038 problem Main article: Year 2038 problem Many systems use Unix time and store it in a signed 32-bit integer. This data type is only capable of representing integers between −(231) and (231)−1, treated as number of seconds since the epoch at 1 January 1970 at 00:00:00 UTC. These systems can only represent times between 13 December 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC and 19 January 2038 at 03:14:07 UTC. If these systems are not updated and fixed, then dates all across the world that rely on Unix time will wrongfully display the year as 1901 beginning at 03:14:08 UTC on 19 January 2038. Programming solutions Several very different approaches were used to solve the year 2000 problem in legacy systems. Several of them follow: Date expansion Two-digit years were expanded to include the century (becoming four-digit years) in programs, files, and databases. This was considered the "purest" solution, resulting in unambiguous dates that are permanent and easy to maintain. This method was costly, requiring massive testing and conversion efforts, and usually affecting entire systems. Date windowing Two-digit years were retained, and programs determined the century value only when needed for particular functions, such as date comparisons and calculations. (The century "window" refers to the 100-year period to which a date belongs.) This technique, which required installing small patches of code into programs, was simpler to test and implement than date expansion, thus much less costly. While not a permanent solution, windowing fixes were usually designed to work for many decades. This was thought acceptable, as older legacy systems tend to eventually get replaced by newer technology.[40] Date compression Dates can be compressed into binary 14-bit numbers. This allows retention of data structure alignment, using an integer value for years. Such a scheme is capable of representing 16384 different years; the exact scheme varies by the selection of epoch. Date re-partitioning In legacy databases whose size could not be economically changed, six-digit year/month/day codes were converted to three-digit years (with 1999 represented as 099 and 2001 represented as 101, etc.) and three-digit days (ordinal date in year). Only input and output instructions for the date fields had to be modified, but most other date operations and whole record operations required no change. This delays the eventual roll-over problem to the end of the year 2899. Software kits Software kits, such as those listed in CNN.com's Top 10 Y2K fixes for your PC:[41] ("most ... free") which was topped by the $50 Millennium Bug Kit.[42] Bridge programs Date servers where Call statements are used to access, add or update date fields.[43][44][45] Documented errors Before 2000 In late 1998, Commonwealth Edison reported a computer upgrade intended to prevent the Y2K glitch caused them to send the village of Oswego, Illinois an erroneous electric bill for $7 million.[46] On 1 January 1999, taxi meters in Singapore stopped working, while in Sweden, incorrect taxi fares were given.[47] At midnight on 1 January 1999, at three airports in Sweden, computers that police used to generate temporary passports stopped working.[48] On February 8, 1999, while testing Y2K compliance in a computer system monitoring nuclear core rods at Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station, instead of resetting the time on the external computer meant to simulate the date rollover a technician accidentally changed the time on the operation systems computer, which had not yet been upgraded, causing all the computers at the station to crash. It took approximately seven hours to restore all normal functions, during which time workers had to use obsolete manual equipment to monitor plant operations.[46] In November 1999, approximately 500 residents in Philadelphia received jury duty summonses for dates in 1900.[49] In December 1999, in the United Kingdom, a software upgrade intended to make computers Y2K compliant prevented social services in Bedfordshire from finding if anyone in their care was over 100 years old, since computers failed to recognize the dates of birth being searched.[50][51] In late December 1999, Telecom Italia (now Gruppo TIM), Italy's largest telecom company, sent a bill for January and February 1900. The company stated this was a one-time error and that it had recently ensured its systems would be compatible with the year rollover.[52][53] On 28 December 1999, 10,000 card swipe machines issued by HSBC and manufactured by Racal stopped processing credit and debit card transactions.[16] This was limited to machines in the United Kingdom, and was the result of the machines being designed to ensure transactions had been completed within four business days; from 28 to 31 December they interpreted the future dates to be in the year 1900.[54] Stores with these machines relied on paper transactions until they started working again on 1 January.[55] On 31 December, at 7:00 pm EST, as a direct result of a patch intended to prevent the Y2K glitch, computers at a ground control station in Fort Belvoir, Virginia crashed and ceased processing information from five spy satellites, including three KH-11 satellites. The military implemented a contingency plan within 3 hours by diverting their feeds and manually decoding the scrambled information, from which they were able produce a limited dataset. All normal functionality was restored at 11:45 pm on 2 January 2000.[56][57][58] On 1 January 2000 Problems that occurred on 1 January 2000 were generally regarded as minor.[59] Consequences did not always result exactly at midnight. Some programs were not active at that moment and problems would only show up when they were invoked. Not all problems recorded were directly linked to Y2K programming in a causality; minor technological glitches occur on a regular basis. Reported problems include: In Australia, bus ticket validation machines in two states failed to operate.[59] In Japan: machines in 13 train stations stopped dispensing tickets for a short time.[60] in Ishikawa, the Shika Nuclear Power Plant reported that radiation monitoring equipment failed at a few seconds after midnight. Officials said there was no risk to the public, and no excess radiation was found at the plant.[61][62] at two minutes past midnight, the telecommunications carrier Osaka Media Port found date management mistakes in their network. A spokesman said they had resolved the issue by 02:43 and did not interfere with operations.[63] NTT Mobile Communications Network (NTT Docomo), Japan's largest cellular operator, reported that some models of mobile telephones were deleting new messages received, rather than the older messages, as the memory filled up.[63] In South Korea: at midnight, 902 ondol heating systems and water heating failed at an apartment building near Seoul; the ondol systems were down for 19 hours and would only work when manually controlled, while the water heating took 24 hours to restart.[64] two hospitals in Gyeonggi Province reported malfunctions with equipment measuring bone marrow and patient intake forms, with one accidentally registering a newborn as having been born in 1900, four people in the city of Daegu received medical bills with dates in 1900, and a court in Suwon sent out notifications containing a trial date for 4 January 1900.[64][65][66] a video store in Gwangju accidentally generated a late fee of approximately 8 million won (approximately $7,000 US dollars) because the store's computer determined a tape rental to be 100 years overdue. South Korean authorities stated the computer was a model anticipated to be incompatible with the year rollover, and had not undergone the software upgrades necessary to make it compliant.[67] In Hong Kong, police breathalyzers failed at midnight.[68] In Jiangsu, China, taxi meters failed at midnight.[69] In Egypt, three dialysis machines briefly failed.[60] In Greece, approximately 30,000 cash registers, amounting to around 10% of the country's total, printed receipts with dates in 1900.[70] In Denmark, the first baby born on 1 January was recorded as being 100 years old.[71] In France, the national weather forecasting service, Météo-France, said a Y2K bug made the date on a webpage show a map with Saturday's weather forecast as "01/01/19100".[59] Additionally, the government reported that a Y2K glitch rendered one of their Syracuse satellite systems incapable of recognizing onboard malfunctions.[64][72] In Germany: at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the payroll system interpreted the new year to be 1900 and determined the ages of employees' children by the last two digits of their years of birth, causing it to wrongly withhold government childcare subsidies in paychecks. To reinstate the subsidies, accountants had to reset the operating system's year to 1999.[73] a bank accidentally transferred 12 million Deutsche Marks (equivalent to $6.2 million) to a customer and presented a statement with the date 30 December 1899. The bank quickly fixed the incorrect transfer.[71][74] In Italy, courthouse computers in Venice and Naples showed an upcoming release date for some prisoners as 10 January 1900, while other inmates wrongly showed up as having 100 additional years on their sentences.[69][68] In Norway, a day care center for kindergarteners in Oslo offered a spot to a 105 year old woman because the citizen's registry only showed the last two digits of citizens' years of birth.[75] In Spain, a worker received a notice for an industrial tribunal in Murcia which listed the event date as 3 February 1900.[59] In Sweden, the main hospital in Uppsala, a hospital in Lund, and two regional hospitals in Karlstad and Linkoping reported that machines used for reading electrocardiogram information failed to operate, although the hospitals stated it had no effect on patient health.[64][76] In Sheffield, United Kingdom, a Y2K bug that was not discovered and fixed until 24 May caused computers to miscalculate the ages of pregnant mothers, which led to 154 patients receiving incorrect risk assessments for having a child with Down syndrome. As a direct result two abortions were carried out, and four babies with Down syndrome were also born to mothers who had been told they were in the low-risk group.[77] In Brazil, at the Port of Santos, computers which had been upgraded in July 1999 to be Y2K compliant could not read three-year customs registrations generated in their previous system once the year rolled over. Santos said this affected registrations from before June 1999 that companies had not updated, which Santos estimated was approximately 20,000, and that when the problem became apparent on 10 January they were able to fix individual registrations, "in a matter of minutes".[78] A computer at Viracopos International Airport in São Paulo state also experienced this glitch, which temporarily halted cargo unloading.[78] In Jamaica, in the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation, 8 computerized traffic lights at major intersections stopped working. Officials stated these lights were part of a set of 35 traffic lights known to be Y2K non-compliant, and that all 35 were already slated for replacement.[79] In the United States: the US Naval Observatory, which runs the master clock that keeps the country's official time, gave the date on its website as 1 Jan 19100.[80] the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives could not register new firearms dealers for 5 days because their computers failed to recognize dates on applications.[81][82] 150 Delaware Lottery racino slot machines stopped working.[59] In New York, a video store accidentally generated a $91,250 late fee because the store computer determined a tape rental was 100 years overdue.[83] In Tennessee, the Y-12 National Security Complex stated that a Y2K glitch caused an unspecified malfunction in a system for determining the weight and composition of nuclear substances at a nuclear weapons plant, although the United States Department of Energy stated they were still able to keep track of all material. It was resolved within three hours, no one at the plant was injured, and the plant continued carrying out its normal functions.[83][84] In Chicago, for one day the Chicago Federal Reserve Bank could not transfer $700,000 from tax revenue; the problem was fixed the following day. Additionally, another bank in Chicago could not handle electronic Medicare payments until January 6th, during which time the bank had to rely on sending processed claims on diskettes.[85] In New Mexico, the New Mexico Motor Vehicle Division was temporarily unable to issue new driver's licenses.[86] The campaign website for United States presidential candidate Al Gore gave the date as 3 January 19100 for a short time.[86] Godiva Chocolatier reported that cash registers in its American outlets failed to operate. They first became aware of and determined the source of the problem on 2 January, and immediately began distributing a patch. A spokesman reported they that restored all functionality to most of the affected registers by the end of that day and had fixed the rest by noon on 3 January.[87][88] The credit card companies MasterCard and Visa reported that, as a direct result of the Y2K glitch, for weeks after the year rollover a small percentage of customers were being charged multiple times for transactions.[89] Microsoft reported that, after the year rolled over, Hotmail e-mails sent in October 1999 or earlier showed up as having been sent in 2099, although this did not affect the e-mail's contents or the ability to send and receive e-mails.[90] After January 2000 On 29 February and 1 March 2000 See also: Leap year problem Problems were reported on 29 February 2000, Y2K's first Leap Year Day, and 1 March 2000. These were mostly minor.[91][92][93] In New Zealand, an estimated 4,000 electronic terminals could not properly authenticate transactions. In Japan, around five percent of post office cash dispensers failed to work, although it was unclear if this was the result of the Y2K glitch. In addition, 6 observatories failed to recognize 29 February while over 20 seismographs incorrectly interpreted the date 29 February to be 1 March, and data from 43 weather bureau computers that had not been updated for compliance was corrupted, causing them to release inaccurate readings on 1 March. In Singapore, on 29 February subway terminals would not accept some passenger cards. In Bulgaria, police documents were issued with expiration dates of 29 February 2005 and 29 February 2010 (which are not leap years) and the police computer system defaulted to 1900. In Canada, on 29 February a program for tax collecting and information in the city of Montreal interpreted the date to be 1 March 1900; although it remained possible to pay taxes, computers miscalculated interest rates for delinquent taxes and residents could not access tax bills or property evaluations. Despite being the day before taxes were due, to fix the glitch authorities had to entirely turn off the city's tax system.[94][95] In the United States, on 29 February the archiving system of the Coast Guard's message processing system was affected. At Reagan National Airport, on 29 February a computer program for curbside baggage handling initially failed to recognize the date, forcing passengers to use standard check-in stations and causing significant delays.[96] At Offutt Air Force Base south of Omaha, Nebraska, on 29 February records of aircraft maintenance parts could not be accessed or updated by computer. Workers continued normal operations and relied on paper records for the day. On 31 December 2000 or 1 January 2001 Some software did not correctly recognize 2000 as a leap year, and so worked on the basis of the year having 365 days. On the last day of 2000 (day 366) and first day of 2001 these systems exhibited various errors. Some computers also treated the new year 2001 as 1901, causing errors. These were generally minor. The Swedish bank Nordbanken reported that its online and physical banking systems went down 5 times between 27 December 2000 and 3 January 2001, which was believed to be due to the Y2K glitch.[97] In Norway, on 31 December 2000, the national railroad company Vy reported that all 29 of its new Signatur trains failed to run because their onboard computers considered the date invalid, causing some delays. As an interim measure, engineers restarted the trains by resetting their clocks back by a month and used older trains to cover some routes.[97][98][99] In South Africa, on 1 January 2001 computers at the First National Bank interpreted the new year to be 1901, affecting approximately 16,000 transactions and causing customers to be charged incorrect interest rates on credit cards. First National Bank first became aware of the problem on 4 January and fixed it the same day.[100] A large number of cash registers at the convenience store chain 7-Eleven stopped working for card transactions on 1 January 2001 because they interpreted the new year to be 1901, despite not having had any prior glitches. 7-Eleven reported the registers had been restored to complete functionality within two days.[97] In Connecticut, in early January the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles sent duplicate motor vehicle tax bills for vehicles that had their registrations renewed between 2 October 1999 and 30 November 1999, affecting 23,000 residents. A spokesman stated the Y2K glitch caused the affected vehicles to be double-entered in their system.[101] In Multnomah County, Oregon, in early January approximately 3,000 residents received jury duty summonses for dates in 1901. Due to using two-digit years when entering the summons dates, courthouse employees had not seen that the computer inaccurately rolled over the year.[97] Since 2000 Main article: Time formatting and storage bugs Since 2000, various issues have occurred due to errors involving overflows. An issue with time tagging caused the destruction of the NASA Deep Impact spacecraft.[102] In April 2019, a "Y2K-like bug" due to an overflow caused a New York City government wireless system to go down for 10 days because of a GPS system's date-rollover problem.[103][104] Infrastructure affected included "traffic lights, license-plate readers used by cops and other key functions." Some software used a process called date windowing to fix the issue by interpreting years 00-19 as 2000–2019 and 20–99 as 1920–1999. As a result, a new wave of problems started appearing in 2020, including parking meters in New York City refusing to accept credit cards, issues with Novitus point of sale units, and some utility companies printing bills listing the year 1920. The video game WWE 2K20 also began crashing when the year rolled over, although a patch was distributed later that day.[105] Government responses Bulgaria Although the Bulgarian national identification number allocates only two digits for the birth year, the year 1900 problem and subsequently the Y2K problem were addressed by the use of unused values above 12 in the month range. For all persons born before 1900, the month is stored as the calendar month plus 20, and for all persons born in or after 2000, the month is stored as the calendar month plus 40.[106] Canada Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's most important cabinet ministers were ordered to remain in the capital Ottawa, and gathered at 24 Sussex Drive, the prime minister's residence, to watch the clock.[6] 13,000 Canadian troops were also put on standby.[6] Netherlands The Dutch Government promoted Y2K Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) to share readiness between industries, without threat of antitrust violations or liability based on information shared.[citation needed] Norway and Finland Norway and Finland changed their national identification numbers to indicate a person's century of birth. In both countries, the birth year was historically indicated by two digits only. This numbering system had already given rise to a similar problem, the "Year 1900 problem", which arose due to problems distinguishing between people born in the 19th and 20th centuries. Y2K fears drew attention to an older issue, while prompting a solution to a new problem. In Finland, the problem was solved by replacing the hyphen ("-") in the number with the letter "A" for people born in the 21st century (for people born before 1900, the sign was already "+").[107] In Norway, the range of the individual numbers following the birth date was altered from 0–499 to 500–999.[citation needed] Romania Romania also changed its national identification number in response to the Y2K problem, due to the birth year being represented by only two digits. Before 2000, the first digit, which shows the person's sex, was 1 for males and 2 for females. Individuals born since 1 January 2000 have a number starting with 5 if male or 6 if female.[citation needed] Uganda The Ugandan government responded to the Y2K threat by setting up a Y2K Task Force.[108] In August 1999 an independent international assessment by the World Bank International Y2k Cooperation Centre found that Uganda's website was in the top category as "highly informative". This put Uganda in the "top 20" out of 107 national governments, and on a par with the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan, and ahead of Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland which were rated as only "somewhat informative". The report said that "Countries which disclose more Y2K information will be more likely to maintain public confidence in their own countries and in the international markets."[109] United States In 1998, the United States government responded to the Y2K threat by passing the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act, by working with private sector counterparts in order to ensure readiness, and by creating internal continuity of operations plans in the event of problems and set limits to certain potential liabilities of companies with respect to disclosures about their year 2000 programs.[110][111] The effort was coordinated by the President's Council on Year 2000 Conversion, headed by John Koskinen, in coordination with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and an interim Critical Infrastructure Protection Group within the Department of Justice.[112][113] The US government followed a three-part approach to the problem: (1) outreach and advocacy, (2) monitoring and assessment, and (3) contingency planning and regulation.[114] The logo created by The President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion, for use on Y2K.gov A feature of US government outreach was Y2K websites, including Y2K.GOV, many of which have become inaccessible in the years since 2000. Some of these websites have been archived by the National Archives and Records Administration or the Wayback Machine.[115][116] Each federal agency had its own Y2K task force which worked with its private sector counterparts; for example, the FCC had the FCC Year 2000 Task Force.[114][117] Most industries had contingency plans that relied upon the internet for backup communications. As no federal agency had clear authority with regard to the internet at this time (it had passed from the Department of Defense to the National Science Foundation and then to the Department of Commerce), no agency was assessing the readiness of the internet itself. Therefore, on 30 July 1999, the White House held the White House Internet Y2K Roundtable.[118] The U.S. government also established the Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability as a joint operation with the Russian Federation. It was a liaison operation designed to mitigate the possibility of false positive readings in each nation's nuclear attack early warning systems.[119] A CD marking its software as Y2K Complaint Juno Internet Service Provider CD labeling Y2K-compliance International cooperation The International Y2K Cooperation Center (IY2KCC) was established at the behest of national Y2K coordinators from over 120 countries when they met at the First Global Meeting of National Y2K Coordinators at the United Nations in December 1998.[120] IY2KCC established an office in Washington, D.C. in March 1999. Funding was provided by the World Bank, and Bruce W. McConnell was appointed as director. IY2KCC's mission was to "promote increased strategic cooperation and action among governments, peoples, and the private sector to minimize adverse Y2K effects on the global society and economy." Activities of IY2KCC were conducted in six areas: National Readiness: Promoting Y2K programs worldwide Regional Cooperation: Promoting and supporting co-ordination within defined geographic areas Sector Cooperation: Promoting and supporting co-ordination within and across defined economic sectors Continuity and Response Cooperation: Promoting and supporting co-ordination to ensure essential services and provisions for emergency response Information Cooperation: Promoting and supporting international information sharing and publicity Facilitation and Assistance: Organizing global meetings of Y2K coordinators and to identify resources IY2KCC closed down in March 2000.[120] Private sector response A Best Buy sticker from 1999 recommending that their customers turn off their computers ahead of midnight The United States established the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act, which limited the liability of businesses who had properly disclosed their Y2K readiness. Insurance companies sold insurance policies covering failure of businesses due to Y2K problems. Attorneys organized and mobilized for Y2K class action lawsuits (which were not pursued).[121] Survivalist-related businesses (gun dealers, surplus and sporting goods) anticipated increased business in the final months of 1999 in an event known as the Y2K scare.[122] The Long Now Foundation, which (in their words) "seeks to promote 'slower/better' thinking and to foster creativity in the framework of the next 10,000 years", has a policy of anticipating the Year 10,000 problem by writing all years with five digits. For example, they list "01996" as their year of founding. While there was no one comprehensive internet Y2K effort, multiple internet trade associations and organisations banded together to form the Internet Year 2000 Campaign.[123] This effort partnered with the White House's Internet Y2K Roundtable. The Y2K issue was a major topic of discussion in the late 1990s and as such showed up in most popular media. A number of "Y2K disaster" books were published such as Deadline Y2K by Mark Joseph. Movies such as Y2K: Year to Kill capitalized on the currency of Y2K, as did numerous TV shows, comic strips, and computer games. Fringe group responses A variety of fringe groups and individuals such as those within some fundamentalist religious organizations, survivalists, cults, anti-social movements, self-sufficiency enthusiasts and those attracted to conspiracy theories, embraced Y2K as a tool to engender fear and provide a form of evidence for their respective theories. End-of-the-world scenarios and apocalyptic themes were common in their communication. Interest in the survivalist movement peaked in 1999 in its second wave for that decade, triggered by Y2K fears. In the time before extensive efforts were made to rewrite computer programming codes to mitigate the possible impacts, some writers such as Gary North, Ed Yourdon, James Howard Kunstler,[124] and Ed Yardeni anticipated widespread power outages, food and gasoline shortages, and other emergencies. North and others raised the alarm because they thought Y2K code fixes were not being made quickly enough. While a range of authors responded to this wave of concern, two of the most survival-focused texts to emerge were Boston on Y2K (1998) by Kenneth W. Royce, and Mike Oehler's The Hippy Survival Guide to Y2K. Y2K was also exploited by some fundamentalist and charismatic Christian leaders throughout the Western world, particularly in North America and Australia. Their promotion of the perceived risks of Y2K was combined with end times thinking and apocalyptic prophecies in an attempt to influence followers.[125] The New York Times reported in late 1999, "The Rev. Jerry Falwell suggested that Y2K would be the confirmation of Christian prophecy — God's instrument to shake this nation, to humble this nation. The Y2K crisis might incite a worldwide revival that would lead to the rapture of the church. Along with many survivalists, Mr. Falwell advised stocking up on food and guns".[126] Adherents in these movements were encouraged to engage in food hoarding, take lessons in self-sufficiency, and the more extreme elements planned for a total collapse of modern society. The Chicago Tribune reported that some large fundamentalist churches, motivated by Y2K, were the sites for flea market-like sales of paraphernalia designed to help people survive a social order crisis ranging from gold coins to wood-burning stoves.[127] Betsy Hart, writing for the Deseret News, reported that a lot of the more extreme evangelicals used Y2K to promote a political agenda in which downfall of the government was a desired outcome in order to usher in Christ's reign. She also noted that, "the cold truth is that preaching chaos is profitable and calm doesn't sell many tapes or books".[128] These types of fears and conspiracies were described dramatically by New Zealand-based Christian prophetic author and preacher Barry Smith in his publication, "I Spy with my Little Eye", where he dedicated a whole chapter to Y2K.[129] Some expected, at times through so-called prophecies, that Y2K would be the beginning of a worldwide Christian revival.[130] It became clear in the aftermath that leaders of these fringe groups had used fears of apocalyptic outcomes to manipulate followers into dramatic scenes of mass repentance or renewed commitment to their groups, additional giving of funds and more overt commitment to their respective organizations or churches. The Baltimore Sun noted this in their article, "Apocalypse Now — Y2K spurs fears", where they reported the increased call for repentance in the populace in order to avoid God's wrath.[131] Christian leader, Col Stringer, in his commentary has published, "Fear-creating writers sold over 45 million books citing every conceivable catastrophe from civil war, planes dropping from the sky to the end of the civilized world as we know it. Reputable preachers were advocating food storage and a "head for the caves" mentality. No banks failed, no planes crashed, no wars or civil war started. And yet not one of these prophets of doom has ever apologized for their scare-mongering tactics."[130] Some prominent North American Christian ministries and leaders generated huge personal and corporate profits through sales of Y2K preparation kits, generators, survival guides, published prophecies and a wide range of other associated merchandise. Christian journalist, Rob Boston, has documented this[125] in his article "False Prophets, Real Profits — Religious Right Leaders' Wild Predictions of Y2K Disaster Didn't Come True, But They Made Money Anyway". Cost The total cost of the work done in preparation for Y2K likely surpassed US$300 billion ($510 billion as of January 2018, once inflation is taken into account).[132][133] IDC calculated that the US spent an estimated $134 billion ($228 billion) preparing for Y2K, and another $13 billion ($22 billion) fixing problems in 2000 and 2001. Worldwide, $308 billion ($523 billion) was estimated to have been spent on Y2K remediation.[134] Remedial work organization Remedial work was driven by customer demand for solutions.[135] Software suppliers, mindful of their potential legal liability,[121] responded with remedial effort. Software subcontractors were required to certify that their software components were free of date-related problems, which drove further work down the supply chain. By 1999, many corporations required their suppliers to certify that their software was all Y2K-compliant. Some signed after accepting merely remedial updates. Many businesses or even whole countries suffered only minor problems despite spending little effort themselves.[citation needed] Results There are two ways to view the events of 2000 from the perspective of its aftermath: Supporting view This view holds that the vast majority of problems were fixed correctly, and the money spent was at least partially justified. The situation was essentially one of preemptive alarm. Those who hold this view claim that the lack of problems at the date change reflects the completeness of the project, and that many computer applications would not have continued to function into the 21st century without correction or remediation. Expected problems that were not seen by small businesses and small organizations were prevented by Y2K fixes embedded in routine updates to operating system and utility software[136] that were applied several years before 31 December 1999. The extent to which larger industry and government fixes averted issues that would have more significant impacts had they not been fixed, were typically not disclosed or widely reported.[137][unreliable source?] It has been suggested that on 11 September 2001, infrastructure in New York City (including subways, phone service, and financial transactions) was able to continue operation because of the redundant networks established in the event of Y2K bug impact[138] and the contingency plans devised by companies.[139] The terrorist attacks and the following prolonged blackout to lower Manhattan had minimal effect on global banking systems.[140] Backup systems were activated at various locations around the region, many of which had been established to deal with a possible complete failure of networks in Manhattan's Financial District on 31 December 1999.[141] Opposing view The contrary view asserts that there were no, or very few, critical problems to begin with. This view also asserts that there would have been only a few minor mistakes and that a "fix on failure" approach would have been the most efficient and cost-effective way to solve these problems as they occurred. International Data Corporation estimated that the US might have wasted $40 billion.[142] Skeptics of the need for a massive effort pointed to the absence of Y2K-related problems occurring before 1 January 2000, even though the 2000 financial year commenced in 1999 in many jurisdictions, and a wide range of forward-looking calculations involved dates in 2000 and later years. Estimates undertaken in the leadup to 2000 suggested that around 25% of all problems should have occurred before 2000.[143] Critics of large-scale remediation argued during 1999 that the absence of significant reported problems in non-compliant small firms was evidence that there had been, and would be, no serious problems needing to be fixed in any firm, and that the scale of the problem had therefore been severely overestimated.[144] Countries such as South Korea and Russia invested little to nothing in Y2K remediation,[126][142] yet had the same negligible Y2K problems as countries that spent enormous sums of money. Western countries anticipated such severe problems in Russia that many issued travel advisories and evacuated non-essential staff.[145] Critics also cite the lack of Y2K-related problems in schools, many of which undertook little or no remediation effort. By 1 September 1999, only 28% of US schools had achieved compliance for mission critical systems, and a government report predicted that "Y2K failures could very well plague the computers used by schools to manage payrolls, student records, online curricula, and building safety systems".[146] Similarly, there were few Y2K-related problems in an estimated 1.5 million small businesses that undertook no remediation effort. On 3 January 2000 (the first weekday of the year), the Small Business Administration received an estimated 40 calls from businesses with computer issues, similar to the average. None of the problems were critical.[147] See also icon 1990s portal Year 2038 problem: a time formatting bug in computer systems with representing times after 03:14:07 UTC on 19 January 2038 512k day: an event in 2014, involving a software limitation in network routers IPv4 address exhaustion, problems caused by the limited allocation size for numeric internet addresses ISO 8601, an international standard for representing dates and times, which mandates the use of (at least) four digits for the year "Life's a Glitch, Then You Die" is a "Treehouse of Horror segment" from The Simpsons eleventh season. The segment sees Homer forget to make his company's computers Y2K-compliant, causing a virus to be unleashed upon the world Perpetual calendar, a calendar valid for many years, including before and after 2000 Y2K, a 1999 American made-for-television science fiction-thriller film directed by Dick Lowry YEAR2000, a configuration setting supported by some versions of DR-DOS to overcome Year 2000 BIOS bugs Millennium celebrations, a worldwide, coordinated series of events to celebrate and commemorate the end of 1999 and the start of the year 2000 in the Gregorian calendar. Notes  The name 'IBM' 1401 reflected the smallest amount of memory: 1,400 characters.[20] References  Committee on Government Reform and Oversight (26 October 1998). The Year 2000 Problem: Fourth Report by the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, Together with Additional Views (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3. Retrieved 2021-06-07.  Uenuma, Francine (30 December 2019). "20 Years Later, the Y2K Bug Seems Like a Joke—Because Those Behind the Scenes Took It Seriously". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2021-06-07.  "Leap Day Tuesday Last Y2K Worry". Wired. 25 February 2000. Retrieved 2016-10-16.  Carrington, Damian (4 January 2000). "Was Y2K bug a boost?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2004-04-22. Retrieved 2009-09-19.  Loeb, Zachary (30 December 2019). "The lessons of Y2K, 20 years later". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-06-07.  Eric Andrew-Gee (28 December 2019). "Y2K: The strange, true history of how Canada prepared for an apocalypse that never happened, but changed us all". The Globe and Mail.  Cory Johnson (29 December 1999). "Y2K Crier's Crisis". TheStreet.  Barnaby J. Feder (11 October 1998). "The Town Crier for the Year 2000". The New York Times.  Bolles, Spencer (19 January 1985). "Computer bugs in the year 2000". Newsgroup: net.bugs. Usenet: [email address removed by eBay]. Retrieved 2019-08-15.  American RadioWorks Y2K Notebook Problems – The Surprising Legacy of Y2K. Retrieved 22 April 2007.  Rose, Ted (22 December 1999). "Who invented Y2K and why did it become so universally popular?". Baltimore Sun.  A web search on images for "computer memory ads 1975" returns advertisements showing pricing for 8K of memory at $990 and 64K of memory at $1495.  Kappelman, Leon; Scott, Phil (25 November 1996). "Accrued Savings of the Year 2000 Computer Date Problem". Computerworld. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-02-13.  Looking at the Y2K bug, portal on CNN.com Archived 7 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine  Piskora, Beth (1 March 1997). "The Dow decimal system". The New York Post. p. 26.  Presenter: Stephen Fry (3 October 2009). "In the beginning was the nerd". Archive on 4. BBC Radio 4.  Halvorson, Michael (1999). Running Microsoft Office 2000. Young, Michael J. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-57231-936-4. OCLC 40174922.  Halvorson, Michael; Young, Michael (1999). Running Microsoft Office 2000 Professional. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. pp. xxxix. ISBN 1572319364. As you learn about the year 2000 problem, and prepare for its consequences, there are a number of points we'd like you to consider. First, despite dire predictions, there is probably no good reason to prepare for the new millennium by holing yourself up in a mine shaft with sizable stocks of water, grain, barter goods, and ammunition. The year 2000 will not disable most computer systems, and if your personal computer was manufactured after 1996, it's likely that your hardware and systems software will require little updating or customizing.  Testimony by Alan Greenspan, ex-Chairman of the Federal Reserve before the Senate Banking Committee, 25 February 1998, ISBN 978-0-16-057997-4  "IBM 1401 Reference manual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-09.  "Key computer coding creator dies". The Washington Post. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 2011-09-25.  Andrew-Gee, Eric (28 December 2019). "Y2K: The strange, true history of how Canada prepared for an apocalypse that never happened, but changed us all". The Globe and Mail.  Braden, Robert, ed. (October 1989). Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Application and Support (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC1123. Retrieved 2016-10-16.  D. Kolstedt (15 November 1997). "Helpful Year 2000 hint". CIO magazine. p. 12.  "Thinking Ahead". InformationWeek. 28 October 1996. p. 8. extends .. the 23rd century  Patrizio, Andy (15 September 1997). "Visa Debits The Vendors". InformationWeek. p. 50.  "Microsoft Knowledge Base article 214326". Microsoft Support. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 2016-10-16.  "JavaScript Reference Javascript 1.2". Sun Microsystems. Retrieved 2009-06-07.  "JavaScript Reference Javascript 1.3". Sun. Retrieved 2009-06-07.  Neumann, Peter G. (2 February 1987). "The Risks Digest Volume 4: Issue 45". 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Year/2000 Journal (Mar/Apr 1998). Windowing is a long-term fix that should keep legacy systems working fine until the software is redesigned...  Green, Max. "CNN - Top 10 Y2K fixes for your PC - September 22, 1999". CNN. Archived from the original on 2001-05-08.  "Millennium Bug Kit". Archived from the original on 2000-04-11.  "The Year 2000 FAQ". 5 May 1998. Retrieved 2020-03-01.  Ellen Friedman; Jerry Rosenberg. "Countdown to the Millennium: Issues to Consider in the Final Year" (PDF).  Peter Kruskopfs. "The Date Dilemma". Information Builders. Archived from the original on 1996-12-27. Retrieved 2020-03-15. Bridge programs such as a date server are another option. These servers handle record format conversions from two to four digit years.  Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (7 March 1999). "Big Glitch at Nuclear Plant Shows Perils of Y2K Tests". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-05-12.  "Y2K bug rears its ugly head". New York: CNN. 12 January 1999. Retrieved 2019-12-30.  "Y2K bug strikes airports". Retrieved 2023-03-08.  "Philly Not Fully Y2K-Ready, as 1900 Jury Notices Prove". 28 November 1999. Retrieved 2023-03-08.  Becket, Andy (23 April 2000). "The bug that didn't bite". The Guardian. Retrieved 2023-03-07.  Gibbs, Thom (19 December 2019). "The millennium bug myth, 20 years on: Why you're probably wrong about Y2K". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-03-07.  "Telecom Italia bills for 1900". Retrieved 2023-03-15.  Fitzpatrick, Pat (14 November 2019). "Remember Y2K? Pat Fitzpatrick remembers when we all thought planes would fall out of the sky". Retrieved 2023-03-15.  "Y2K Behind Credit Card Machine Failure". Retrieved 2023-02-03.  Millennium bug hits retailers, from BBC News, 29 December 1999.  "US satellites safe after Y2K glitch". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-01-16.  "Y2K glitch hobbled top secret spy sats". United Press International. Retrieved 2023-03-24.  "Report: Y2K fix disrupts U.S. spy satellites for days, not hours". CNET. 2 January 2002. Retrieved 2023-03-24.  "Minor bug problems arise". BBC News. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 2017-07-08.  "What Y2K bug? Global computers are A-OK". Deseret. 2 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-05-09.  "Japan nuclear power plants malfunction". BBC News. 31 December 1999.  "Y2K Problem Strikes Japanese Plant". Retrieved 2023-02-04.  Martyn Williams (3 January 2000). "Computer problems hit three nuclear plants in Japan". CNN. IDG Communications. Archived from the original on 2004-12-07.  "Will Monday be the real Y2K day?". Retrieved 2023-02-07.  "Y2K bug hits heating system in Korean apartments". 3 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-02-07.  "S.Korea declares success against Y2K bug". Retrieved 2023-02-07.  "World-Wide, the Y2K Bug Had Little Bite in the End". 3 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-02-23.  Allen, Frederick E. "Apocalypse Then: When Y2K Didn't Lead To The End Of Civilization". Retrieved 2023-03-18.  Reguly, Eric. "Opinion: The Y2K bug turned out to be a non-event, Eric Reguly says". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 2023-02-07.  "30,000 Cash Registers In Greece Hit By Y2K Bug". 6 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-03-09.  Samuel, Lawrence R. (1 June 2009). Future: A Recent History. University of Texas Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-292-71914-9.  "Y2K glitch knocks out satellite spying system". Flight Global. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-07.  "Y2K bug bites German opera". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2000-06-08. Retrieved 2023-02-03.  "Y2K bug blamed for 4m banking blunder". Retrieved 2023-02-07.  "Y2K bug bites 105-year-old". Independent Online. 4 February 2000. Retrieved 2023-04-24.  "Pentagon Reports Failure In Satellite Intelligence System". 8 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-08.  Wainwright, Martin (13 September 2001). "NHS faces huge damages bill after millennium bug error". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 2011-09-25. The health service is facing big compensation claims after admitting yesterday that failure to spot a millennium bug computer error led to incorrect Down's syndrome test results being sent to 154 pregnant women. ...  "Brazil port hassled by Y2K glitch, but no delays". Reuters. 10 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-03-24.  "Y2K bug hits traffic lights". The Gleaner. 3 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-05-16.  Marsha Walton; Miles O'Brien (1 January 2000). "Preparation pays off; world reports only tiny Y2K glitches". CNN. Archived from the original on 2004-12-07.  Leeds, Jeff (4 January 2000). "Year 2000 Bug Triggers Few Disruptions". Retrieved 2023-04-18.  "Y2K bug briefly affected U.S. terrorist-monitoring effort, Pentagon says". CNN. 5 January 2000. Retrieved 2023-04-18.  "Y2K Glitch Reported At Nuclear Weapons Plant". Retrieved 2023-01-28.  "Y2K briefly hits nuke plant". Associated Press. 4 January 2000. 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Retrieved 2023-02-03.  "Leap Day Had Its Glitches". Wired. 1 March 2000. Retrieved 2020-02-25.  "Computer glitches minor on Leap Day". 1 March 2000. Retrieved 2023-03-07.  "Leap Day bug infests tax system". CBC News. 1 March 2000. Retrieved 2023-03-07.  "Computer glitches minor on Leap Day". 1 March 2000. Retrieved 2023-03-07.  "The last bite of the bug". BBC News. 5 January 2001.  "7-Eleven Systems Hit by Y2k-like Glitch". Retrieved 2023-03-10.  "Y2K Bug Hits Norway's Railroad At End Of Year". 1 January 2001. Retrieved 2023-03-10.  Meintjies, Marvin (11 January 2001). "Y2K glitch gives bank a new year's shock". Independent Online. Retrieved 2023-03-12.  Valenta, Kaaren (4 January 2001). "Tax Collector: Car Tax Bills Are Correct". The Newtown Bee. Retrieved 2023-04-28.  "NASA's Deep Space Comet Hunter Mission Comes to an End". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 20 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2022-07-09.  Rich Calder (21 April 2019). "New York's troubled wireless system has become a $900M money pit". The New York Post.  "NYC Wireless Network down due to Y2K-like software bug". The New York Post. 10 April 2019.  Stokel-Walker, Chris. "A lazy fix 20 years ago means the Y2K bug is taking down computers now". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-01-12.  Kohler, Iliana V.; Kaltchev, Jordan; Dimova, Mariana (14 May 2002). "Integrated Information System for Demographic Statistics 'ESGRAON-TDS' in Bulgaria" (PDF). Demographic Research. 6 (Article 12): 325–354. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2002.6.12.  "The personal identity code: Frequently asked questions". Digital and Population Data Services Agency, Finland. Retrieved 2020-11-29.  "Uganda National Y2k Task Force End-June 1999 Public Position Statement". 30 June 1999. Retrieved 2012-01-11.  "Y2K Center urges more information on Y2K readiness". 3 August 1999. Retrieved 2012-01-11.  "Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act". FindLaw. Retrieved 2019-05-14.  "Y2K bug: Definition, Hysteria, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-14.  DeBruce, Orlando; Jones, Jennifer (23 February 1999). "White House shifts Y2K focus to states". CNN. Retrieved 2016-10-16.  Atlee, Tom. "The President's Council on Year 2000 Conversion". The Co-Intelligence Institute. Retrieved 2019-05-14.  "FCC Y2K Communications Sector Report (March 1999) copy available at WUTC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-05. Retrieved 2007-05-29.  "Statement by President on Y2K Information and Readiness". Clinton Presidential Materials Project. National Archives and Records Administration. 19 October 1998.  "Home". National Y2K Clearinghouse. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2000-12-05. Retrieved 2020-03-16.  Robert J. Butler; Anne E. Hoge (September 1999). "Federal Communications Commission Spearheads Oversight of the U.S. Communications Industries' Y2K Preparedness". Messaging Magazine. Wiley, Rein & Fielding. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2016-10-16 – via The Open Group.  "Basic Internet Structures Expected to be Y2K Ready, Telecom News, NCS (1999 Issue 2)" (PDF). (799 KB)  "U.S., Russia Shutter Joint Y2k Bug Center". Chicago Tribune. 16 January 2000. Retrieved 2017-01-28.  "Collection: International Y2K Cooperation Center records | University of Minnesota Archival Collections Guides". archives.lib.umn.edu.  Kirsner, Scott (1 November 1997). "Fly in the Legal Eagles". CIO magazine. p. 38.  "quetek.com". quetek.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2011-09-25.  Internet Year 2000 Campaign archived at Cybertelecom.  Kunstler, Jim (1999). "My Y2K—A Personal Statement". Kunstler, Jim. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-12-12.  "False Prophets, Real Profits - Americans United". Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-11-09.  Dutton, Denis (31 December 2009). "It's Always the End of the World as We Know It". The New York Times.  Coen, J., 1 March 1999, "Some Christians Fear End, It's just a day to others" Chicago Tribune  Hart, B., 12 February 1999 Deseret News, "Christian Y2K Alarmists Irresponsible" Scripps Howard News Service  Smith, B. (1999). "chapter 24 - Y2K Bug". I Spy with my Little Eye. MS Life Media. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06.  "Col Stringer Ministries - Newsletter Vol.1 : No.4". Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2016-11-09.  Rivera, J., 17 February 1999, "Apocalypse Now – Y2K spurs fears", The Baltimore Sun  1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 2023-05-28.  "Y2K: Overhyped and oversold?". 6 January 2000.  Mitchell, Robert L. (28 December 2009). "Y2K: The good, the bad and the crazy". Computerworld.  which was well underway by 1996: Tharp, Paul (2 December 1996). "Millennium Milllionairs: Counting past 2000; Mainframe mavens make their return". The New York Post. p. 27.  David S. Joachim (1 May 2006). "A Mini-Y2K Looms, and Other Blips". The New York Times. systems that automate the distribution of software fixes, called patches  James Christie, (12 January 2015), Y2K – why I know it was a real problem, 'Claro Testing Blog' (accessed 12 January 2015)  Y2K readiness helped New York after 9/11, article by Lois Slavin of MIT News, 20 November 2002.  "Finance & Development, March 2002 - September 11 and the U.S. Payment System". Finance and Development - F&D.  Goldberg, Michael; Carr, Kathleen (13 October 2003). "The Next Time the Lights Go Out". CIO Magazine.  Y2K readiness helped NYC on 9/11, article by Rae Zimmerman of MIT News, 19 November 2002.  Doward, Jamie (9 January 2000). "Russia Y2K bill 'shows West overreacted'". The Guardian.  Elizabeth Weise (14 February 1999). "Lights out? Y2K appears safe". USA Today.  John Quiggin (2 September 1999). "Y2K bug may never bite". Australian Financial Review. Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2009-12-29.  Wright, Edward (28 November 1999), "Y2K Worries U.S. Embassy Staff in Moscow", LA Times.  White House: Schools lag in Y2K readiness: President's Council sounds alarm over K-12 districts' preparations so far, article by Jonathan Levine of eSchool News, 1 September 1999.  Hoover, Kent (9 January 2000). "Most small businesses win their Y2K gamble". Puget Sound Business Journal. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: How Long Until the Y2K Computer Problem? Center for Y2K and Society Records, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Documents activities of Center for Y2K and Society (based in Washington, D.C.) working with non-profit institutions and foundations to respond to possible societal impacts of the Y2K computer problem: helping the poor and vulnerable as well as protecting human health and the environment. Records donated by executive director, Norman L. Dean. International Y2K Cooperation Center Records, 1998–2000, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Collection contains the materials of the International Y2K Cooperation Center. Includes country reports, news clippings, country questionnaires, country telephone directories, background materials, audio visual materials and papers of Bruce W. McConnell, director of IY2KCC. Preparing for an Apocalypse: Y2K, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. A web exhibit curated by Stephanie H. Crowe BBC: Y2K coverage In The Beginning there Was the Nerd – BBC Radio documentary about the history of computers and the millennium bug 10 years after using archival recordings. The Surprising Legacy of Y2K – Radio documentary by American Public Media, on the history and legacy of the millennium bug five years on. The Yawn of a New Millennium CBC Digital Archives – The Eve of the Millennium How the UK coped with the millennium bug "Time running out for PCs at big companies"—CNN vte Year-related problems Decimal or BCD storage related Year 1900 problemYear 2000 problemYear 2011 problemYear 2042 problemYear 2100 problemYear 10,000 problemLeap year problem Binary storage related 2036 NTP wraparoundYear 2038 problemYear 2108 problemYears 32,768 and 65,536 problems Hexadecimal storage related Year 2010 problem Time formatting and storage bugsTime code ambiguityEpoch vte Global catastrophic risks Future of the EarthFuture of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Technological Chemical warfareCyberattack CyberwarfareCyberterrorismCybergeddonGray gooNanoweaponsKinetic bombardment Relativistic kinetic kill vehicleNuclear warfare Mutual assured destructionDead HandDoomsday ClockDoomsday deviceAntimatter weaponElectromagnetic pulse (EMP)Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments Micro black holeStrangeletSynthetic intelligence / Artificial intelligence AI takeoverExistential risk from artificial intelligenceTechnological singularityTranshumanismYear 2000 problemYear 2038 problemYear 10,000 problem Sociological Anthropogenic hazardCollapsologyDoomsday argument Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttalSelf-referencing doomsday argument rebuttalEconomic collapseMalthusian catastropheNew World Order (conspiracy theory)Nuclear holocaust cobaltfaminewinterSocietal collapseWorld War III Ecological Climate change Anoxic eventBiodiversity loss Mass mortality eventCascade effectCataclysmic pole shift hypothesisClimate apocalypseDeforestationDesertificationExtinction risk from climate change Tipping points in the climate systemFlood basaltGlobal dimmingGlobal terrestrial stillingGlobal warmingHypercaneIce ageEcocideEcological collapseEnvironmental degradationHabitat destructionHuman impact on the environment coral reefson marine lifeLand degradationLand consumptionLand surface effects on climateOcean acidificationOzone depletionResource depletionSea level riseSupervolcano winterVerneshotWater pollutionWater scarcity Earth Overshoot Day OverexploitationOverpopulation Human overpopulation Biological Extinction Extinction eventHolocene extinctionHuman extinctionList of extinction eventsGenetic erosionGenetic pollution Others Biodiversity loss Decline in amphibian populationsDecline in insect populationsBiotechnology risk Biological agentBiological warfareBioterrorismColony Collapse DisorderDefaunationInterplanetary contaminationPandemicPollinator declineOverfishing Astronomical Big CrunchBig RipCoronal mass ejectionGeomagnetic stormFalse vacuum decayGamma-ray burstHeat death of the universeProton decayVirtual black holeImpact event Asteroid impact avoidanceAsteroid impact predictionPotentially hazardous object Near-Earth objectwinterRogue planetNear-Earth supernovaHypernovaMicronovaSolar flareStellar collision Eschatological Buddhist MaitreyaThree AgesHindu KalkiKali YugaLast JudgementSecond Coming 1 EnochDaniel Abomination of DesolationProphecy of Seventy WeeksMessiahChristian FuturismHistoricism Interpretations of RevelationIdealismPreterism2 Esdras2 Thessalonians Man of sinKatechonAntichristBook of Revelation Events Four Horsemen of the ApocalypseLake of fireNumber of the BeastSeven bowlsSeven sealsThe BeastTwo witnessesWar in HeavenWhore of BabylonGreat ApostasyNew EarthNew JerusalemOlivet Discourse Great TribulationSon of PerditionSheep and GoatsIslamic Al-Qa'imBeast of the EarthDhul-QarnaynDhul-SuwayqataynDajjalIsrafilMahdiSufyaniJewish MessiahWar of Gog and MagogThird TempleNorseZoroastrian Saoshyant Others 2011 end times prediction2012 phenomenonApocalypseApocalyptic literatureApocalypticismArmageddonBlood moon prophecyEarth ChangesEnd timeGog and MagogList of dates predicted for apocalyptic eventsMessianism Messianic AgeMillenarianismMillennialism PremillennialismAmillennialismPostmillennialismNemesis (hypothetical star)Nibiru cataclysmRapture PrewrathPost-tribulation raptureResurrection of the deadWorld to come Fictional Alien invasionApocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fictionList of apocalyptic filmsClimate fictionDisaster films List of disaster filmsList of fictional doomsday devicesZombie apocalypse Zombie Organizations Centre for the Study of Existential RiskFuture of Humanity InstituteFuture of Life InstituteNuclear Threat Initiative General Cyber ransomCyberwarfareDepressionDroughtsEpidemicFamineFinancial crisisPandemicRiotsSocial crisisSurvivalism  World portal Categories ApocalypticismFuture problemsHazardsRisk analysisDoomsday scenarios Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata FranceBnF dataIsraelUnited States Categories: 2000 in computing2000 in Internet cultureCalendarsDoomsday scenariosTechnology hazardsSoftware bugsTime formatting and storage bugsTurn of the third millennium
  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Denomination: Crown
  • Year of Issue: 2000
  • Number of Pieces: 1
  • Time Period: 2000s
  • Fineness: 0.5
  • Collection: Tower of London
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom
  • Country of Origin: Great Britain
  • Colour: Silver

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