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Item:202459479878DISNEYLAND GAY DAYS 2018 RAGLAN rainbow flag Disney baseball tshirt LGBTQ rare. Check out our other new & used items>>>>>HERE! (click me) FOR SALE: A limited run, Disneyland exclusive product that celebrates LGBTQ pride DISNEYLAND 2018 "GAY DAYS RAINBOW" BASEBALL TEE (SIZE M OR L) DETAILS: Show your Disney and LGBTQ pride with a rainbow baseball tee! The
"Gay Days 2018" baseball style t-shirt features the fantastic
silhouettes of Mickey Mouse and Sleeping Beauty Castle and the colors of
the rainbow flag. The body of this t-shirt with mid-length (raglan)
sleeve is a light heather gray while the arms/shoulders are a light
heather red - a great looking combo! This Disneyland exclusive t-shirt
was made, in very limited quantities, to celebrate the unofficial Disney
parks holiday "Gay Days". Extra soft, vintage feel! Comprised
of polyester (50%), cotton (25%), and rayon (25%). The fabric blend
delivers a garment that is extra comfortable and ultra soft to the
touch. SIZE: Available in Adult Medium (M) and Adult Large (L). We current;y have 1 Medium and only 1 Large left. Please let us know which size you'd like when purchasing or send a message before checking out. CONDITION: New with tag. Please see photos. To ensure safe delivery, item(s) will be carefully packaged before shipping. THANK YOU FOR LOOKING. QUESTIONS? JUST ASK. *ALL PHOTOS AND TEXT ARE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OF SIDEWAYS STAIRS CO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.* "Disneyland
Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at
the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955.
It is the only theme park designed and built to completion under the
direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction
on the property; its official name was changed to Disneyland Park to
distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt
Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various
amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially
envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in
Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized
that the proposed site was too small. After hiring a consultant to help
him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a
160-acre (65 ha) site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954
and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the
ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955. Since
its opening, Disneyland has undergone expansions and major renovations,
including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now
Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993. Star Wars:
Galaxy's Edge is due to open in 2019.[2] Opened in 2001, Disney
California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneyland's original
parking lot. Disneyland
has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the
world, with 708 million visitors since it opened (as of December 2017).
In 2017, the park had approximately 18.3 million visitors, making it the
second most visited amusement park in the world that year, behind only
Magic Kingdom.[3] According to a March 2005 Disney report, 65,700 jobs
are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct
Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees (independent
contractors or their employees)." (wikipedia.org) "The
Disneyland Resort, commonly known as Disneyland, is an entertainment
resort in Anaheim, California. It is owned and operated by The Walt
Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products
division and is home to two theme parks (Disneyland Park and Disney
California Adventure), three hotels, and a shopping, dining, and
entertainment complex known as Downtown Disney. The
resort was developed by Walt Disney in the 1950s. When it opened to
guests on July 17, 1955, the property consisted of Disneyland, its
100-acre parking lot (which had 15,167 spaces),[1] and the Disneyland
Hotel, owned and operated by Disney's business partner Jack Wrather.
After the success with the multi-park, multi-hotel business model at
Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, Disney acquired large
parcels of land adjacent to Disneyland to apply the same business model
in Anaheim. During
the expansion, the property was named the Disneyland Resort to
encompass the entire complex, while the original theme park was named
Disneyland Park. The company purchased the Disneyland Hotel from the
Wrather Company and the Pan Pacific Hotel from the Tokyu Group. The Pan
Pacific Hotel became Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel in 2000. In 2001 the
property saw the addition of Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa,
a second theme park, named Disney California Adventure, and the
Downtown Disney shopping, dining, and entertainment area."
(wikipedia.org) "The
LGBT community or GLBT community, also referred to as the gay
community, is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, LGBT organizations, and subcultures, united by a common
culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate
pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. LGBT activists and
sociologists see LGBT community-building as a counterbalance to
heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, sexualism, and
conformist pressures that exist in the larger society. The term pride or
sometimes gay pride is used to express the LGBT community's identity
and collective strength; pride parades provide both a prime example of
the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. The LGBT
community is diverse in political affiliation. Not all people who are
lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender consider themselves part of the
LGBT community. Groups
that may be considered part of the LGBT community include gay villages,
LGBT rights organizations, LGBT employee groups at companies, LGBT
student groups in schools and universities, and LGBT-affirming religious
groups. LGBT
communities may organize themselves into, or support, movements for
civil rights promoting LGBT rights in various places around the world."
(wikipedia.org) "Gay
Days at Walt Disney World is a loosely organized event where lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, their families,
friends and supporters go to Walt Disney World on a single day each
year. Held on the first Saturday in June (with numerous other events in
the area during the preceding week), it is now one of the largest gay
pride events in the world..... The
first documented event, in 1991, had 3,000 gays and lesbians from
central Florida going to area theme parks on one day wearing red shirts
to make their presence more visible. By 1995, the event had grown to
10,000 gays and lesbians traveling for the gay day at Disney. As of 2010
approximately 150,000 LGBT people, their families, friends and
supporters attended the six-day gathering (including various pool
parties, conventions, festivals, a business expo, activities for kids,
etc.) with 20,000 to 30,000 going to Disney on the final day.[1] The
popularity of the event is seen by some attendees as a way of
"reclaiming" normal joys of childhood lost to homophobia in their
earlier years. Growth in attendance also reflects the growing number of
LGBT families with children as well as increasing number of LGBT
marriages, since Disney World is also a top honeymoon destination.[1] A
local Doubletree resort has dubbed itself the "official" hotel for the
event, with convention space rented to various businesses (bathroom
remodelers, gourmet cooking suppliers, sex toys, etc.) and organizations
(free health tests, vaccinations, etc.) pitching to attendees."
(wikipedia.org) "Gay pride or LGBT pride is the
positive stance against discrimination and violence toward lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people to promote their
self-affirmation, dignity, equality rights, increase their visibility as
a social group, build community, and celebrate sexual diversity and
gender variance. Pride, as opposed to shame and social stigma, is the
predominant outlook that bolsters most LGBT rights movements throughout
the world. Pride has lent its name to LGBT-themed organizations,
institutes, foundations, book titles, periodicals and even a cable TV
station and the Pride Library. Ranging from
solemn to carnivalesque, pride events are typically held during LGBT
Pride Month or some other period that commemorates a turning point in a
country's LGBT history, for example Moscow Pride in May for the
anniversary of Russia's 1993 decriminalization of homosexuality. Some
pride events include LGBT pride parades and marches, rallies,
commemorations, community days, dance parties, and large festivals. As
of 2017, plans were advancing by the State of New York to host in 2019
the largest international celebration of LGBT pride in history, known as
Stonewall 50 / WorldPride,[7] to commemorate the 50th anniversary of
the Stonewall Riots. In New York City, the Stonewall 50 / WorldPride
events produced by Heritage of Pride will be enhanced through a
partnership made with the I LOVE NY program's LGBT division and shall
include a welcome center during the weeks surrounding the Stonewall 50 /
WorldPride events that will be open to all. Additional commemorative
arts, cultural, and educational programming to mark the 50th anniversary
of the rebellion at the Stonewall Inn will be taking place throughout
the city and the world.[8] Common symbols of
pride are the rainbow or pride flag, the lowercase Greek letter lambda
(λ), the pink triangle and the black triangle, these latter two
reclaimed from use as badges of shame in Nazi concentration camps.... The
month of June was chosen for LGBT Pride Month to commemorate the
Stonewall riots, which occurred at the end of June 1969. As a result,
many pride events are held during this month to recognize the impact
LGBT people have had in the world. Brenda Howard is known as the "Mother
of Pride", for her work in coordinating the first LGBT Pride march, and
she also originated the idea for a week-long series of events around
Pride Day which became the genesis of the annual LGBT Pride celebrations
that are now held around the world every June.[23][24] Additionally,
Howard along with fellow LGBT rights activists Robert A. Martin (aka
Donny the Punk) and L. Craig Schoonmaker are credited with popularizing
the word "Pride" to describe these festivities.[25] As LGBT rights
activist Tom Limoncelli put it, "The next time someone asks you why LGBT
Pride marches exist or why [LGBT] Pride Month is June tell them 'A
bisexual woman named Brenda Howard thought it should be.'"[26] Two
Presidents of the United States have officially declared a Pride Month.
First, President Bill Clinton declared June "Gay & Lesbian Pride
Month" in 1999 and 2000. Then from 2009 to 2016, each year he was in
office, President Barack Obama declared June LGBT Pride Month.[40] Beginning
in 2012, Google displayed some LGBT-related search results with
different rainbow-colored patterns each year during June.[41][42][43] In
2017, Google also included rainbow coloured streets on Google Maps to
display Gay Pride marches occurring across the world. " (wikipedia.org) "Gay
Days at Walt Disney World is a loosely organized event where lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals, their families,
friends and supporters go to Walt Disney World on a single day each
year. It is held on the first Saturday in June (with numerous other
events in the area during the preceding week).... History The
first documented event, in June 1991, had 3,000 lgbtq+ people from
central Florida going to area theme parks on one day wearing red shirts
to make their presence more visible. By 1995, the event had grown to
10,000 gays and lesbians traveling for the gay day at Disney. As of 2010
approximately 150,000 LGBT people, their families, friends and
supporters attended the six-day gathering (including various pool
parties, conventions, festivals, a business expo, activities for kids,
etc.) with 20,000 to 30,000 going to Disney on the final day.[1] The
popularity of the event is seen by some attendees as a way of
"reclaiming" normal joys of childhood lost to homophobia in their
earlier years. Growth in attendance also reflects the growing number of
LGBT families with children as well as increasing number of LGBT
marriages, since Disney World is also a top honeymoon destination.[1] A
local Doubletree resort has dubbed itself the "official" hotel for the
event, with convention space rented to various businesses (bathroom
remodelers, gourmet cooking suppliers, sex toys, etc.) and organizations
(free health tests, vaccinations, etc.) pitching to attendees.[1] Criticism Gay
Days have attracted criticism from religious groups. While Disney does
not sanction Gay Days (and officially tells employees to treat it as any
other summer day), conservative Christian groups accuse Disney of not
doing anything to stop the event. The Southern Baptist Convention
boycotted Disney for eight years. The Florida Family Association flew
banner planes one year warning families of gay events at Disney that
weekend, citing emails from people nationwide who unknowingly booked
their vacation during Gay Days.[2] Janet Porter, president of the
Christian organization "Faith 2 Action", is highly critical of the
event. She encouraged families to re-think visiting Walt Disney World.
She told families to expect to see "cross-dressing men parading public
displays of perversion" during their visit." (wikipedia.org) "The
Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks
built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July
17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built to completion
under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only
attraction on the property; its official name was changed to Disneyland
Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. It was
the first Disney theme park. Walt Disney came up with the concept
of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters
in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist
attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who
wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was
too small. After hiring the Stanford Research Institute to perform a
feasability study determining an appropriate site for his project,
Disney bought a 160-acre (65 ha) site near Anaheim in 1953. The Park was
designed by a creative team, hand-picked by Walt from internal and
outside talent. They founded WED Enterprises, the precursor to today's
Walt Disney Imagineering. Construction began in 1954 and the park was
unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television
Network on July 17, 1955. Since its opening, Disneyland has
undergone expansions and major renovations, including the addition of
New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now Critter Country) in 1972,
Mickey's Toontown in 1993, and Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge in 2019.[2]
Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site
of Disneyland's original parking lot. Disneyland has a larger
cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with 726
million visits since it opened (as of December 2018). In 2018, the park
had approximately 18.6 million visits, making it the second most visited
amusement park in the world that year, behind only Magic Kingdom, the
very park it inspired.[3] According to a March 2005 Disney report,
65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about
20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees
(independent contractors or their employees).[4] Disney announced
"Project Stardust" in 2019, which included major structural renovations
to the park to account for higher attendance numbers.[5] The
United States Federal Aviation Administration has declared a zone of
prohibited airspace around both Disneyland and some of the surrounding
areas centered at Sleeping Beauty Castle. No aircraft, including
recreational and commercial drones, are permitted to fly within this
zone; this level is only shared with Walt Disney World, other pieces of
critical infrastructure (military bases, Pantex) in the United States
and whenever the President of the United States travels outside of
Washington, D.C.... History Original dedication
To all who come to this happy place: Welcome. Disneyland is your land.
Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the
challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the
ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created America, with
the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the
world. Walter E. Disney, July 17, 1955[7][8][9][10] 20th century Origins Walt Disney with Orange County officials Walt Disney (center) showing Orange County officials plans for Disneyland's layout, December 1954 The
concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith
Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching
them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where
adults and their children could go and have fun together, though his
dream lay dormant for many years.[11][12] The earliest documented draft
of Disney's plans was sent as a memo to studio production designer Dick
Kelsey on August 31, 1948, where it was referred to as a "Mickey Mouse
Park", based on notes Disney made during his and Ward Kimball's trip to
the Chicago Railroad Fair the same month, with a two-day stop in Henry
Ford's Museum and Greenfield Village, a place with attractions like a
Main Street and steamboat rides, which he had visited eight years
earlier.[13][14][15][16] When people wrote letters to Disney to
inquire about visiting the Walt Disney Studios, he realized that a
functional movie studio had little to offer to visiting fans, and began
to foster various ideas about building a site near the Burbank studios
for tourists to visit. His ideas evolved to a small play park with a
boat ride and other themed areas. The initial park concept, the Mickey
Mouse Park, was originally planned for an eight-acre (3.2 ha) plot to
the south, across Riverside Drive from the studio. Besides Greenfield
Village and the Chicago Railroad Fair, Disney was also inspired by
Tivoli Gardens in Denmark, Knott's Berry Farm, Colonial Williamsburg,
the Century of Progress in Chicago, and the New York's World Fair of
1939.[17] His designers began working on concepts, though the
project grew much larger than the land could hold.[18] Disney hired
Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to identify the proper
area in which to position the planned theme park based on expected
future growth. Based on Price's analysis (for which he would be
recognized as a Disney Legend in 2003), Disney acquired 160 acres (65
ha) of orange groves and walnut trees in Anaheim, southeast of Los
Angeles in neighboring Orange County.[18][19] The small Burbank site
originally considered by Disney is now home to Walt Disney Animation
Studios and ABC Studios. Difficulties in obtaining funding
prompted Disney to investigate new methods of fundraising, and he
decided to create a show named Disneyland. It was broadcast on
then-fledgling ABC. In return, the network agreed to help finance the
park. For its first five years of operation, Disneyland was owned by
Disneyland, Inc., which was jointly owned by Walt Disney Productions,
Walt Disney, Western Publishing and ABC.[20] In addition, Disney rented
out many of the shops on Main Street, U.S.A. to outside companies. By
1960, Walt Disney Productions bought out all other shares, but the
partnership had already led to a lasting relationship with ABC which
would eventually culminate in the Walt Disney Company's acquisition of
ABC in the mid-1990s. Construction began on July 16, 1954, and cost $17
million to complete (equivalent to $131 million in 2019[21]). The park
was opened one year and one day later.[22] U.S. Route 101 (later
Interstate 5) was under construction at the same time just north of the
site; in preparation for the traffic Disneyland was expected to bring,
two more lanes were added to the freeway before the park was
finished.[19] Opening day Disneyland was dedicated at an
"International Press Preview" event held on Sunday, July 17, 1955, which
was open only to invited guests and the media. Although 28,000 people
attended the event, only about half of those were invitees, the rest
having purchased counterfeit tickets,[23] or even sneaked into the park
by climbing over the fence.[24] The following day, it opened to the
public, featuring twenty attractions. The Special Sunday events,
including the dedication, were televised nationwide and anchored by
three of Walt Disney's friends from Hollywood: Art Linkletter, Bob
Cummings, and Ronald Reagan.[25] ABC broadcast the event live, during
which many guests tripped over the television camera cables.[26][page
needed] In Frontierland, a camera caught Cummings kissing a dancer. When
Disney started to read the plaque for Tomorrowland, he read partway
then stopped when a technician off-camera said something to him, and
after realizing he was on-air, said, "I thought I got a
signal",[26][page needed] and began the dedication from the start. At
one point, while in Fantasyland, Linkletter tried to give coverage to
Cummings, who was on the pirate ship. He was not ready and tried to give
the coverage back to Linkletter, who had lost his microphone. Cummings
then did a play-by-play of him trying to find it in front of Mr. Toad's
Wild Ride.[26][page needed] Traffic was delayed on the two-lane
Harbor Boulevard.[26][page needed] Famous figures who were scheduled to
show up every two hours showed up all at once. The temperature was an
unusually high 101 °F (38 °C), and because of a local plumbers' strike,
Disney was given a choice of having working drinking fountains or
running toilets. He chose the latter, leaving many drinking fountains
dry. This generated negative publicity since Pepsi sponsored the park's
opening; disappointed guests believed the inoperable fountains were a
cynical way to sell soda, while other vendors ran out of food. The
asphalt that had been poured that morning was soft enough to let women's
high-heeled shoes sink into it. Some parents threw their children over
the crowd's shoulders to get them onto rides, such as the King Arthur
Carrousel.[27] In later years, Disney and his 1955 executives referred
to July 17, 1955, as "Black Sunday". After the extremely negative press
from the preview opening, Walt Disney invited attendees back for a
private "second day" to experience Disneyland properly. At the
time, and during the lifetimes of Walt and Roy Disney, July 17 was
considered merely a preview, with July 18 the official opening day.[24]
Since then, aided by memories of the television broadcast, the company
has adopted July 17 as the official date, the one commemorated every
year as Disneyland's birthday.[24] 1950s and 1960s Disneyland aerial view, 1963, which includes the new Melody Land Theater at the top of the photo In
September 1959, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev spent thirteen
days in the United States, with two requests: to visit Disneyland and
to meet John Wayne, Hollywood's top box-office draw. Due to the Cold War
tension and security concerns, he was famously denied an excursion to
Disneyland.[28] The Shah of Iran and Empress Farah were invited to
Disneyland by Walt Disney in the early 1960s.[29] There was moderate
controversy over the lack of African American employees. As late as
1963, civil rights activists were pressuring Disneyland to hire black
people,[30] with executives responding that they would "consider" the
requests.[citation needed] The park did however hire people of Asian
descent, such as Ty Wong and Bob Kuwahara.[31] As part of the
Casa de Fritos operation at Disneyland, "Doritos" (Spanish for "little
golden things") were created at the park to recycle old tortillas that
would have been discarded. The Frito-Lay Company saw the popularity of
the item and began selling them regionally in 1964, and then nationwide
in 1966.[32] 1980s Fantasyland was closed for refurbishment in 1982 and reopened to the public in 1983 as "New Fantasyland." On
December 5, 1985, to celebrate Disneyland's 30th year in operation, one
million balloons were launched along the streets bordering Disneyland
as part of the Skyfest Celebration.[33] 1990s In the late
1990s, work began to expand the one-park, one-hotel property. Disneyland
Park, the Disneyland Hotel, the site of the original parking lot, and
acquired surrounding properties were earmarked to become part of the
Disneyland Resort. At that time, the property saw the addition of the
Disney California Adventure theme park, a shopping, dining and
entertainment complex named Downtown Disney, a remodeled Disneyland
Hotel, the construction of Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa,
and the acquisition and re-branding of the Pan Pacific Hotel as Disney's
Paradise Pier Hotel. The park was renamed "Disneyland Park" to
distinguish it from the larger complex under construction. Because the
existing parking lot (south of Disneyland) was repurposed by these
projects, the six-level, 10,250-space Mickey and Friends parking
structure was constructed in the northwest corner. Upon completion in
2000, it was the largest parking structure in the United States.[34] The
park's management team during the mid-1990s was a source of controversy
among fans and employees. In an effort to boost profits, various
changes were begun by then-executives Cynthia Harriss and Paul Pressler.
While their initiatives provided a short-term increase in shareholder
returns, they drew widespread criticism for their lack of foresight. The
retail backgrounds of Harriss and Pressler led to a gradual shift in
Disneyland's focus from attractions to merchandising. Outside
consultants McKinsey & Company were brought in to help streamline
operations, resulting in many changes and cutbacks. After nearly a
decade of deferred maintenance, the original park was showing signs of
neglect. Fans of the park decried the perceived decline in customer
value and park quality and rallied for the dismissal of the management
team.[35] 21st century Disneyland in 2005 An aerial view of Disneyland in 2004 Matt
Ouimet, the former president of the Disney Cruise Line, was promoted to
assume leadership of the Disneyland Resort in late 2003. Shortly
afterward, he selected Greg Emmer as Senior Vice President of
Operations. Emmer was a long-time Disney cast member who had worked at
Disneyland in his youth prior to moving to Florida and held multiple
executive leadership positions at the Walt Disney World Resort. Ouimet
quickly set about reversing certain trends, especially concerning
cosmetic maintenance and a return to the original infrastructure
maintenance schedule, in hopes of restoring Disneyland's former safety
record. Similarly to Disney himself, Ouimet and Emmer could often be
seen walking the park during business hours with members of their
respective staff, wearing cast member name badges, standing in line for
attractions, and welcoming guests' comments. In July 2006, Ouimet left
The Walt Disney Company to become president of Starwood. Soon after, Ed
Grier, executive managing director of Walt Disney Attractions Japan, was
named president of the resort. In October 2009, Grier announced his
retirement, and was replaced by George Kalogridis. The "Happiest
Homecoming on Earth" was an eighteen-month-long celebration (held
through 2005 and 2006) of the fiftieth anniversary of Disneyland Park,
also celebrating Disneyland's milestone throughout Disney parks
worldwide. In 2004, the park underwent major renovations in preparation,
restoring many attractions, notably Space Mountain, Jungle Cruise, the
Haunted Mansion, Pirates of the Caribbean, and Walt Disney's Enchanted
Tiki Room. Attractions that had been in the park on opening day had one
ride vehicle painted gold, and the park was decorated with fifty Golden
Mickey Ears. The celebration started on May 5, 2005, and ended on
September 30, 2006, and was followed by the "Year of a Million Dreams"
celebration, lasting twenty-seven months and ending on December 31,
2008. Beginning on January 1, 2010, Disney Parks hosted the Give a
Day, Get a Disney Day volunteer program, in which Disney encouraged
people to volunteer with a participating charity and receive a free
Disney Day at either a Disneyland Resort or Walt Disney World park. On
March 9, 2010, Disney announced that it had reached its goal of one
million volunteers and ended the promotion to anyone who had not yet
registered and signed up for a specific volunteer situation. In
July 2015, Disneyland celebrated its 60th Diamond Celebration
anniversary.[36] Disneyland Park introduced the Paint the Night parade
and Disneyland Forever fireworks show, and Sleeping Beauty Castle is
decorated in diamonds with a large "60" logo. The Diamond Celebration
concluded in September 2016 and the whole decoration of the anniversary
was removed around Halloween 2016. Disneyland Park, along with
Disney California Adventure, Downtown Disney, and the resort hotels,
closed indefinitely starting March 14, 2020, in response to the.[37][38] After nearly four months of closure,
Downtown Disney reopened on July 9, 2020.[39] The parks had been
scheduled to reopen on Disneyland's 65th anniversary on July 17, 2020,
but due to rising cases in California, the parks' reopening was once
again postponed.[40][41] It was expected to stay closed until at least
December 31, 2020.[42] In February 2021, Disneyland announced a
limited-capacity ticketed event called “A Touch of Disney”, which would
offer guests to shop at stores and enjoy eateries around the park from
March 18 through April 19, 2021.[43][44] On March 5, 2021, it was
announced by the California Department of Public Health that Disneyland
could reopen with capacity restrictions beginning April 1, 2021.[45][46]
The following week, Disney CEO Bob Chapek said that the company is
planning on officially reopening the park in late April 2021.[47]
Disneyland along with Disney California Adventure officially reopened on
April 30, 2021 with limited capacity and social distancing/mask
guidelines in effect.[48][49] The following week, the company announced a
plan titled DisneylandForward to expand the park with more rides,
restaurants, and shops with The Anaheim City Council expected to receive
the development plans for approval by 2023.[50][51] On June 15, 2021,
Disneyland, Disney California Adventure and other theme parks in
California were permitted to return to full capacity with most restrictions lifted per California governor Gavin Newsom's
Blueprint for a Safer Economy phased re-opening. Prior to this,
Disneyland was operating at reduced guest capacity since it re-opened on
April 30, 2021 after 13 months of closure due to the pandemic.[52] Lands This
section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when
to remove this template message) Main articles: List of Disneyland attractions and List of former Disneyland attractions Disneyland
Park consists of nine themed "lands" and a number of concealed
backstage areas, and occupies over 100 acres (40 ha) with the new
addition of Mickey and Minnie's Runaway Railway that's coming to Mickeys
Toontown in 2022.[18] The park opened with Main Street, U.S.A.,
Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland, and has
since added New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now known as
Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993, and Star Wars:
Galaxy's Edge in 2019.[53] In 1957, Holidayland opened to the public
with a nine-acre (3.6 ha) recreation area including a circus and
baseball diamond, but was closed in late 1961. It is often referred to
as the "lost" land of Disneyland. Throughout the park are "Hidden
Mickeys", representations of Mickey Mouse heads inserted subtly into the
design of attractions and environmental decor. An elevated berm
supports the 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge Disneyland Railroad that
circumnavigates the park. Lands of Disneyland Main Street, U.S.A. (2010) Adventureland (themed for a 1950s view of adventure, capitalizing on the post-war Tiki craze) Frontierland (Big Thunder Mountain Railroad in 2008) New Orleans Square (the Haunted Mansion and Fantasmic! viewing area in 2010) Critter Country (Splash Mountain in 2010) Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge (Star Wars: Millennium Falcon – Smugglers Run in 2019) Fantasyland (Peter Pan's Flight and the Matterhorn Bobsleds) Mickey's Toontown (2010) Tomorrowland (Space Mountain in 2010) Main Street, U.S.A. Main article: Main Street, U.S.A. § Disneyland Main
Street, U.S.A. is patterned after a typical Midwest town of the early
20th century, and took much inspiration from Walt Disney's hometown,
Marceline, Missouri.[54] Main Street, U.S.A. has a train station, town
square, movie theater, city hall, firehouse with a steam-powered pump
engine, emporium, shops, arcades, double-decker bus, horse-drawn
streetcar, and jitneys.[55] Main Street is also home to the Disney Art
Gallery and the Opera House which showcases Great Moments with Mr.
Lincoln, a show featuring an Audio-Animatronic version of the president.
At the far end of Main Street, U.S.A. is Sleeping Beauty Castle, the
Partners statue, and the Central Plaza (also known as the Hub), which is
a portal to most of the themed lands: the entrance to Fantasyland is by
way of a drawbridge across a moat and through the castle.[56]
Adventureland, Frontierland, and Tomorrowland are on both sides of the
castle. Several lands are not directly connected to the Central
Plaza—namely, New Orleans Square, Critter Country, Star Wars: Galaxy's
Edge and Mickey's Toontown. The design of Main Street, U.S.A.
uses the technique of forced perspective to create an illusion of
height.[57] Buildings along Main Street are built at 3⁄4 scale on the
first level, then 5⁄8 on the second story, and 1⁄2 scale on the
third—reducing the scale by 1⁄8 each level up. Adventureland Main article: Adventureland (Disney) § Disneyland Adventureland
is designed to recreate the feel of an exotic tropical place in a
far-off region of the world. "To create a land that would make this
dream reality", said Walt Disney, "we pictured ourselves far from
civilization, in the remote jungles of Asia and Africa." Attractions
include opening day's Jungle Cruise, the Indiana Jones Adventure, and
Tarzan's Treehouse, which is a conversion of Swiss Family Treehouse from
the Walt Disney film Swiss Family Robinson. Walt Disney's Enchanted
Tiki Room which is located at the entrance to Adventureland was the
first feature attraction to employ Audio-Animatronics, a computer
synchronization of sound and robotics. New Orleans Square Main article: New Orleans Square New
Orleans Square is based on 19th-century New Orleans, opened on July 24,
1966. It is home to Pirates of the Caribbean and the Haunted Mansion,
with nighttime entertainment Fantasmic!. This area is the home of the
private Club 33. Frontierland Main article: Frontierland § Disneyland Frontierland
recreates the setting of pioneer days along the American frontier.
According to Walt Disney, "All of us have cause to be proud of our
country's history, shaped by the pioneering spirit of our forefathers.
Our adventures are designed to give you the feeling of having lived,
even for a short while, during our country's pioneer days." Frontierland
is home to the Pinewood Indians band of animatronic Native Americans,
who live on the banks of the Rivers of America. Entertainment and
attractions include Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, the Mark Twain
Riverboat, the Sailing Ship Columbia, Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer
Island, and Frontierland Shootin' Exposition. Frontierland is also home
to the Golden Horseshoe Saloon, an Old West-style show palace. Critter Country Main article: Critter Country § Disneyland Critter
Country opened in 1972 as "Bear Country", and was renamed in 1988.
Formerly the area was home to Indian Village, where indigenous
tribespeople demonstrated their dances and other customs. Today, the
main draw of the area is Splash Mountain, a log-flume journey based on
the animated segments of Disney's 1946 film Song of the South. In 2003, a
dark ride called The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh replaced the
Country Bear Jamboree, which closed in 2001. Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge Main article: Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge § Disneyland Park Star
Wars: Galaxy's Edge is set within the Star Wars universe, in the Black
Spire Outpost village on the remote frontier planet of Batuu.
Attractions include the Millennium Falcon: Smugglers Run and Star Wars:
Rise of the Resistance.[58] The land opened in 2019, replacing Big
Thunder Ranch and former backstage areas.[59][60] Fantasyland Main article: Fantasyland § Disneyland Fantasyland
is the area of Disneyland of which Walt Disney said, "What youngster
has not dreamed of flying with Peter Pan over moonlit London, or
tumbling into Alice's nonsensical Wonderland? In Fantasyland, these
classic stories of everyone's youth have become realities for youngsters
– of all ages – to participate in." Fantasyland was originally styled
in a medieval European fairground fashion, but its 1983 refurbishment
turned it into a Bavarian village. Attractions include several dark
rides, the King Arthur Carrousel, and various family attractions.
Fantasyland has the most fiber optics in the park; more than half of
them are in Peter Pan's Flight.[61] Sleeping Beauty's Castle features a
walk-through storytelling of Briar Rose's adventure as Sleeping Beauty.
The attraction opened in 1959, was redesigned in 1972, closed in 1992
for reasons of security and the new installation of pneumatic ram
firework shell mortars for "Believe, There's Magic in the Stars", and
reopened 2008 with new renditions and methods of storytelling and the
restored work of Eyvind Earle. Mickey's Toontown Main article: Mickey's Toontown § Disneyland Mickey's
Toontown opened in 1993 and was partly inspired by the fictional Los
Angeles suburb of Toontown in the Touchstone Pictures 1988 release Who
Framed Roger Rabbit. Mickey's Toontown is based on a 1930s cartoon
aesthetic and is home to Disney's most popular cartoon characters.
Toontown features two main attractions: Gadget's Go Coaster and Roger
Rabbit's Car Toon Spin. The "city" is also home to cartoon character's
houses such as the house of Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse and Goofy, as
well as Donald Duck's boat. The 3 ft (914 mm) gauge Jolly Trolley can
also be found in this area, though it closed as an attraction in 2003
and is now present only for display purposes. In 2023 Mickey &
Minnie's Runaway Railway will open at Mickey's Toontown. The new
family-friendly dark ride will increase the size of Toontown as well as
the size of Disneyland from 99 to 101 acres (40 to 41 ha). Tomorrowland Main article: Tomorrowland § Disneyland During
the 1955 inauguration, Walt Disney dedicated Tomorrowland with these
words: "Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are
opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our
children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have
been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures
that are a living blueprint of our future." Disneyland producer
Ward Kimball had rocket scientists Wernher von Braun, Willy Ley, and
Heinz Haber serve as technical consultants during the original design of
Tomorrowland.[62] Initial attractions included Rocket to the Moon,
Astro-Jets and Autopia; later, the first incarnation of the Submarine
Voyage was added. The area underwent a major transformation in 1967 to
become New Tomorrowland, and then again in 1998 when its focus was
changed to present a "retro-future" theme reminiscent of the
illustrations of Jules Verne. Current attractions include Space
Mountain, Star Wars Launch Bay, Autopia, Jedi Training: Trials of the
Temple, the Disneyland Monorail Tomorrowland Station, Astro Orbitor, and
Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters. Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage opened on
June 11, 2007, resurrecting the original Submarine Voyage which closed
in 1998. Star Tours was closed in July 2010 and replaced with Star
Tours–The Adventures Continue in June 2011. Operations Backstage This
section includes a list of references, related reading or external
links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations.
Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise
citations. (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message) Major buildings backstage include the Frank
Gehry-designed Team Disney Anaheim,[63] where most of the division's
administration currently works, as well as the Old Administration
Building, behind Tomorrowland. Photography is forbidden in these
areas, both inside and outside, although some photos have found their
way to a variety of web sites. Guests who attempt to explore backstage
are warned and often escorted from the property.[64] Transportation Disneyland Railroad Disneyland Railroad Engine 2 Walt
Disney had a longtime interest in transportation, and trains in
particular. Disney's passion for the "iron horse" led to him building a
miniature live steam backyard railroad—the "Carolwood Pacific
Railroad"—on the grounds of his Holmby Hills estate. Throughout all the
iterations of Disneyland during the 17 or so years when Disney was
conceiving it, one element remained constant: a train encircling the
park.[12] The primary designer for the park transportation vehicles was
Bob Gurr who gave himself the title of Director of Special Vehicle
Design in 1954.[65] Encircling Disneyland and providing a grand
circle tour is the Disneyland Railroad (DRR), a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow
gauge short-line railway consisting of five oil-fired and steam-powered
locomotives, in addition to three passenger trains and one
passenger-carrying freight train. Originally known as the Disneyland and
Santa Fe Railroad, the DRR was presented by the Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe Railway until 1974. From 1955 to 1974, the Santa Fe Rail Pass
was accepted in lieu of a Disneyland "D" coupon. With a 3 ft (914 mm)
gauge, the most common narrow track gauge used in North America, the
track runs in a continuous loop around Disneyland through each of its
realms. Each 1900s-era train departs Main Street Station on an excursion
that includes scheduled station stops at: New Orleans Square Station;
Toontown Depot; and Tomorrowland Station. The Grand Circle Tour then
concludes with a visit to the "Grand Canyon/Primeval World" dioramas
before returning passengers to Main Street, U.S.A.[66] photo of new Monorail Monorail Red travels over the Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage in Tomorrowland. One
of Disneyland's signature attractions is its Disneyland Monorail System
monorail service, which opened in Tomorrowland in 1959 as the first
daily-operating monorail train system in the Western Hemisphere. The
monorail guideway has remained almost exactly the same since 1961, aside
from small alterations while Indiana Jones Adventure was being built.
Five generations of monorail trains have been used in the park since
their lightweight construction means they wear out quickly. The most
recent operating generation, the Mark VII, was installed in 2008. The
monorail shuttles visitors between two stations, one inside the park in
Tomorrowland and one in Downtown Disney. It follows a 2.5-mile-long (4.0
km) route designed to show the park from above. Currently, the Mark VII
is running with the colors red, blue and orange. The monorail was
originally a loop built with just one station in Tomorrowland. Its track
was extended and a second station opened at the Disneyland Hotel in
1961. With the creation of Downtown Disney in 2001, the new destination
is Downtown Disney, instead of the Disneyland Hotel. The physical
location of the monorail station did not change, but the original
station building was demolished as part of the hotel downsizing, and the
new station is now separated from the hotel by several Downtown Disney
buildings, including ESPN Zone and the Rainforest Café.[67] Horseless carriage Main Street at Disneyland, as seen from a horseless carriage All
of the vehicles found on Main Street, U.S.A., grouped together as the
Main Street Vehicles attraction, were designed to accurately reflect
turn-of-the-century vehicles, including a 3 ft (914 mm) gauge[68]
tramway featuring horse-drawn streetcars, a double-decker bus, a fire
engine, and an automobile.[69] They are available for one-way rides
along Main Street, U.S.A. The horse-drawn streetcars are also used by
the park entertainment, including The Dapper Dans. The horseless
carriages are modeled after cars built in 1903 and are two-cylinder,
four-horsepower (3 kW) engines with manual transmission and steering.
Walt Disney used to drive the fire engine around the park before it
opened, and it has been used to host celebrity guests and in the
parades. Most of the original main street vehicles were designed by Bob
Gurr. From the late 1950s to 1968, Los Angeles Airways provided
regularly scheduled helicopter passenger service between Disneyland and
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and other cities in the area.
The helicopters initially operated from Anaheim/Disneyland Heliport,
located behind Tomorrowland. Service later moved, in 1960, to a new
heliport north of the Disneyland Hotel.[70] Arriving guests were
transported to the Disneyland Hotel via tram. The service ended after
two fatal crashes in 1968: The crash in Paramount, California, on May
22, 1968, killed 23 (the worst helicopter accident in aviation history
at that time). The second crash in Compton, California, on August 14,
1968, killed 21.[71] Live entertainment Disneyland Musical Chairs Alice
and characters from her movie host "Disneyland Musical Chairs" at
Coca-Cola Refreshment Corner, accompanied by a ragtime pianist. Fantasmic Fantasmic! finale on July 4, 2010 In
addition to the attractions, Disneyland provides live entertainment
throughout the park. Most of the mentioned entertainment is not offered
daily, but only on selected days of the week, or selected periods of the
year. Many Disney characters can be found throughout the park,
greeting visitors, interacting with children, and posing for photos.
Some characters have specific areas where they are scheduled to appear,
but can be found wandering as well. Some of the rarest are characters
like Rabbit (from Winnie-the-Pooh), Max, Mushu, and Agent P.[72]
Periodically through recent decades (and most recently during the
summers of 2005 and 2006), Mickey Mouse would climb the Matterhorn
attraction several times a day with the support of Minnie, Goofy, and
other performers. Other mountain climbers could also be seen on the
Matterhorn from time to time. As of March 2007, Mickey and his "toon"
friends no longer climb the Matterhorn but the climbing program
continues. Every evening at dusk, there is a military-style flag retreat
to lower the U.S. Flag by a ceremonial detail of Disneyland's Security
staff. The ceremony is usually held between 4:00 and 5:00 pm, depending
on the entertainment being offered on Main Street, U.S.A., to prevent
conflicts with crowds and music. Disney does report the time the Flag
Retreat is scheduled on its Times Guide, offered at the entrance
turnstiles and other locations. The Disneyland Band, which has been part
of the park since its opening, plays the role of the Town Band on Main
Street, U.S.A. It also breaks out into smaller groups like the Main
Street Strawhatters, the Hook and Ladder Co., and the Pearly Band in
Fantasyland. However, on March 31, 2015, the Disneyland Resort notified
the band members of an "end of run". The reason for doing so is that
they would start a new higher energy band. The veteran band members were
invited to audition for the new Disneyland band and were told that even
if they did not make the new band or audition, they would still play in
small groups around the park. This sparked some controversy with
supporters of the traditional band.[73] Parades Disneyland has
featured a number of different parades traveling down the park's
central Main Street – Fantasyland corridor. There have been daytime and
nighttime parades that celebrated Disney films or seasonal holidays with
characters, music, and large floats. One of the most popular parades
was the Main Street Electrical Parade, which recently ended a
limited-time return engagement after an extended run at the Magic
Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. From May 5,
2005, through November 7, 2008, as part of Disneyland's 50th
anniversary, Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams was presented, celebrating
several Disney films including The Lion King, The Little Mermaid, Alice
in Wonderland, and Pinocchio. In 2009, Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams
was replaced by Celebrate! A Street Party, which premiered on March 27,
2009. Disney did not call Celebrate! A Street Party a parade, but rather
a "street event." During the Christmas season, Disneyland presents "A
Christmas Fantasy" Parade. Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams was replaced
by Mickey's Soundsational Parade, which debuted on May 27, 2011.[74]
Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called "Paint the Night", on
May 22, 2015, as part of the park's 60th anniversary.[75] As of 2020,
the current parade is named "Magic Happens", and there was even a
virtual parade available for a limited time.[76] However, as of October
2021, neither physical nor virtual versions of "Magic Happens" is
available until further notice. Fireworks shows Disneyland fireworks Disneyland fireworks from Sleeping Beauty Castle Elaborate
fireworks shows synchronized with Disney songs and often have
appearances from Tinker Bell (and other characters) flying in the sky
above Sleeping Beauty Castle. Since 2000, presentations have become more
elaborate, featuring new pyrotechnics, launch techniques, and story
lines. In 2004, Disneyland introduced a new air launch pyrotechnics
system, reducing ground-level smoke and noise and decreasing negative
environmental impacts. At the time the technology debuted, Disney
announced it would donate the patents to a non-profit organization for
use throughout the industry.[77] Projection mapping technology debuted
on It's a Small World with the creation of The Magic, the Memories and
You in 2011, and expanded to Main Street and Sleeping Beauty Castle in
2015 with the premiere of Disneyland Forever. Regular fireworks shows: 1958–1999 & 2015: Fantasy in the Sky 2000–2004: Believe... There's Magic in the Stars 2004–2005: Imagine... A Fantasy in the Sky 2005–2014; 2017–2019: Remember... Dreams Come True 2009–2014 (summer): Magical: Disney's New Nighttime Spectacular of Magical Celebrations 2019 (summer): Disneyland Forever Seasonal fireworks shows: September–October Halloween Screams Independence Day Week: Disney's Celebrate America: A 4th of July Concert in the Sky November–January: Believe... In Holiday Magic Limited edition fireworks shows 60th Anniversary: Disneyland Forever Pixar Fest: Together Forever Get Your Ears On – A Mickey and Minnie Celebration: Mickey's Mix Magic Since 2009, Disneyland has moved to a rotating repertoire of firework spectaculars. Scheduling
of fireworks shows depends on the time of year. During the slower
off-season periods, the fireworks are only offered on weekends. During
the busier times, Disney offers additional nights. The park offers
fireworks nightly during its busy periods, which include Easter/Spring
Break, Summer and Christmas time. Disneyland spends about $41,000 per
night on the fireworks show. The show is normally offered at 8:45 or
9:30 pm if the park is scheduled to close at 10 pm or later, but shows
have started as early as 5:45 pm. A major consideration is the weather
and wind, especially at higher altitude, which can force the delay or
cancellation of the show. In response to this, alternate versions of the
fireworks spectaculars have been created in recent years, solely using
the projections and lighting effects. With a few minor exceptions, such
as July 4 and New Year's Eve, shows must finish by 10:00 pm due to the
conditions of the permit issued by the City of Anaheim. In recent
years, Disneyland uses smaller and mid-sized fireworks shells and more
low-level pyrotechnics on the castle to allow guests to enjoy the
fireworks spectaculars even if there is a weather issue such as high
wind. This precedent is known as B-show. The first fireworks show to
have this format was Believe... In Holiday Magic from the 2018 holiday
season." (wikipedia.org) "The Disneyland
Resort, commonly known as Disneyland, is an entertainment resort in
Anaheim, California. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company
through its Parks, Experiences and Products division and is home to two
theme parks (Disneyland Park and Disney California Adventure), three
hotels, and a shopping, dining, and entertainment district known as
Downtown Disney. The resort was developed by Walt Disney in the
1950s. When it opened to guests on July 17, 1955, the property consisted
of Disneyland, its 100-acre parking lot (which had 15,167 spaces),[1]
and the Disneyland Hotel, owned and operated by Disney's business
partner Jack Wrather. After the success with the multi-park, multi-hotel
business model at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida,
Disney acquired large parcels of land adjacent to Disneyland to apply
the same business model in Anaheim. During the expansion, the
property was named the Disneyland Resort to encompass the entire
complex, while the original theme park was named Disneyland Park. The
company purchased the Disneyland Hotel from the Wrather Company and the
Pan Pacific Hotel from the Tokyu Group. The Pan Pacific Hotel became
Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel in 2000. In 2001 the property saw the
addition of Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa, a second theme
park, named Disney California Adventure, and the Downtown Disney
shopping, dining, and entertainment district.... History of Disneyland Concept and construction See also: Disneyland § History This
section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove
this template message) Walt Disney's early concepts for an
amusement park called for a "Mickey Mouse Park" located adjacent to the
Walt Disney Studios in Burbank (presently the site of the West Coast
headquarters of ABC). As new ideas emerged, Walt and his brother Roy
realized that the Burbank location would be too small for the project,
and hired a consultant from Stanford Research Institute to provide them
with information on locations and economic feasibility. The consultant
recommended a remote location in Anaheim, adjacent to the
then-under-construction Santa Ana Freeway. The consultant correctly
predicted that the location – covered by orange groves at the time –
would become the population center of Southern California. Since the
location was far from Southern California population centers in the
1950s, Walt Disney wanted to build a hotel so that Disneyland visitors
traveling long distances could stay overnight. However, the park had
depleted his financial resources, so he negotiated a deal with Hollywood
producer Jack Wrather in which he would build and operate a hotel
called the Disneyland Hotel across the street from Disneyland. 1955–1998: one park, one hotel Disneyland
opened on July 17, 1955, with a televised press preview event on ABC.
Despite the disastrous event, later dubbed "Black Sunday", during which
several rides broke down and other mishaps occurred, Disneyland became a
huge success in its first year of operation. The hotel, which opened
three months after the park, enjoyed similar success. Walt Disney wanted
to build more facilities for Disneyland visitors to stay in Anaheim,
but since his financial resources were drained, entrepreneurs
established their own hotels in the area surrounding the park and hotel
to capitalize on Disneyland's success.[2] Topographical map of Disneyland from 1965 To
Walt Disney's dismay, the city of Anaheim was lax in restricting their
construction, eager for the tax revenue generated by more hotels in the
city. The area surrounding Disneyland became the atmosphere of colorful
lights, flashy neon signs, and then-popular Googie architecture that he
wanted to avoid (and which years earlier had caused the city of Burbank
to deny his initial request to build his project in Burbank).[3] The
Anaheim Convention Center was built across the street from Disneyland's
original parking lot, and residences were constructed in the area as
part of the city's growth in the late 20th century. Eventually,
Disneyland was "boxed in", a factor which would later lead Walt Disney
to acquire a significantly larger parcel of land for the construction of
Walt Disney World. The Walt Disney Company gradually acquired the land
west of the park, notably the Disneyland Hotel in 1989 following Jack
Wrather's death in 1984, the Pan Pacific Hotel (now Disney's Paradise
Pier Hotel) in 1995, and several properties north of the Disneyland
Hotel in the mid to late 1990s.[citation needed] 1998–2001: planning an expansion After
Walt's and Roy's deaths in 1966 and 1971, respectively, the Walt Disney
Company would go on to achieve success with the multi-park, multi-hotel
resort complex business model of Walt Disney World in Florida, which
opened in 1971. In the 1990s, Disney decided to turn Disneyland into a
similar multi-park, multi-hotel resort destination. In 1991, Disney
announced plans to build WestCOT, a theme park based on Walt Disney
World's EPCOT Center, on the site of the original Disneyland parking
lot.[4] Its estimated cost was US$3 billion, largely due to the cost of
land that Disney would need to acquire. With the new Euro Disney Resort,
which opened in 1992, becoming a financial and public relations
albatross for the company, Disney was unable to finance the project, and
cancelled WestCOT in 1995. That summer, Disney executives gathered in
Aspen, Colorado for a 3-day retreat, where they came up with the idea
for a California-themed park, dubbed Disney's California Adventure Park,
to be built on the same site slated for WestCOT. $1.4 billion was
budgeted to build the park, a retail district, and hotels.[4] 2001–present: Disneyland Resort complex Grizzly Peak at Disney California Adventure In
January 2015, Tom Staggs, Disney Parks chair, and Steve Davison, VP of
Park Entertainment, announced upcoming changes to the park to celebrate
the park's 60th anniversary. The changes began on May 22, 2015, and ran
for sixteen months.[5] The updates included an updated World of Color
water show, Paint the Night parade, and a new fireworks show titled
Disneyland Forever. Disney California Adventure also received a
makeover, with Condor Flats remade into Grizzly Peak Airfield and
Soarin' Over California equipped with a new laser projection system.
Peter Pan's Flight reopened on July 1. In October 2017, Disney
announced a new Pixar Pals parking structure for the resort, which
includes a 6,500-space parking structure, and a new transportation hub,
which opened in July 2019.[6] The parking structure opened in June 2019
and is now used daily. In August 2015, it was announced that
Disneyland Park would receive a 14-acre Star Wars-themed land scheduled
to open in 2019.[7] It opened on May 31, 2019. Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
is home of two attractions, Millennium Falcon – Smugglers Run, and Star
Wars: Rise of the Resistance. In March 2018, it was announced
that A Bug's Land would close in September 2018. It was replaced by
Avengers Campus which was set to open July 18, 2020, but was delayed due
to the [8][9] and opened on June 4, 2021.[10] In
January 2021, officials announced that the resort will be the first
"super" site in Orange County, California. As one
of several "super POD" (Point-of-Dispensing) locations, it is expected
that thousands of residents will be able to be vaccinated against each day.[11] Future expansion and proposed DisneylandForward Disney
announced plans to build a fourth hotel at the resort in 2016, slated
for an opening in 2021.[12] In August 2018, the hotel was placed on hold
indefinitely because of a dispute with the city of Anaheim, which
concerned a tax rebate that would have subsidized the hotel's
construction.[13][14] Later, the hotel was cancelled as Disney and
Anaheim could not come to an agreement on the tax rebate. In
April 2019, Disneyland announced that Mickey & Minnie's Runaway
Railway would be coming to Disneyland in 2023. The attraction will go
behind Mickey's Toontown in a former backstage area.[15] On March
of 2021, the Walt Disney Company announced a new project for the
Anaheim, California resort called Disneyland Forward. This proposal is
designed to change the city of Anaheim's zoning rules so that Disney can
build more theme park space for both Disneyland and Disney California
Adventure. Proposals have included building more space where Disney's
Paradise Pier hotel and the surrounding parking lots on the west-side of
the resort currently reside. Rumors have surfaced that a new version of
a mixed-use Disney Springs would be built near the Toy Story parking
lot.[16] Location Map of Disneyland Resort in 2012 The
Disneyland Resort is located several miles south of downtown Anaheim, in
an area branded by the city as the Anaheim Resort near the border of
neighboring Garden Grove. The resort is generally bounded by Harbor
Boulevard to the east, Katella Avenue to the south, Walnut Street to the
west and Ball Road to the north. Interstate 5 borders the resort at an
angle on the northeastern corner. Not all land bordered by these
streets is part of the Disneyland Resort, particularly near the
intersection of Harbor Boulevard and Katella Avenue, and along Ball Road
between Disneyland Drive and Walnut Street. Disneyland Drive cuts
through the resort on a north–south route and provides access to the
Mickey & Friends Parking Structure, Downtown Disney, and the three
hotels. Magic Way connects Walnut Street to Disneyland Drive just south
of the Mickey & Friends Parking Structure and provides access to the
parking structure, Disneyland Hotel, and Downtown Disney. Special
offramps from Interstate 5 combined with a reversible flyover over the
intersection of Ball Road and Disneyland Drive permit access into and
out of the Mickey & Friends parking garage during peak morning and
evening traffic times. The official address of the resort is 1313 South
Harbor Boulevard; the address number is a Hidden Mickey.[17] Attractions This
section is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by
converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available.
(February 2016) Parks Disneyland Park, the original theme park built by Walt Disney, which opened on July 17, 1955.
Disney California Adventure Park, a theme park based on the history and
culture of California, which opened on February 8, 2001. Shopping, Dining, and Entertainment
Downtown Disney, an outdoor retail, dining, and entertainment district
located between the entrance promenade of the Disneyland Resort theme
parks and the Disneyland Hotel. Hotels Disneyland
Hotel, the resort’s original hotel built by Jack Wrather which opened on
October 5, 1955, and was purchased by Disney in 1988. Disney's
Paradise Pier Hotel, a hotel themed after the section of Disney
California Adventure it overlooks. Formerly operated by the Tokyu Group
(opening in 1984 under the name Emerald of Anaheim),[18] the hotel was
purchased by Disney in December 1995, for a reported US$36 million, and
renamed the Disneyland Pacific Hotel.[19] As part of the 1998-2001
expansion of the resort, it was re-branded as Disney's Paradise Pier
Hotel.[20] The lobby and convention/banquet facilities have undergone
several renovations since the re-branding, most notably in 2004 and
2005. Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa, based on the
Craftsman style of architecture of the early 1900s, which opened on
January 2, 2001. Attendance The 2019 issue of "TEA/AECOM
2018 Theme Index and Museum Index: The Global Attractions Attendance
Report" reported the following attendance estimates for 2018 compiled by
the Themed Entertainment Association: Disneyland: 18,666,000 visits (No. 2 worldwide/in the US, up 2% from 2017)[21] Disney's California Adventure: 9,861,000 visits (No. 11 worldwide/No. 7 in the US, up 3% from 2017)[21] Ticket prices Approximately
60,000 people visited the park on Disneyland's opening day, July 17,
1955,[22] when park admission was priced at $1 for adults and $0.5 for
children. This did not include access to rides and other individual
attractions; attraction tickets could be purchased separately for $0.1
to $0.35.[23] Single attraction tickets were permanently eliminated in
June 1982;[23] access to all the park's attractions was henceforth
included in the price of park admission tickets. Admission prices
have greatly increased since the gates first opened, due in part to
inflation, the continuing construction and renovation of attractions,
and the addition of a second theme park, Disney California Adventure. As
of 17 January 2020, one-day "Park Hopper" tickets, allowing entry to
both Disneyland Park and Disney California Adventure, are priced between
$154 (on "Value" days) & $199 (on "Peak" days) for adults, and
between $148 ("Value") & $191 ("Peak") for children.[24] Visitors
can also purchase one-park tickets and multi-day tickets. In
addition to daily tickets, in 1984 the Premium Annual Passport was
introduced to the public. The Premium Annual Passport granted daily
entry for a year at a time for $65 for adults and $49 for children.
There were five different types of Annual Passports available for
purchase, which are the Disney Signature Plus Passport ($1,449), the
Disney Signature Passport ($1,199), the Disney Deluxe Passport ($829),
the Disney Flex Passport ($649), and the Disney Southern California
Select Passport ($399).[25] On January 14, 2021, Disneyland
announced that they would be canceling the annual passport program.[26]
Disneyland Resort president Ken Potrock stated, "Due to the continued
uncertainty of the pandemic and limitations around the reopening of our
California theme parks, we will be issuing appropriate refunds for
eligible Disneyland resort Annual Passports and sunsetting the current
program."[27] A replacement program was announced on August 3, 2021
titled "Magic Keys."[28] There are four different tiers of Magic Keys
available: Dream Key ($1,339), Believe Key ($949), Enchant Key ($649),
and Imagine Key ($399)." (wikipedia.org) "A
rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection,
refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a
spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a
multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in
the section of sky directly opposite the Sun. Rainbows can be
full circles. However, the observer normally sees only an arc formed by
illuminated droplets above the ground,[1] and centered on a line from
the Sun to the observer's eye. In a primary rainbow, the arc
shows red on the outer part and violet on the inner side. This rainbow
is caused by light being refracted when entering a droplet of water,
then reflected inside on the back of the droplet and refracted again
when leaving it. In a double rainbow, a second arc is seen
outside the primary arc, and has the order of its colours reversed, with
red on the inner side of the arc. This is caused by the light being
reflected twice on the inside of the droplet before leaving it. ... Overview Image of the end of a rainbow at Jasper National Park A
rainbow is not located at a specific distance from the observer, but
comes from an optical illusion caused by any water droplets viewed from a
certain angle relative to a light source. Thus, a rainbow is not an
object and cannot be physically approached. Indeed, it is impossible for
an observer to see a rainbow from water droplets at any angle other
than the customary one of 42 degrees from the direction opposite the
light source. Even if an observer sees another observer who seems
"under" or "at the end of" a rainbow, the second observer will see a
different rainbow—farther off—at the same angle as seen by the first
observer. Rainbows span a continuous spectrum of colours. Any
distinct bands perceived are an artefact of human colour vision, and no
banding of any type is seen in a black-and-white photo of a rainbow,
only a smooth gradation of intensity to a maximum, then fading towards
the other side. For colours seen by the human eye, the most commonly
cited and remembered sequence is Isaac Newton's sevenfold red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet,[2][a] remembered by the mnemonic
Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain (ROYGBIV). The initialism is
sometimes referred to in reverse order, as VIBGYOR. Rainbows can be caused by many forms of airborne water. These include not only rain, but also mist, spray, and airborne dew. Visibility Rainbows can form in the spray of a waterfall (called spray bows) A mistbow over Rannoch Moor in Scotland Rainbows may form in the spray created by waves Rainbows
can be observed whenever there are water drops in the air and sunlight
shining from behind the observer at a low altitude angle. Because of
this, rainbows are usually seen in the western sky during the morning
and in the eastern sky during the early evening. The most spectacular
rainbow displays happen when half the sky is still dark with raining
clouds and the observer is at a spot with clear sky in the direction of
the Sun. The result is a luminous rainbow that contrasts with the
darkened background. During such good visibility conditions, the larger
but fainter secondary rainbow is often visible. It appears about 10°
outside of the primary rainbow, with inverse order of colours. Eruption of Castle Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, with double rainbow seen in the mist The
rainbow effect is also commonly seen near waterfalls or fountains. In
addition, the effect can be artificially created by dispersing water
droplets into the air during a sunny day. Rarely, a moonbow, lunar
rainbow or nighttime rainbow, can be seen on strongly moonlit nights. As
human visual perception for colour is poor in low light, moonbows are
often perceived to be white.[4] It is difficult to photograph the
complete semicircle of a rainbow in one frame, as this would require an
angle of view of 84°. For a 35 mm camera, a wide-angle lens with a
focal length of 19 mm or less would be required. Now that software for
stitching several images into a panorama is available, images of the
entire arc and even secondary arcs can be created fairly easily from a
series of overlapping frames. From above the Earth such as in an
aeroplane, it is sometimes possible to see a rainbow as a full circle.
This phenomenon can be confused with the glory phenomenon, but a glory
is usually much smaller, covering only 5–20°. The sky inside a
primary rainbow is brighter than the sky outside of the bow. This is
because each raindrop is a sphere and it scatters light over an entire
circular disc in the sky. The radius of the disc depends on the
wavelength of light, with red light being scattered over a larger angle
than blue light. Over most of the disc, scattered light at all
wavelengths overlaps, resulting in white light which brightens the sky.
At the edge, the wavelength dependence of the scattering gives rise to
the rainbow.[5] Light of primary rainbow arc is 96% polarised tangential to the arch.[6] Light of second arc is 90% polarised. Number of colours in a spectrum or a rainbow A
spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source is a continuum
of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye
is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100.[7]
Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th-century system for
numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual
perception) distinguishes 100 hues. The apparent discreteness of main
colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main
colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice. Newton, who admitted his
eyes were not very critical in distinguishing colours,[8] originally
(1672) divided the spectrum into five main colours: red, yellow, green,
blue and violet. Later he included orange and indigo, giving seven main
colours by analogy to the number of notes in a musical scale.[2][b][9]
Newton chose to divide the visible spectrum into seven colours out of a
belief derived from the beliefs of the ancient Greek sophists, who
thought there was a connection between the colours, the musical notes,
the known objects in the Solar System, and the days of the
week.[10][11][12] Scholars have noted that what Newton regarded at the
time as "blue" would today be regarded as cyan, and what Newton called
"indigo" would today be considered blue.[3] Rainbow (middle: real, bottom: computed) compared to true spectrum (top): unsaturated colours and different colour profile Newton's first colours Red Yellow Green Blue Violet Newton's later colours Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Modern colours Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Violet The
colour pattern of a rainbow is different from a spectrum, and the
colours are less saturated. There is spectral smearing in a rainbow
owing to the fact that for any particular wavelength, there is a
distribution of exit angles, rather than a single unvarying angle.[13]
In addition, a rainbow is a blurred version of the bow obtained from a
point source, because the disk diameter of the sun (0.5°) cannot be
neglected compared to the width of a rainbow (2°). Further red of the
first supplementary rainbow overlaps the violet of the primary rainbow,
so rather than the final colour being a variant of spectral violet, it
is actually a purple. The number of colour bands of a rainbow may
therefore be different from the number of bands in a spectrum,
especially if the droplets are particularly large or small. Therefore,
the number of colours of a rainbow is variable. If, however, the word
rainbow is used inaccurately to mean spectrum, it is the number of main
colours in the spectrum. The question of whether everyone sees
seven colours in a rainbow is related to the idea of linguistic
relativity. Suggestions have been made that there is universality in the
way that a rainbow is perceived.[14][15] However, more recent research
suggests that the number of distinct colours observed and what these are
called depend on the language that one uses, with people whose language
has fewer colour words seeing fewer discrete colour bands.[16] Explanation Light
rays enter a raindrop from one direction (typically a straight line
from the Sun), reflect off the back of the raindrop, and fan out as they
leave the raindrop. The light leaving the rainbow is spread over a wide
angle, with a maximum intensity at the angles 40.89–42°. (Note: Between
2 and 100% of the light is reflected at each of the three surfaces
encountered, depending on the angle of incidence. This diagram only
shows the paths relevant to the rainbow.) White light separates into
different colours on entering the raindrop due to dispersion, causing
red light to be refracted less than blue light. When sunlight
encounters a raindrop, part of the light is reflected and the rest
enters the raindrop. The light is refracted at the surface of the
raindrop. When this light hits the back of the raindrop, some of it is
reflected off the back. When the internally reflected light reaches the
surface again, once more some is internally reflected and some is
refracted as it exits the drop. (The light that reflects off the drop,
exits from the back, or continues to bounce around inside the drop after
the second encounter with the surface, is not relevant to the formation
of the primary rainbow.) The overall effect is that part of the
incoming light is reflected back over the range of 0° to 42°, with the
most intense light at 42°.[17] This angle is independent of the size of
the drop, but does depend on its refractive index. Seawater has a higher
refractive index than rain water, so the radius of a "rainbow" in sea
spray is smaller than a true rainbow. This is visible to the naked eye
by a misalignment of these bows.[18] The reason the returning
light is most intense at about 42° is that this is a turning point –
light hitting the outermost ring of the drop gets returned at less than
42°, as does the light hitting the drop nearer to its centre. There is a
circular band of light that all gets returned right around 42°. If the
Sun were a laser emitting parallel, monochromatic rays, then the
luminance (brightness) of the bow would tend toward infinity at this
angle (ignoring interference effects). (See Caustic (optics).) But since
the Sun's luminance is finite and its rays are not all parallel (it
covers about half a degree of the sky) the luminance does not go to
infinity. Furthermore, the amount by which light is refracted depends
upon its wavelength, and hence its colour. This effect is called
dispersion. Blue light (shorter wavelength) is refracted at a greater
angle than red light, but due to the reflection of light rays from the
back of the droplet, the blue light emerges from the droplet at a
smaller angle to the original incident white light ray than the red
light. Due to this angle, blue is seen on the inside of the arc of the
primary rainbow, and red on the outside. The result of this is not only
to give different colours to different parts of the rainbow, but also to
diminish the brightness. (A "rainbow" formed by droplets of a liquid
with no dispersion would be white, but brighter than a normal rainbow.) The
light at the back of the raindrop does not undergo total internal
reflection, and some light does emerge from the back. However, light
coming out the back of the raindrop does not create a rainbow between
the observer and the Sun because spectra emitted from the back of the
raindrop do not have a maximum of intensity, as the other visible
rainbows do, and thus the colours blend together rather than forming a
rainbow.[19] A rainbow does not exist at one particular location.
Many rainbows exist; however, only one can be seen depending on the
particular observer's viewpoint as droplets of light illuminated by the
sun. All raindrops refract and reflect the sunlight in the same way, but
only the light from some raindrops reaches the observer's eye. This
light is what constitutes the rainbow for that observer. The whole
system composed by the Sun's rays, the observer's head, and the
(spherical) water drops has an axial symmetry around the axis through
the observer's head and parallel to the Sun's rays. The rainbow is
curved because the set of all the raindrops that have the right angle
between the observer, the drop, and the Sun, lie on a cone pointing at
the sun with the observer at the tip. The base of the cone forms a
circle at an angle of 40–42° to the line between the observer's head and
their shadow but 50% or more of the circle is below the horizon, unless
the observer is sufficiently far above the earth's surface to see it
all, for example in an aeroplane (see above).[20][21] Alternatively, an
observer with the right vantage point may see the full circle in a
fountain or waterfall spray.[22] Mathematical derivation Mathematical derivation It is possible to determine the perceived angle which the rainbow subtends as follows.[23] Given
a spherical raindrop, and defining the perceived angle of the rainbow
as 2φ, and the angle of the internal reflection as 2β, then the angle of
incidence of the Sun's rays with respect to the drop's surface normal
is 2β − φ. Since the angle of refraction is β, Snell's law gives us sin(2β − φ) = n sin β, where n = 1.333 is the refractive index of water. Solving for φ, we get φ = 2β − arcsin(n sin β). The
rainbow will occur where the angle φ is maximum with respect to the
angle β. Therefore, from calculus, we can set dφ/dβ = 0, and solve for
β, which yields β max = arccos ( 2 − 1 + n 2 3 n ) ≈ 40.2 ∘
{\displaystyle \beta _{\text{max}}=\arccos \left({\frac {2{\sqrt
{-1+n^{2}}}}{{\sqrt {3}}n}}\right)\approx 40.2^{\circ }} {\displaystyle
\beta _{\text{max}}=\arccos \left({\frac {2{\sqrt {-1+n^{2}}}}{{\sqrt
{3}}n}}\right)\approx 40.2^{\circ }}. Substituting back into the earlier equation for φ yields 2φmax ≈ 42° as the radius angle of the rainbow. For
red light (wavelength 750nm, n = 1.330 based on the dispersion relation
of water), the radius angle is 42.5°; for blue light (wavelength 350nm,
n = 1.343), the radius angle is 40.6°. Variations Double rainbows "Double rainbow" redirects here. For other uses, see Double Rainbow. Double
rainbow with Alexander's band visible between the primary and secondary
bows. Also note the pronounced supernumerary bows inside the primary
bow. Physics of a primary and secondary rainbow and Alexander's dark
band[24] (The image of the sun in the picture is only conventional; all
rays are parallel to the axis of the rainbow's cone) A secondary
rainbow, at a greater angle than the primary rainbow, is often visible.
The term double rainbow is used when both the primary and secondary
rainbows are visible. In theory, all rainbows are double rainbows, but
since the secondary bow is always fainter than the primary, it may be
too weak to spot in practice. Secondary rainbows are caused by a
double reflection of sunlight inside the water droplets. Technically the
secondary bow is centred on the sun itself, but since its angular size
is more than 90° (about 127° for violet to 130° for red), it is seen on
the same side of the sky as the primary rainbow, about 10° outside it at
an apparent angle of 50–53°. As a result of the "inside" of the
secondary bow being "up" to the observer, the colours appear reversed
compared to those of the primary bow. The secondary rainbow is
fainter than the primary because more light escapes from two reflections
compared to one and because the rainbow itself is spread over a greater
area of the sky. Each rainbow reflects white light inside its coloured
bands, but that is "down" for the primary and "up" for the
secondary.[25] The dark area of unlit sky lying between the primary and
secondary bows is called Alexander's band, after Alexander of
Aphrodisias who first described it.[26] Twinned rainbow Unlike
a double rainbow that consists of two separate and concentric rainbow
arcs, the very rare twinned rainbow appears as two rainbow arcs that
split from a single base.[27] The colours in the second bow, rather than
reversing as in a secondary rainbow, appear in the same order as the
primary rainbow. A "normal" secondary rainbow may be present as well.
Twinned rainbows can look similar to, but should not be confused with
supernumerary bands. The two phenomena may be told apart by their
difference in colour profile: supernumerary bands consist of subdued
pastel hues (mainly pink, purple and green), while the twinned rainbow
shows the same spectrum as a regular rainbow. The cause of a twinned
rainbow is the combination of different sizes of water drops falling
from the sky. Due to air resistance, raindrops flatten as they fall, and
flattening is more prominent in larger water drops. When two rain
showers with different-sized raindrops combine, they each produce
slightly different rainbows which may combine and form a twinned
rainbow.[28] A numerical ray tracing study showed that a twinned rainbow
on a photo could be explained by a mixture of 0.40 and 0.45 mm
droplets. That small difference in droplet size resulted in a small
difference in flattening of the droplet shape, and a large difference in
flattening of the rainbow top.[29] Circular rainbow Meanwhile, the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature.[30] Full-circle rainbow In
theory, every rainbow is a circle, but from the ground, usually only
its upper half can be seen. Since the rainbow's centre is diametrically
opposed to the Sun's position in the sky, more of the circle comes into
view as the sun approaches the horizon, meaning that the largest section
of the circle normally seen is about 50% during sunset or sunrise.
Viewing the rainbow's lower half requires the presence of water droplets
below the observer's horizon, as well as sunlight that is able to reach
them. These requirements are not usually met when the viewer is at
ground level, either because droplets are absent in the required
position, or because the sunlight is obstructed by the landscape behind
the observer. From a high viewpoint such as a high building or an
aircraft, however, the requirements can be met and the full-circle
rainbow can be seen.[31][32] Like a partial rainbow, the circular
rainbow can have a secondary bow or supernumerary bows as well.[33] It
is possible to produce the full circle when standing on the ground, for
example by spraying a water mist from a garden hose while facing away
from the sun.[34] A circular rainbow should not be confused with
the glory, which is much smaller in diameter and is created by different
optical processes. In the right circumstances, a glory and a (circular)
rainbow or fog bow can occur together. Another atmospheric phenomenon
that may be mistaken for a "circular rainbow" is the 22° halo, which is
caused by ice crystals rather than liquid water droplets, and is located
around the Sun (or Moon), not opposite it. Supernumerary rainbows High dynamic range photograph of a rainbow with additional supernumerary bands inside the primary bow In
certain circumstances, one or several narrow, faintly coloured bands
can be seen bordering the violet edge of a rainbow; i.e., inside the
primary bow or, much more rarely, outside the secondary. These extra
bands are called supernumerary rainbows or supernumerary bands; together
with the rainbow itself the phenomenon is also known as a stacker
rainbow. The supernumerary bows are slightly detached from the main bow,
become successively fainter along with their distance from it, and have
pastel colours (consisting mainly of pink, purple and green hues)
rather than the usual spectrum pattern.[35] The effect becomes apparent
when water droplets are involved that have a diameter of about 1 mm or
less; the smaller the droplets are, the broader the supernumerary bands
become, and the less saturated their colours.[36] Due to their origin in
small droplets, supernumerary bands tend to be particularly prominent
in fogbows.[37] Supernumerary rainbows cannot be explained using
classical geometric optics. The alternating faint bands are caused by
interference between rays of light following slightly different paths
with slightly varying lengths within the raindrops. Some rays are in
phase, reinforcing each other through constructive interference,
creating a bright band; others are out of phase by up to half a
wavelength, cancelling each other out through destructive interference,
and creating a gap. Given the different angles of refraction for rays of
different colours, the patterns of interference are slightly different
for rays of different colours, so each bright band is differentiated in
colour, creating a miniature rainbow. Supernumerary rainbows are
clearest when raindrops are small and of uniform size. The very
existence of supernumerary rainbows was historically a first indication
of the wave nature of light, and the first explanation was provided by
Thomas Young in 1804.[38] Reflected rainbow, reflection rainbow Reflected rainbow Reflection rainbow (top) and normal rainbow (bottom) at sunset When
a rainbow appears above a body of water, two complementary mirror bows
may be seen below and above the horizon, originating from different
light paths. Their names are slightly different. A reflected
rainbow may appear in the water surface below the horizon.[39] The
sunlight is first deflected by the raindrops, and then reflected off the
body of water, before reaching the observer. The reflected rainbow is
frequently visible, at least partially, even in small puddles. A
reflection rainbow may be produced where sunlight reflects off a body of
water before reaching the raindrops, if the water body is large, quiet
over its entire surface, and close to the rain curtain. The reflection
rainbow appears above the horizon. It intersects the normal rainbow at
the horizon, and its arc reaches higher in the sky, with its centre as
high above the horizon as the normal rainbow's centre is below it.
Reflection bows are usually brightest when the sun is low because at
that time its light is most strongly reflected from water surfaces. As
the sun gets lower the normal and reflection bows are drawn closer
together. Due to the combination of requirements, a reflection rainbow
is rarely visible. Up to eight separate bows may be distinguished
if the reflected and reflection rainbows happen to occur
simultaneously: The normal (non-reflection) primary and secondary bows
above the horizon (1, 2) with their reflected counterparts below it (3,
4), and the reflection primary and secondary bows above the horizon (5,
6) with their reflected counterparts below it (7, 8).[40][41] Monochrome rainbow Main article: Monochrome rainbow Unenhanced photo of a red (monochrome) rainbow Occasionally
a shower may happen at sunrise or sunset, where the shorter wavelengths
like blue and green have been scattered and essentially removed from
the spectrum. Further scattering may occur due to the rain, and the
result can be the rare and dramatic monochrome or red rainbow.[42] Higher-order rainbows In
addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows, it is also
possible for rainbows of higher orders to form. The order of a rainbow
is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water
droplets that create it: One reflection results in the first-order or
primary rainbow; two reflections create the second-order or secondary
rainbow. More internal reflections cause bows of higher
orders—theoretically unto infinity.[43] As more and more light is lost
with each internal reflection, however, each subsequent bow becomes
progressively dimmer and therefore increasingly difficult to spot. An
additional challenge in observing the third-order (or tertiary) and
fourth-order (quaternary) rainbows is their location in the direction of
the sun (about 40° and 45° from the sun, respectively), causing them to
become drowned in its glare.[44] For these reasons, naturally
occurring rainbows of an order higher than 2 are rarely visible to the
naked eye. Nevertheless, sightings of the third-order bow in nature have
been reported, and in 2011 it was photographed definitively for the
first time.[45][46] Shortly after, the fourth-order rainbow was
photographed as well,[47][48] and in 2014 the first ever pictures of the
fifth-order (or quinary) rainbow, located in between the primary and
secondary bows, were published.[49] In a laboratory setting, it is
possible to create bows of much higher orders. Felix Billet (1808–1882)
depicted angular positions up to the 19th-order rainbow, a pattern he
called a "rose of rainbows".[50][51][52] In the laboratory, it is
possible to observe higher-order rainbows by using extremely bright and
well collimated light produced by lasers. Up to the 200th-order rainbow
was reported by Ng et al. in 1998 using a similar method but an argon
ion laser beam.[53] Tertiary and quaternary rainbows should not
be confused with "triple" and "quadruple" rainbows—terms sometimes
erroneously used to refer to the—much more common—supernumerary bows and
reflection rainbows. Rainbows under moonlight Main article: Moonbow Spray moonbow at the Lower Yosemite Fall Like
most atmospheric optical phenomena, rainbows can be caused by light
from the Sun, but also from the Moon. In case of the latter, the rainbow
is referred to as a lunar rainbow or moonbow. They are much dimmer and
rarer than solar rainbows, requiring the Moon to be near-full in order
for them to be seen. For the same reason, moonbows are often perceived
as white and may be thought of as monochrome. The full spectrum is
present, however, but the human eye is not normally sensitive enough to
see the colours. Long exposure photographs will sometimes show the
colour in this type of rainbow.[54] Fogbow Main article: Fog bow Fogbow and glory. Fogbows
form in the same way as rainbows, but they are formed by much smaller
cloud and fog droplets that diffract light extensively. They are almost
white with faint reds on the outside and blues inside; often one or more
broad supernumerary bands can be discerned inside the inner edge. The
colours are dim because the bow in each colour is very broad and the
colours overlap. Fogbows are commonly seen over water when air in
contact with the cooler water is chilled, but they can be found anywhere
if the fog is thin enough for the sun to shine through and the sun is
fairly bright. They are very large—almost as big as a rainbow and much
broader. They sometimes appear with a glory at the bow's centre.[55] Fog
bows should not be confused with ice halos, which are very common
around the world and visible much more often than rainbows (of any
order),[56] yet are unrelated to rainbows. Sleetbow Monochrome sleetbow captured during the early morning on January 7, 2016 in Valparaiso, Indiana. A
sleetbow forms in the same way as a typical rainbow, with the exception
that it occurs when light passes through falling sleet (ice pellets)
instead of liquid water. As light passes through the sleet, the light is
refracted causing the rare phenomena. These have been documented across
United States with the earliest publicly documented and photographed
sleetbow being seen in Richmond, Virginia on December 21, 2012.[57] Just
like regular rainbows, these can also come in various forms, with a
monochrome sleetbow being documented on January 7, 2016 in Valparaiso,
Indiana.[citation needed] Circumhorizontal and circumzenithal arcs A circumhorizontal arc (bottom), below a circumscribed halo Circumzenithal arc The
circumzenithal and circumhorizontal arcs are two related optical
phenomena similar in appearance to a rainbow, but unlike the latter,
their origin lies in light refraction through hexagonal ice crystals
rather than liquid water droplets. This means that they are not
rainbows, but members of the large family of halos. Both arcs are
brightly coloured ring segments centred on the zenith, but in different
positions in the sky: The circumzenithal arc is notably curved and
located high above the Sun (or Moon) with its convex side pointing
downwards (creating the impression of an "upside down rainbow"); the
circumhorizontal arc runs much closer to the horizon, is more straight
and located at a significant distance below the Sun (or Moon). Both arcs
have their red side pointing towards the Sun and their violet part away
from it, meaning the circumzenithal arc is red on the bottom, while the
circumhorizontal arc is red on top.[58][59] The circumhorizontal
arc is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "fire rainbow". In order
to view it, the Sun or Moon must be at least 58° above the horizon,
making it a rare occurrence at higher latitudes. The circumzenithal arc,
visible only at a solar or lunar elevation of less than 32°, is much
more common, but often missed since it occurs almost directly overhead. Extraterrestrial rainbows Main article: Extraterrestrial skies It
has been suggested that rainbows might exist on Saturn's moon Titan, as
it has a wet surface and humid clouds. The radius of a Titan rainbow
would be about 49° instead of 42°, because the fluid in that cold
environment is methane instead of water. Although visible rainbows may
be rare due to Titan's hazy skies, infrared rainbows may be more common,
but an observer would need infrared night vision goggles to see
them.[60] Rainbows with different materials A first order rainbow from water (left) and a sugar solution (right). Droplets
(or spheres) composed of materials with different refractive indices
than plain water produce rainbows with different radius angles. Since
salt water has a higher refractive index, a sea spray bow doesn't
perfectly align with the ordinary rainbow, if seen at the same spot.[61]
Tiny plastic or glass marbles may be used in road marking as a
reflectors to enhance its visibility by drivers at night. Due to a much
higher refractive index, rainbows observed on such marbles have a
noticeably smaller radius.[62] One can easily reproduce such phenomena
by sprinkling liquids of different refractive indices in the air, as
illustrated in the photo. The displacement of the rainbow due to
different refractive indices can be pushed to a peculiar limit. For a
material with a refractive index larger than 2, there is no angle
fulfilling the requirements for the first order rainbow. For example,
the index of refraction of diamond is about 2.4, so diamond spheres
would produce rainbows starting from the second order, omitting the
first order. In general, as the refractive index exceeds a number n+1,
where n is a natural number, the critical incidence angle for n times
internally reflected rays escapes the domain [ 0 , π 2 ] {\displaystyle
[0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]} {\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}. This
results in a rainbow of the n-th order shrinking to the antisolar point
and vanishing. File:Rainbow - Tokyo - Arakawa river - July 11 2021.oggPlay media A rainbow in Tokyo, 2021 Scientific history The
classical Greek scholar Aristotle (384–322 BC) was first to devote
serious attention to the rainbow.[63] According to Raymond L. Lee and
Alistair B. Fraser, "Despite its many flaws and its appeal to
Pythagorean numerology, Aristotle's qualitative explanation showed an
inventiveness and relative consistency that was unmatched for centuries.
After Aristotle's death, much rainbow theory consisted of reaction to
his work, although not all of this was uncritical."[64] In Book I
of Naturales Quaestiones (c. 65 AD), the Roman philosopher Seneca the
Younger discusses various theories of the formation of rainbows
extensively, including those of Aristotle. He notices that rainbows
appear always opposite to the Sun, that they appear in water sprayed by a
rower, in the water spat by a fuller on clothes stretched on pegs or by
water sprayed through a small hole in a burst pipe. He even speaks of
rainbows produced by small rods (virgulae) of glass, anticipating
Newton's experiences with prisms. He takes into account two theories:
one, that the rainbow is produced by the Sun reflecting in each water
drop, the other, that it is produced by the Sun reflected in a cloud
shaped like a concave mirror; he favours the latter. He also discusses
other phenomena related to rainbows: the mysterious "virgae" (rods),
halos and parhelia.[65] According to Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir, the
Arab physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen; 965–1039),
attempted to provide a scientific explanation for the rainbow
phenomenon. In his Maqala fi al-Hala wa Qaws Quzah (On the Rainbow and
Halo), al-Haytham "explained the formation of rainbow as an image, which
forms at a concave mirror. If the rays of light coming from a farther
light source reflect to any point on axis of the concave mirror, they
form concentric circles in that point. When it is supposed that the sun
as a farther light source, the eye of viewer as a point on the axis of
mirror and a cloud as a reflecting surface, then it can be observed the
concentric circles are forming on the axis."[citation needed] He was not
able to verify this because his theory that "light from the sun is
reflected by a cloud before reaching the eye" did not allow for a
possible experimental verification.[66] This explanation was repeated by
Averroes,[citation needed] and, though incorrect, provided the
groundwork for the correct explanations later given by Kamāl al-Dīn
al-Fārisī in 1309 and, independently, by Theodoric of Freiberg (c.
1250–c. 1311)[citation needed]—both having studied al-Haytham's Book of
Optics.[67] Ibn al-Haytham's contemporary, the Persian
philosopher and polymath Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna; 980–1037), provided an
alternative explanation, writing "that the bow is not formed in the dark
cloud but rather in the very thin mist lying between the cloud and the
sun or observer. The cloud, he thought, serves simply as the background
of this thin substance, much as a quicksilver lining is placed upon the
rear surface of the glass in a mirror. Ibn Sīnā would change the place
not only of the bow, but also of the colour formation, holding the
iridescence to be merely a subjective sensation in the eye."[68] This
explanation, however, was also incorrect.[citation needed] Ibn Sīnā's
account accepts many of Aristotle's arguments on the rainbow.[69] In
Song Dynasty China (960–1279), a polymath scholar-official named Shen
Kuo (1031–1095) hypothesised—as a certain Sun Sikong (1015–1076) did
before him—that rainbows were formed by a phenomenon of sunlight
encountering droplets of rain in the air.[70] Paul Dong writes that
Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric
refraction "is basically in accord with modern scientific
principles."[71] According to Nader El-Bizri, the Persian
astronomer, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (1236–1311), gave a fairly accurate
explanation for the rainbow phenomenon. This was elaborated on by his
student, Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī (1267–1319), who gave a more
mathematically satisfactory explanation of the rainbow. He "proposed a
model where the ray of light from the sun was refracted twice by a water
droplet, one or more reflections occurring between the two
refractions." An experiment with a water-filled glass sphere was
conducted and al-Farisi showed the additional refractions due to the
glass could be ignored in his model.[66][c] As he noted in his Kitab
Tanqih al-Manazir (The Revision of the Optics), al-Farisi used a large
clear vessel of glass in the shape of a sphere, which was filled with
water, in order to have an experimental large-scale model of a rain
drop. He then placed this model within a camera obscura that has a
controlled aperture for the introduction of light. He projected light
unto the sphere and ultimately deduced through several trials and
detailed observations of reflections and refractions of light that the
colours of the rainbow are phenomena of the decomposition of light. In
Europe, Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics was translated into Latin and
studied by Robert Grosseteste. His work on light was continued by Roger
Bacon, who wrote in his Opus Majus of 1268 about experiments with light
shining through crystals and water droplets showing the colours of the
rainbow.[72] In addition, Bacon was the first to calculate the angular
size of the rainbow. He stated that the rainbow summit can not appear
higher than 42° above the horizon.[73] Theodoric of Freiberg is known to
have given an accurate theoretical explanation of both the primary and
secondary rainbows in 1307. He explained the primary rainbow, noting
that "when sunlight falls on individual drops of moisture, the rays
undergo two refractions (upon ingress and egress) and one reflection (at
the back of the drop) before transmission into the eye of the
observer."[74][75] He explained the secondary rainbow through a similar
analysis involving two refractions and two reflections. René Descartes' sketch of how primary and secondary rainbows are formed Descartes'
1637 treatise, Discourse on Method, further advanced this explanation.
Knowing that the size of raindrops did not appear to affect the observed
rainbow, he experimented with passing rays of light through a large
glass sphere filled with water. By measuring the angles that the rays
emerged, he concluded that the primary bow was caused by a single
internal reflection inside the raindrop and that a secondary bow could
be caused by two internal reflections. He supported this conclusion with
a derivation of the law of refraction (subsequently to, but
independently of, Snell) and correctly calculated the angles for both
bows. His explanation of the colours, however, was based on a mechanical
version of the traditional theory that colours were produced by a
modification of white light.[76][77] Isaac Newton demonstrated
that white light was composed of the light of all the colours of the
rainbow, which a glass prism could separate into the full spectrum of
colours, rejecting the theory that the colours were produced by a
modification of white light. He also showed that red light is refracted
less than blue light, which led to the first scientific explanation of
the major features of the rainbow.[78] Newton's corpuscular theory of
light was unable to explain supernumerary rainbows, and a satisfactory
explanation was not found until Thomas Young realised that light behaves
as a wave under certain conditions, and can interfere with itself. Young's
work was refined in the 1820s by George Biddell Airy, who explained the
dependence of the strength of the colours of the rainbow on the size of
the water droplets.[79] Modern physical descriptions of the rainbow are
based on Mie scattering, work published by Gustav Mie in 1908.[80]
Advances in computational methods and optical theory continue to lead to
a fuller understanding of rainbows. For example, Nussenzveig provides a
modern overview.[81] Experiments Round bottom flask rainbow demonstration experiment - Johnson 1882 Experiments
on the rainbow phenomenon using artificial raindrops, i.e. water-filled
spherical flasks, go back at least to Theodoric of Freiberg in the 14th
century. Later, also Descartes studied the phenomenon using a Florence
flask. A flask experiment known as Florence's rainbow is still often
used today as an imposing and intuitively accessible demonstration
experiment of the rainbow phenomenon.[82][83][84] It consists in
illuminating (with parallel white light) a water-filled spherical flask
through a hole in a screen. A rainbow will then appear thrown back /
projected on the screen, provided the screen is large enough. Due to the
finite wall thickness and the macroscopic character of the artificial
raindrop, several subtle differences exist as compared to the natural
phenomenon,[85][86] including slightly changed rainbow angles and a
splitting of the rainbow orders. A very similar experiment
consists in using a cylindrical glass vessel filled with water or a
solid transparent cylinder and illuminated either parallel to the
circular base (i.e. light rays remaining at a fixed height while they
transit the cylinder)[87][88] or under an angle to the base. Under these
latter conditions the rainbow angles change relative to the natural
phenomenon since the effective index of refraction of water changes
(Bravais' index of refraction for inclined rays applies).[85][86] Other experiments use small liquid drops,[51][52] see text above. Culture and mythology Main article: Rainbows in culture Main article: Rainbows in mythology Depiction of the rainbow in the Book of Genesis Rainbows
occur frequently in mythology, and have been used in the arts. One of
the earliest literary occurrences of a rainbow is in the Book of Genesis
chapter 9, as part of the flood story of Noah, where it is a sign of
God's covenant to never destroy all life on Earth with a global flood
again. In Norse mythology, the rainbow bridge Bifröst connects the world
of men (Midgard) and the realm of the gods (Asgard). Cuchavira was the
god of the rainbow for the Muisca in present-day Colombia and when the
regular rains on the Bogotá savanna were over, the people thanked him
offering gold, snails and small emeralds. Some forms of Tibetan Buddhism
or Dzogchen reference a rainbow body.[89] The Irish leprechaun's secret
hiding place for his pot of gold is usually said to be at the end of
the rainbow. This place is appropriately impossible to reach, because
the rainbow is an optical effect which cannot be approached. Rainbows
appear in heraldry - in heraldry the rainbow proper consists of 4 bands
of color (Or, Gules, Vert, Argent) with the ends resting on clouds.[90]
Generalised examples in coat of arms include those of the towns of
Regen and Pfreimd, both in Bavaria, Germany; and of Bouffémont, France;
and of the 69th Infantry Regiment (New York) of the Army National Guard
(USA). Rainbow flags have been used for centuries. It was a
symbol of the Cooperative movement in the German Peasants' War in the
16th century, of peace in Italy, and of gay pride and LGBT social
movements since the 1970s. In 1994, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and
President Nelson Mandela described newly democratic post-apartheid South
Africa as the rainbow nation. The rainbow has also been used in
technology product logos, including the Apple computer logo. Many
political alliances spanning multiple political parties have called
themselves a "Rainbow Coalition". Pointing at rainbows has been considered a taboo in many cultures." (wikipedia.org) "A
rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the
rainbow. The designs differ, but many of the colors are based on the
spectral colors of the visible light spectrum.[1][2] When Isaac Newton
first saw a rainbow through a prism, he labeled the colors red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.[3] However, when not seen
through a prism, the color he deemed "blue" is actually blue-green, or
cyan, what he called "violet" is today known as dark blue,[4][5] and
"indigo" is a normal blue.[6][a] The LGBT flag introduced in 1979 is the most recognized use of the rainbow flag.... History In
the 18th century, American Revolutionary War writer Thomas Paine
proposed that a rainbow flag be used as a maritime flag to signify
neutral ships in time of war.[7][8][9][10] Contemporary
international uses of a rainbow flag dates to the beginning of the 20th
century. The International Co-operative Alliance adopted a rainbow flag
in 1925. A similar flag (ca. 1920) is used in Andean indigenism in Peru
and Bolivia to represent the legacy of the Inca Empire. Since 1961, the
international peace flag, also known as the PACE flag, has been
especially popular in Italy and to a lesser extent Europe and the rest
of the world. The pride flag has represented gay pride since 1978 and
evolved into a symbol of the LGBT movement. There are several
independent rainbow flags in use today. Rainbow flags in various cultures and movements Reformation (1525) Replica Rainbow Banner of the Mühlhäuser band which set off for Frankenhausen under Thomas Müntzer The
reformer Thomas Müntzer (1489–1525) connected socially revolutionary
claims with his preaching of the gospel (Genesis 9:11-17, Isaiah 40:8, 1
Peter 1:25). He is often portrayed with a rainbow flag in his hand. The
Thomas Müntzer statue in the German town of Stolberg also shows him
holding a rainbow flag in his hand. In the German Peasants' War of the
16th century, the rainbow flag together with the peasants' boot
("Bundschuh") was used as the sign of a new era, of hope and of social
change. The choice of the rainbow in the form of a flag harkens
back to the rainbow as a symbol of biblical promise. According to the
Bible, God first created the rainbow as a sign to Noah that there would
never again be a worldwide flood,[11][12] also known as the Rainbow
covenant. Buddhist flag (1885) Main article: Buddhist flag Buddhist flag A
flag to represent Buddhism was designed in Sri Lanka in 1885 and
modified to its current form in 1886. In 1950 it was adopted by the
World Fellowship of Buddhists to be a symbol of all forms of Buddhism
around the world.[13] It consists of six vertical colored segments, the
first five of which are usually blue, yellow, red, white, and orange,
while the sixth is a combination of the first five. Variant colors are
often found. Armenian Republic proposed flag (1919) Rainbow flag proposed for Armenia by artist Martiros Saryan Rainbow
flag proposed after Armenia regained independence after World War I. It
was designed by famous Armenian artist Martiros Saryan. It was not
adopted as the country instead went with three stripes using the colors
used in a past Armenian kingdom. The artist used muted, richer colors
reflecting Armenian fabrics and carpets.[14] Cooperative movement (1921) Until 2001, the International Co-operative Alliance used a rainbow flag. A
seven-colour rainbow flag is a common symbol of the international
cooperative movement. The rainbow flag has been the cooperative emblem
since 1921 when the International Co-operative Congress of World Co-op
Leaders met in Basel, Switzerland to identify and define the growing
cooperative movement's common values and ideals to help unite co-ops
around the world. In Essen, Germany in 1922, the International
Co-operative Alliance (ICA) designed an international co-op symbol and a
flag for the first "Co-operators' Day," which was held in July 1923.
After some experiments with different designs, a famous French
cooperator, Professor Charles Gide, suggested using the seven colours of
the rainbow for the flag. He pointed out that the rainbow symbolized
unity in diversity and the power of light, enlightenment and progress.
The first co-op rainbow flag was completed in 1924 and was adopted as an
official symbol of the international cooperative movement in 1925. In
2001, the ICA's official flag was changed from a rainbow flag to a
rainbow logo flag on a white field, to clearly promote and strengthen
the cooperative image, but still use the rainbow image. Other
organizations sometimes use the traditional rainbow flag as a symbol of
cooperation. Like the rainbow, this flag is a symbol of hope and
peace. The seven colours from flags around the world fly in harmony.
Each of the seven colours in the co-operative flag have been assigned
the following meaning: red: stands for courage; orange: offers the vision of possibilities; yellow: represents the challenge that GREEN has kindled;
green: indicates a challenge to co-operators to strive for growth of
membership and of understanding of the aims and values of co-operation;
light blue: suggests far horizons, the need to provide education and
help less fortunate people and strive toward global unity.
dark blue: suggests pessimism: a reminder that less fortunate people
have needs that may be met through the benefits of cooperation. violet: is the colour of warmth, beauty, and friendship. The
ICA has been flying a flag with its official logo since April 2001,
when its Board decided to replace the traditional rainbow flag. Its use
by a number of non-cooperative groups led to confusion in several
countries around the world.[15] Meher Baba (1924) Meher Baba flag During
a debate among Hindus, Parsis, and Iranis regarding the creation of a
flag to be flown near a shelter, Meher Baba responded that the flag
"should be of seven colors" because they represented "the seven planes
of consciousness." He specified that "red should be at the bottom"
because it symbolized lust and anger, and "sky blue at the top" because
it symbolized the "highest state of spirituality and oneness with God".
Baba later added that the colors "also represent sanskaras". However, he
left the selection of the other specific colors to personal conclusion.
The finished flag was first raised on April 23, 1924.[16][17] The
flag is flown each year near Meher Baba's samadhi (tomb-shrine) in
Meherabad, India during the week of Amartithi (the anniversary of his
death on January 31, 1969). Peace movement (1961) Main article: Peace flag § The Rainbow flag PACE flag (Italian for 'peace') This
rainbow flag in Italy was first used in a peace march in 1961, inspired
by similar multi-coloured flags used in demonstrations against nuclear
weapons. It became popular with the Pace da tutti i balconi ("peace from
every balcony") campaign in 2002, started as a protest against the
impending war in Iraq. The most common variety has seven colours,
purple, blue, azure, green, yellow, orange and red, and is emblazoned in
bold with the Italian word PACE, meaning "peace".[18][19] Common
variations include moving the purple stripe down below the azure one,
and adding a white stripe on top (the original flag from the 60s had a
white stripe on top). This flag has been adopted internationally as a
symbol of the peace movement. Bene Ohr Jewish movement, U.S. (1961) In
1961, Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi designed the rainbow tallit
(prayer shawl) as a symbol of the Kabalah for the members of the Jewish
Bene Ohr ("The Children of Light"). It is a vertically presented
rainbow, with each colour separated by black stripes of varying
thicknesses. The colors represent aspects of God; the black stripes and
white spaces represent aspects of creation and protection.[20] Andean indigenism (1973), (2009) Main articles: Flag of Cusco and Wiphala Flag of the City of Cusco, 1978–2021 (wrongly associated with the Inca Empire) Wiphala The
Flag of Cusco was introduced in Peru in 1973, and became used as the
official emblem of the city of Cusco.[21] In 2007, the municipality
decided to modify the flag design so that it would not be confused with
the Gay Pride flag.[22] The new flag design was implemented in 2021.[23]
In Ecuador, a rainbow emblem is used by the Pachakutik political party
(1995), which is composed mostly of left-wing indigenous people. A
seven-striped rainbow flag design is used in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador
as a symbol of native ethnic groups and culture, and is
anachronistically associated with the Tawantin Suyu, or Inca
territory.[24] Although commonly believed in Peru to be a flag of the
Incan Empire, the oldest known rainbow flag dates back only to the 18th
century and was used by Túpac Amaru II during his indigenous revolt
against the Spanish.[24] María Rostworowski, a Peruvian historian known
for her extensive and detailed publications about Peruvian Ancient
Cultures and the Inca Empire, said about this: "I bet my life, the Inca
never had that flag, it never existed, no chronicler mentioned it".[25]
The National Academy of Peruvian History has stated on the topic: "The
official use of the wrongly called 'Tawantinsuyu flag' is a mistake. In
the pre-Hispanic Andean world the concept of flags did not exist, it did
not belong to their historic context".[26] LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender) Pride (1978) Main article: Rainbow flag (LGBT) Originally
called the "Gay pride" flag, the six-band version became the most
widely recognized since 1979, and now represents the LGBT movement. The
rainbow flag was popularized as a symbol of the gay community by San
Francisco artist Gilbert Baker in 1978. The different colors are often
associated with "diversity" in the gay community (but actually have
literal meanings). The flag is used predominantly at gay pride events
and in gay villages worldwide in various forms including banners,
clothing and jewelry. Since the 1990s, its symbolism has been
transferred to represent the extended "LGBT" (lesbian, gay, bisexual and
transgender) community. In 1994, for the 25th anniversary of the
Stonewall riots in New York city, a mile-long rainbow flag was created
by Baker which he later cut into sections that were distributed around
the world.[27] The flag was originally created with eight colors,
but pink and turquoise were removed for production purposes, and since
1979 it has consisted of six colored stripes. It is most commonly flown
with the red stripe on top, as the colors appear in a natural
rainbow.[28] Aside from the obvious symbolism of a mixed LGBT community,
the colors were determined to symbolize: life (red), healing (orange), sunlight (yellow), nature (green), harmony/peace (blue), spirit (purple/violet).[29] The removed colors stood for sexuality (pink) and art/magic (turquoise).[29] During
the 1980s, a black stripe representing AIDS victims was added to the
bottom of a rainbow flag as a seventh color and named the "Victory Over
AIDS" flag.[30] At various times other colors have been introduced to
modify the flag design by Gilbert Baker, including black-and-brown for
people of color in 2017,[31] and white-pink-blue for transgender and
queer people in 2019.[32] Basque nationalism (1978) Herri Batasuna flag (Basque nationalism) The
leftist Herri Batasuna party used a rainbow version of the Ikurriña
(Basque national flag) from 1978 until it was dissolved in 2001.[33] Jewish Autonomous Oblast (1996) Main article: Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast Flag of Jewish Autonomous Oblast Another
variation of rainbow flag is used by Jewish Autonomous Oblast, situated
in the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia, by the Chinese border.
Proportions 2:3. Adopted first of October 1996.[34] The Jewish
Autonomous Oblast has a flag with a seven-colour rainbow. The number of
colours is meant to symbolize the seven-branched Jewish Menorah. Its
colours are slightly different from the basic spectral colours, with
gold in place of yellow, vivid blue instead of light blue, and indigo as
dark blue.[35] In 2013, the flag was checked according to the Russian
gay propaganda law. JAO flag was confirmed as safe because of white
background, white stripes and the seventh (light blue) colour.[36] Patriots of Russia political party (2005) Rainbow
is used as an element of flag of Patriots of Russia (Russian: Патриоты
России, Patrioty Rossii) political party.[citation needed] Support for the Equality Act (2012) In
2012, California resident Richard Noble became the first person to
carry the Gay Pride flag across America in the "Civil Rights Walk Across
America" promoting the Equality Bill.[37] Support for the NHS (2020) During
the 2020 in the United Kingdom, the rainbow symbol
has been used to signify support and gratitude for the National Health
Service (NHS).[38] However, the increasing association of the six-color
Pride rainbow flag with the NHS has caused concern among some members of
the LGBT community that it is being disassociated "as a symbol of LGBT
equality" and may lead to the erasure of identity.[39][40] Other rainbow flags Buddhist LGBT flag Gay pride flag (original eight-color version, June 1978) Gay pride flag (seven-color version, November 1978) Greek peace flag Lingua Franca Nova flag South Africa flag (referred to as the "rainbownation) PACE flag without text Use of rainbow flag in various settings Marchers carry the LGBT pride flag at the pride parade on Christopher Street Day, Berlin, Germany (1997) Parada Równości, Warsaw, Poland (2006) "Pace da tutti i balconi": peace flags hanging from windows, Milan, Italy, (March 2003) Statue of Thomas Müntzer waving a rainbow flag, Stolberg, Germany (2007) LGBT flag at Ipanema Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2006) French official Memorial to Gilbert Baker (artist), Place des Emeutes de Stonewall, Paris, Le Marais, France Finish line of "Civil Rights Walk Across America" by Richard Noble, Jacksonville, Florida (2012) Use of rainbow flag colors in different designs Jewish Gay Pride flag (Stockholm Pride, Sweden, 2015) American flag in Gay Pride colors LGBT health awareness Rainbow Family of Living Light banner Circular Rainbow Flag of Wu-Wo Tea Ceremony Rainbow protest flag used by Not in Our Name" (wikipedia.org) "Mickey
Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney, and is the
mascot of The Walt Disney Company. An anthropomorphic mouse who
typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves, Mickey
is one of the world's most recognizable fictional characters. Created
as a replacement for a prior Disney character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit,
Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in
the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons.
He went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert
(1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared
primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length
films. Ten of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for
Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in
1941. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star
on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Beginning in 1930, Mickey has also
been featured extensively in comic strips and comic books. The Mickey
Mouse comic strip, drawn primarily by Floyd Gottfredson, ran for 45
years. Mickey has also appeared in comic books such as Mickey Mouse,
Disney Italy's Topolino and MM – Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, and
Wizards of Mickey. Mickey also features in television series such as The
Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1996) and others. He appears in other media
such as video games as well as merchandising, and is a meetable
character at the Disney parks. Mickey generally appears alongside
his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck
and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse
universe). Though originally characterized as a cheeky lovable rogue,
Mickey was rebranded over time as a nice guy, usually seen as an honest
and bodacious hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again
by putting less emphasis on his friendly, well-meaning persona and
reintroducing the more adventurous and stubborn sides of his
personality, beginning with the video game Epic Mickey.... History Film See also: Mickey Mouse film series Origin Concept
art of Mickey from early 1928, from the collection of The Walt Disney
Family Museum. The sketches are the earliest known drawings of the
character. "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse." — Walt Disney, Disneyland; October 27, 1954 Mickey
Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an
earlier cartoon character that was created by the Disney studio but
owned by Universal Pictures.[3] Charles Mintz served as a middleman
producer between Disney and Universal through his company, Winkler
Pictures, for the series of cartoons starring Oswald. Ongoing conflicts
between Disney and Mintz and the revelation that several animators from
the Disney studio would eventually leave to work for Mintz's company
ultimately resulted in Disney cutting ties with Oswald. Among the few
people who stayed at the Disney studio were animator Ub Iwerks,
apprentice artist Les Clark, and Wilfred Jackson. On his train ride home
from New York, Walt brainstormed ideas for a new cartoon character. Mickey
Mouse was conceived in secret while Disney produced the final Oswald
cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start
drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various
animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A
female cow and male horse were also rejected. (They would later turn up
as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar.) A male frog was also
rejected, which later showed up in Iwerks' own Flip the Frog series.[4]
Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at
his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.[5] In 1925,
Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt
Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for
Disney.[4] "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the
character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and
ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.[6][7] The actor Mickey Rooney
claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt
Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to
name Mickey Mouse after him.[8] This claim, however, has been debunked
by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse's
development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for
several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working
space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with
Warner Brothers.[9][10] Over the years, the name Mortimer Mouse was
eventually given to several different characters in the Mickey Mouse
universe : Minnie Mouse's uncle, who appears in several comics stories,
one of Mickey's antagonists who competes for Minnie's affections in
various cartoons and comics, and one of Mickey's nephews, named Morty. Debut (1928) Mickey's first appearance in Steamboat Willie (1928) Mickey
was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on
May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and Walt could not
find a distributor for the short.[11] Walt went on to produce a second
Mickey short, The Gallopin' Gaucho, which was also not released for lack
of a distributor. Steamboat Willie was first released on
November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub
Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny
Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was
intended as a parody of Buster Keaton's Steamboat Bill, Jr., first
released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey
cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is
considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie featured
changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to
large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous
Walt Disney films.[12][13] The cartoon was not the first cartoon
to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios,
headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number
of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However,
these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film.
For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept
the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the
"Turkey in the Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the
accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had
served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has
been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert
Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was
voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of
Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald
took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from
1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on
ABC.[citation needed] Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's
release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic
purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The
first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer
starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of
its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film
equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new
trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios
were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively
act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the
most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked
on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had
originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's
success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also
put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The
Karnival Kid in 1929 (see below). After Steamboat Willie was released,
Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity
would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929,
Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan
decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.[14]
Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to
sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[15] Black and white films (1929–1935) Mickey with Minnie Mouse in Building a Building (1933) In
Mickey's early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as
an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14,
1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in
favor of Pete. The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time
in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all
of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit.
The three lines on the back of Mickey's gloves represent darts in the
gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of
glove design of the era. When the Cat's Away (April 18, 1929),
essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, "Alice Rattled by Rats", was
an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still
maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as
the size of regular mice and living with a community of many other mice
as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of
regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans,
Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.[16] The next
Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was
the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place
him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke.
Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words
were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a
carnival. Mickey's Follies (1929) introduced the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo"
which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next
several years. The same song sequence was also later reused with
different background animation as its own special short shown only at
the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.[17][18]
Mickey's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey's pet in The Moose Hunt
(1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog "Rover" in The Picnic
(1930). The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be
animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film,
Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's
then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over
money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to
losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the
deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio.
The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as well
as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest
colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for
his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the
shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse
cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks".
Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt
Disney alone. Disney and his remaining staff continued the
production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a
number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression
progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's
popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one
million members.[19] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received
his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey's Orphans
(1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the
creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphony
short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great
popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed
that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.[20][21][22] By 1934, Mickey
merchandise had earned $600,000 a year.[23] In 1935, Disney began to
phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.[24] About
this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly
difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role
model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could
present. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of
his next films, allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In
Orphan's Benefit (1934), Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had
been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphony series. The
tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas
and would remain a recurring character in Mickey's cartoons. Color films (1935–1953) Mickey in The Band Concert (1935) Mickey in Fantasia (1940) Mickey
first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in
1932; however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards
ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first
color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film
process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the
William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said
that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first
seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band
Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of
animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey,
Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach
popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more
appeal.[25] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the
League of Nations for creating Mickey. However, by 1938, the more
manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a
redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak
of his popularity.[25] The second half of the 1930s saw the character
Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck,
and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films
by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films,
including Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock
Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and
Mickey's Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in
Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor,
which was nominated for an Academy Award. Mickey was redesigned
by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939).
Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with
pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the
1940s, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his
trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more
realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body
anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time
before returning to the one in "The Pointer", with the exception of his
pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given
eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons. In
1940, Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His
screen role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of
the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the
film and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The apprentice (Mickey), not
willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the
sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the
broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a
deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually
overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a
near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette
shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard
in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue
sorcerer's hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of
Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks. After 1940,
Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a
daily children's television personality.[26] Despite this, the character
continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning
his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a
short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952. In these later
cartoons, Mickey was often just a supporting character in his own
shorts, where Pluto would be the main character. The last regular
installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The
Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a
flock of seagulls. Television and later films In the 1950s,
Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly
with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were
rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various
forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video.
Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas
Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol in which
Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince
and the Pauper. Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed
with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the
two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis
Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an
agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time
in the scene. Similar to his animated inclusion into a
live-action film in Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo
appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney
World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story
as having been old friends, although they have not made any other
appearance together outside of this. His most recent theatrical
cartoon short was 2013's Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995's
Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video
features like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The
Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a
Christmas. Many television series have centered on Mickey, such
as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney's House of Mouse
(2001–2003), Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016),
Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–) and Mickey Mouse Funhouse
(2021–).[27] Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen
character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons". Mickey Mouse, as he appears in the Paul Rudish years, and the modern era. In
2013, Disney Channel started airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts,
with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of
Mickey's late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary
twist.[28] The creative team behind the 2017 DuckTales reboot had hoped
to have Mickey Mouse in the series, but this idea was rejected by Disney
executives.[29] However, this did not stop them from including a
watermelon shaped like Mickey Mouse that Donald Duck made and used like a
ventriloquist dummy (to the point where he had perfectly replicated his
voice (supplied by Chris Diamantopoulos)) while he was stranded on a
deserted island during the season two finale.[30] On November 10, 2020,
the series was revived as The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse and
premiered on Disney+[31] In August 2018, ABC television announced
a two-hour prime time special, Mickey's 90th Spectacular, in honor of
Mickey's 90th birthday. The program featured never-before-seen short
videos and several other celebrities who wanted to share their memories
about Mickey Mouse and performed some of the Disney songs to impress
Mickey. The show took place at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles and
was produced and directed by Don Mischer on November 4, 2018.[32][33] On
November 18, 2018, a 90th anniversary event for the character was
celebrated around the world.[34] In December 2019, both Mickey and
Minnie served as special co-hosts of Wheel of Fortune for two weeks
while Vanna White served as the main host during Pat Sajak's
absence.[35] Comics Main articles: Mickey Mouse (comic strip) and Mickey Mouse (comic book) See also: Disney comics Mickey and Horace Horsecollar from the Mickey Mouse daily strip; created by Floyd Gottfredson and published December 1932 Mickey
first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially
successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt
Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to
license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip.
Disney accepted and Mickey Mouse made its first appearance on January
13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub
Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip
featured a loose adaptation of "Plane Crazy". Minnie soon became the
first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January
13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic
book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island".
Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks
left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day
format."[36] In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was
at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip,
assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney's focus had always been
in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well.
Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script,
draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden
resignation. Disney then searched for a replacement among the
remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently
hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in
animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney
had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would
eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up
holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15,
1975. Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17,
1930.[36] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney
had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September
20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in
Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which
to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who
had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle
Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of
corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse.
The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg
Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which
introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents. Starting
with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in
animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other.
While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy,
the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This
adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips
and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century. Floyd
Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the
Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom
Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch.
Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman
Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel,
Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne,
Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and
Floyd Norman. The next artist to leave his mark on the character
was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950
but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry's first serial for
Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the
same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to
revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega
Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the
stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey
as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era
several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a
more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures.
This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein,
Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli. In Europe,
Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines,
the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 onward, Le Journal de
Mickey in France from 1934 onward, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky
Maous. Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001. In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey. In
1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another
comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a
comic book with his name. Mickey's comics in Egypt are licensed by
Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were
successful, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because
of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by "Nahdat Masr"
in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[37] Portrayal Design This
section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when
to remove this template message) The silhouette of Mickey Mouse's head has become an iconic image. Throughout
the earlier years, Mickey's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald,
save for the ears, nose, and tail.[38][39][40] Ub Iwerks designed
Mickey's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to
animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this
design was part of Mickey's success as it made him more dynamic and
appealing to audiences. Mickey's circular design is most
noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey's ears were
animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to
always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made
Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial
personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy
creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey. In 1938,
animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body away from its circular
design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for
being the first animator to break from Mickey's "rubber hose, round
circle" design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about
changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's
the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on." Each of Mickey's
hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was
both an artistic and financial decision, explaining, "Artistically five
digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of
bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000
drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the
Studio millions." In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first
given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands
against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an
influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later
Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs
Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, Mario, and Sonic The Hedgehog. Mickey's
eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho, were large and
white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of
the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still
contrasted with his head. Mickey's eyes were later re-imagined as only
consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils,
while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is
evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to
be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone
instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the
cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the
release of The Pointer.[41] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen
in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not
have eyebrows in his subsequent appearances.[citation needed] Originally
characters had black hands, but Frank Thomas said this was changed for
visibility reasons.[42] According to Disney's Disney Animation: The
Illusion of Life, written by former Disney animators Frank Thomas and
Ollie Johnston, "The characters were in black and white with no shades
of grey to soften the contrast or delineate a form. Mickey's body was
black, his arms and his hands- all black. There was no way to stage an
action except in silhouette. How else could there be any clarity? A hand
in front of a chest would simply disappear."[43] Multiple
sources state that Mickey's characteristics, particularly the black body
combined with the large white eyes, white mouth, and the white gloves,
evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel
shows.[44][45][46][47][48] Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he
typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the
front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's
shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's
color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his
red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red
bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls
(Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy
Free), a red coat (Squatter's Rights, Mickey's Christmas Carol), or a
red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things). Voice actors Walt
Disney (1901–1966), the co-creator of Mickey Mouse and founder of The
Walt Disney Company, was the original voice of Mickey. A large
part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice.
From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in
which Disney took great personal pride. Composer Carl W. Stalling was
the first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 shorts The
Karnival Kid and Wild Waves,[49][50] and J. Donald Wilson and Joe Twerp
provided the voice in some 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater
of the Air,[51] although Disney remained Mickey's official voice during
this period. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running
the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do
Mickey's voice on a regular basis anymore. It is also speculated that
his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years.[citation
needed] After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and
Fancy Free, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician
and actor Jimmy MacDonald. Walt would reprise Mickey's voice
occasionally until his passing in 1966, such as in the introductions to
the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the
"Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the Walt Disney's Disneyland TV
series that aired on September 11, 1957 and the Disneyland USA at Radio
City Music Hall show from 1962.[52] MacDonald voiced Mickey in
most of the remaining theatrical shorts and for various television and
publicity projects up until his retirement in 1976.[53] However, other
actors would occasionally play the role during this era. Clarence Nash,
the voice of Donald Duck, provided the voice in three of Mickey's
theatrical shorts, The Dognapper, R'coon Dawg, and Pluto's Party.[54]
Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse's
Birthday Party. Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album
An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney
Players in 1974.[55][56] The 1983 short film Mickey's Christmas
Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who
was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009,[57]
although MacDonald returned to voice Mickey for an appearance at the
50th Academy Awards in 1978.[58] Allwine once recounted something
MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: "The main piece of advice
that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He
said, 'Just remember kid, you're only filling in for the boss.' And
that's the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt,
and now from Jimmy."[59] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the
voice of Minnie Mouse from 1986 until her death in 2019. Les
Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, "Down and Out with
Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine", in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced
Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse
Splashdance.[60][61] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey
Mouse toy in 1986.[62][63] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine
as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey
Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.[64] Bret
Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is one of the current
voices of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine
due to the latter's declining health, but Allwine died before Iwan could
get a chance to meet him and Iwan became the new official voice of the
character at the time. Iwan's early recordings in 2009 included work for
the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, the Disney theme parks and the
Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.[65] He directly replaced Allwine
as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the TV series
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse
can be heard in Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep. Iwan also became the
first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney's rebranding of the
character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in Epic Mickey as well
as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle
of Illusion. Since then Mickey Mouse has become voiced more than
one voice actor in major Disney projects. Film, TV and stage actor
Chris Diamantopoulos voices Mickey in the award-winning Mickey Mouse
2013 animated series[66] developed by Paul Rudish, and the 2017
DuckTales reboot (in the form of a watermelon that Donald uses as a
ventriloquist dummy), as the producers were looking for a voice closer
to Walt Disney's portrayal of the character in order to match the
vintage look of that series.[67] Diamantopoulos also speaks and
sings for Mickey Mouse in the Walt Disney World attraction Mickey and
Minnie's Runaway Railway. Songs featuring Diamantopoulos as Mickey Mouse
from that attraction, as well as soundtrack songs from the recent
Disney+ series The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse streaming on various
platforms.[68] Merchandising Since his early years, Mickey
Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of
merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and
Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes.
Largely responsible for early Disney merchandising was Kay Kamen,
Disney's head of merchandise and licensing from 1932 until his death in
1949, who was called a "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by
The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to
stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.[69] At the time of his
80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of
the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa
Claus.[70] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11
around the world are at least aware of the character.[70] Disney parks HKMickeyMinnieMainStreetSummer07.JPG Disneyland park - Anaheim Los Angeles California USA (9894366226).jpg Minnie and Mickey at Hong Kong Disneyland (top) and Mickey's house at Mickey's Toontown (bottom) As
the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in
the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other
characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor.
In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades,
and poses for photographs with guests. As of the presidency of Barack
Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger
ears than me")[71] Mickey has met every U.S. president since Harry
Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.[40] Mickey also
features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's
Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a
recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon
style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's
boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the
characters.[72] Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo
Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in
the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several
of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is
always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic!
(Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show
which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice.
Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse
Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show
featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces the
Mickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure
of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings. Mickey & Minnie's Runaway Railway at Disney's Hollywood Studios is a trackless dark ride themed to Mickey Mouse.[73] In
addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of
him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This
phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickeys", involving hidden images in
Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.[74] Video games Main article: List of Disney video games (Mickey Mouse games) Like
many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games,
including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System,
Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey's Ultimate
Challenge, and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo
Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the
Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many
others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to
the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut
in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a Nintendo GameCube
title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the
Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aided to the
protagonist, Sora and his friends. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a
weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and
combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney
universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an
effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character
by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing
the mischievous side of his personality.[2] Watches and clocks A 1933 Ingersoll Mickey Mouse wristwatch Mickey
was most famously featured on wristwatches and alarm clocks, typically
utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The
first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll
Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below
Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in
Chicago, 1933 for $3.75 (equivalent to $75 in 2020). Mickey Mouse
watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the
years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald
Genta.[75] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown's
novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder "to stay
young at heart."[76] Other products In 1989, Milton Bradley
released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three
modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other
toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking
Mickey Mouse. Fisher-Price has recently produced a line of
talking animatronic Mickey dolls including "Dance Star Mickey"
(2010)[77] and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).[78] In total,
approximately 40% of Disney's revenues for consumer products are derived
from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.[70] Social impact Use in politics In
the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate
dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular
ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting
procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank
balloting or a choice of "None of the Above", most protest votes take
the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in
vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.[79][80] As an
election supervisor in Georgia observed, "If Mickey Mouse doesn’t get
votes in our election, it’s a bad election."[81] The earliest known
mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932
New York City mayoral elections.[82] Mickey Mouse's name has also
been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as
in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[83][84] Pejorative use of Mickey's name "Mickey
Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial.
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or
counterfeit.[85] In Poland the phrase "mały Miki", which translates to
"small Mickey", means something very simple and trivial - usually used
in the comparison between two things.[86] However, in parts of Australia
it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for "grouse").[87]
Examples of the negative usages include the following: In The
Godfather Part II, Fredo's justification of betraying Michael is that
his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send
Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub
somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks. In an early
episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto
was "a Mickey Mouse planet", referring to the future dwarf planet having
the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto. On November 19, 1983,
just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers
beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a
reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining
the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse
organization and put somebody on the ice". Reacting to Gretzky's
comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned
to New Jersey on January 15, 1984, despite a 5–4 Devils loss.[88]
In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man, as Sylvester Stallone's
character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police
car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake now, you Mickey
Mouse piece of shit!"[89] In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space
Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck's idea for the name
of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse
organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as
well as the Disney-made The Mighty Ducks movie franchise. This was
referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.) In the United
States armed forces, actions that look good but have little or no
practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic
training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship) are commonly
referred to as "Mickey Mouse work."[citation needed] In schools a
"Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree"
is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is
necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where
the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the
labor market.[90] Musicians often refer to a film score that
directly follows each action on screen, sometimes pejoratively, as
Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).[91] Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft".[92]
In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse
parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence.[93] In
the British sitcom Red Dwarf, in the episode "Quarantine", after the
team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister
pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat
replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!" The combined
road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S.
Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other
competitors as "Mickey Mouse"[94] due to its slow uninteresting corners,
and lack of challenging corners. Polish politician
Kosiniak-Kamysz in radio talk on September 20, 2016 used the phrase
"Przy PiS-ie PSL to mały Miki" which means "PSL is a small Mickey in
comparison to PiS". He meant that nepotism is smaller problem in his
political party PSL than in PiS party.[95] Parodies and criticism Mickey
Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney
Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has
been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous
underground cartoon "Mickey Mouse in Vietnam" (1969). There have been
numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the two-page parody "Mickey
Rodent" by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse
walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the
duck's larger popularity.[96] The grotesque Rat Fink character was
created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The
Simpsons Movie, Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic
Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!"[97] The
Simpsons would later become Disney property as its distributor Fox was
acquired by Disney. On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is
depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney
Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald
Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo
Mattioli. Horst Rosenthal created a comic book, Mickey au Camp de Gurs
(Mickey Mouse in the Gurs Internment Camp) while detained in the Gurs
internment camp during the Second World War; he added "Publié Sans
Autorisation de Walt Disney" ("Published without Walt Disney's
Permission") to the front cover.[98] In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon. In
the fifth episode of the Japanese anime, Pop Team Epic, Popuko, one of
the main characters, attempts an impression of Mickey, but does so
poorly. Legal issues Like all major Disney characters, Mickey
Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in
perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner.
So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public
domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without
authorization. Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the
United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act'
because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar
legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where
copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse
cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some
copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest
version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the
copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.[99] The Walt Disney
Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey
Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the
company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action
against three daycare centers in the Orlando, Florida region (where Walt
Disney World is a dominant employer) for having Mickey Mouse and other
Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed,
and the newly opened rival Universal Studios Florida allowed the centers
to use their own cartoon characters with their blessing, to build
community goodwill.[100] Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates In
1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air
Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films,
produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue,
cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in
explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O'Neill explained, "The
air pirates were...some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air,
pirate the air, steal the media....Since we were cartoonists, the
logical thing was Disney."[101] Rather than change the appearance or
name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the
mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named "Mickey
Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of
appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9
million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech
advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "The Air
Pirates set parody back twenty years."[102][better source needed] Copyright status There
have been multiple attempts to argue that certain versions of Mickey
Mouse are in fact in the public domain. In the 1980s, archivist George
S. Brown attempted to recreate and sell cels from the 1933 short "The
Mad Doctor", on the theory that they were in the public domain because
Disney had failed to renew the copyright as required by current
law.[103] However, Disney successfully sued Brown to prevent such sale,
arguing that the lapse in copyright for "The Mad Doctor" did not put
Mickey Mouse in the public domain because of the copyright in the
earlier films.[103] Brown attempted to appeal, noting imperfections in
the earlier copyright claims, but the court dismissed his argument as
untimely.[103] In 1999, Lauren Vanpelt, a law student at Arizona
State University, wrote a paper making a similar argument.[103][104]
Vanpelt points out that copyright law at the time required a copyright
notice specify the year of the copyright and the copyright owner's name.
The title cards to early Mickey Mouse films "Steamboat Willie", "Plane
Crazy", and "Gallopin' Gaucho" do not clearly identify the copyright
owner, and also misidentify the copyright year. However, Vanpelt notes
that copyright cards in other early films may have been done correctly,
which could make Mickey Mouse "protected as a component part of the
larger copyrighted films".[104] A 2003 article by Douglas A.
Hedenkamp in the Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal analyzed
Vanpelt's arguments, and concluded that she is likely correct.[103][105]
Hedenkamp provided additional arguments, and identified some errors in
Vanpelt's paper, but still found that due to imperfections in the
copyright notice on the title cards, Walt Disney forfeited his copyright
in Mickey Mouse. He concluded: "The forfeiture occurred at the moment
of publication, and the law of that time was clear: publication without
proper notice irrevocably forfeited copyright protection."[105] Disney
threatened to sue Hedenkamp for slander of title, but did not follow
through.[103] The claims in Vanpelt and Hedenkamp's articles have not
been tested in court.[citation needed] Censorship In 1930, the
German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the 1929
Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle. The animated short, which
features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in
German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of
Germany.[106] It was claimed by the board that the film would "reawaken
the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War".[107] The
Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in
Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years
later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A
mid-1930s German newspaper article read: Mickey Mouse is the
most miserable ideal ever revealed. Healthy emotions tell every
independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and
filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal
kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal. Away with Jewish
brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika
Cross![108][109][110] American cartoonist and writer Art
Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second
volume of his graphic novel Maus. In 1935 Romanian authorities
also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that
children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie
theatre".[111] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's
recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the
firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution", the Italian
Government banned foreign children's literature[112] except Mickey;
Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged
artistic merit" of Disney's work.[113] Actually, Mussolini's children
were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as
possible.[114] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States,
fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any
Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of
Tuffolino, a new human character that looked like Mickey, created by
Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the
downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed. Filmography Main article: List of Mickey Mouse films and appearances Selected short films Steamboat Willie (1928) Plane Crazy (1928) The Karnival Kid (1929) Mickey's Orphans (1931) Building a Building (1933) The Mad Doctor (1933) The Band Concert (1935) Thru the Mirror (1936) Moving Day (1936) Clock Cleaners (1937) Lonesome Ghosts (1937) Brave Little Tailor (1938) The Pointer (1939) The Nifty Nineties (1941) Lend a Paw (1941) Symphony Hour (1942) Squatter's Rights (1946) Mickey and the Seal (1948) The Simple Things (1953) Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) Runaway Brain (1995) Get a Horse! (2013) Full-length films Hollywood Party (cameo, 1934) Fantasia (1940) Fun and Fancy Free (1947) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (cameo, 1988) A Goofy Movie (cameo, 1995) Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999) (DTV) Fantasia 2000 (1999) Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001) (DTV) Mickey's House of Villains (2002) (DTV) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004) (DTV) Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004) (DTV) (Note: DTV means Direct-to-video) Television series The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959; 1977–1979; 1989–1994) Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003) Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016) Mickey Mouse (2013–2019) Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (2017–2021)[note 1] The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse (2020–present) Mickey Mouse Funhouse (2021–present) Awards and honors Mickey's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Mickey
Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best
Animated Short Film. These are Mickey's Orphans (1931), Building a
Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a
Paw (1941), Squatter's Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948),
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse!
(2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the
award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy
Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity. In
1994, four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book The 50
Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as
voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert
(#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock
Cleaners (#27). On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th
anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on
the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd. Melbourne
(Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and
appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).[115]: 17–22
Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the
appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky
Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's
Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers
reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"[115]: 19–20 Mickey was
the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day
2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only
the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996."
(wikipedia.org) "A raglan sleeve is a sleeve
that extends in one piece fully to the collar, leaving a diagonal seam
from underarm to collarbone.[1] It is named after Lord Raglan,
the 1st Baron Raglan,[2] who is said to have worn a coat with this style
of sleeve after the loss of his arm in the Battle of Waterloo.[2] The raglan mid-length sleeve is a popular undergarment (worn under the jersey) for baseball teams in MLB." (wikipedia.org) "A
T-shirt, or tee shirt, is a style of fabric shirt named after the T
shape of its body and sleeves. Traditionally, it has short sleeves and a
round neckline, known as a crew neck, which lacks a collar. T-shirts
are generally made of a stretchy, light, and inexpensive fabric and are
easy to clean. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th
century and, in the mid-20th century, transitioned from undergarment to
general-use casual clothing. They are typically made of cotton
textile in a stockinette or jersey knit, which has a distinctively
pliable texture compared to shirts made of woven cloth. Some modern
versions have a body made from a continuously knitted tube, produced on a
circular knitting machine, such that the torso has no side seams. The
manufacture of T-shirts has become highly automated and may include
cutting fabric with a laser or a water jet. T-shirts are
inexpensive to produce and are often part of fast fashion, leading to
outsized sales of T-shirts compared to other attire.[1] For example, two
billion T-shirts are sold per year in the United States,[2] or the
average person from Sweden buys nine T-shirts a year.[3] Production
processes vary but can be environmentally intensive, and include the
environmental impact caused by their materials, such as cotton which is
both pesticide and water intensive.... History Simple,
T-shaped top garments have been a part of human clothing since ancient
times; garments similar to the T-shirt worn earlier in history are
generally called tunics. The modern T-shirt evolved from
undergarments used in the 19th century. First, the one-piece union suit
underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top
long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without
buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late
19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. As
slip-on garments without buttons, the earliest T-shirt dates back to
sometime between the 1898 Spanish–American War and 1904, when the Cooper
Underwear Company ran a magazine ad announcing a new product for
bachelors. In the "before" photo, a man averts his eyes from the camera
as if embarrassed; he has lost all the buttons on his undershirt and has
safety-pinned its flaps together. In the "after" photo, a virile
gentleman sports a handlebar mustache, smokes a cigar and wears a
"bachelor undershirt" stretchy enough to be pulled over the head. "No
safety pins — no buttons — no needle — no thread", ran the slogan aimed
at men with no wives who lacked sewing skills.[7] US Merchant Marine sailor in 1944 In
1913, the U.S. Navy first issued them as undergarments.[8] These were a
crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a
uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the
early submarines, and tropical climates to remove their uniform jacket,
thus wearing (and soiling) only the undershirt.[9] They soon became
popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries,
including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned,
and inexpensive, and for those reasons, it became the shirt of choice
for young boys. Boys' shirts were made in various colors and patterns.
The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, and
appeared in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.[8] Marlon Brando in the A Streetcar named Desire trailer By
the Great Depression, the T-shirt was often the default garment to be
worn when doing farm or ranch chores, as well as other times when
modesty called for a torso covering but conditions called for
lightweight fabrics.[9] Following World War II, it was worn by Navy men
as undergarments and slowly became common to see veterans wearing their
uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts
became even more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A
Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable,
stand-alone, outerwear garments.[10] Often boys wore them while doing
chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing
them as general-purpose casual clothing. Printed T-shirts were in
limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared
on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained
popularity for self-expression as well for advertisements, protests, and
souvenirs. Current versions are available in many different
designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts.
T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today.
T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or
merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. Trends A blue crew neck T-shirt T-shirts
were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the
only piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly
a brassiere or, rarely, a waistcoat (vest). T-shirts have also become a
medium for self-expression and advertising, with any imaginable
combination of words, art and photographs on display.[11] A
T-shirt typically extends to the waist. Variants of the T-shirt, such as
the V-neck, have been developed. Hip hop fashion calls for tall-T
shirts which may extend down to the knees. A similar item is the T-shirt
dress or T-dress, a dress-length T-shirt that can be worn without
pants.[12] Long T-shirts are also sometimes worn by women as nightgowns.
A 1990s trend in women's clothing involved tight-fitting cropped
T-shirt or crop tops short enough to reveal the midriff. Another less
popular trend is wearing a short-sleeved T-shirt of a contrasting color
over a long-sleeved T-shirt, which is known as layering. T-shirts that
are tight to the body are called fitted, tailored or baby doll T-shirts. With
the rise of social media and video sharing sites also came numerous
tutorials on DIY T-shirt projects.[13] These videos typically provided
instructions on how to modify an old shirt into a new, more fashionable
form. Expressive messages Since the 1960s, T-shirts have
flourished as a form of personal expression.[11] Screen printed T-shirts
have been a standard form of marketing for major American consumer
products, such as Coca-Cola and Mickey Mouse, since the 1970s. It has
also been commonly used to commemorate an event or to make a political
or personal statement. Since the 1990s, it has become common practice
for companies of all sizes to produce T-shirts with their corporate
logos or messages as part of their overall advertising campaigns. Since
the late 1980s and especially the 1990s, T-shirts with prominent
designer-name logos have become popular, especially with teenagers and
young adults. These garments allow consumers to flaunt their taste for
designer brands in an inexpensive way, in addition to being decorative.
Examples of designer T-shirt branding include Calvin Klein, FUBU, Ralph
Lauren, American Apparel, and The Gap. These examples also include
representations of rock bands, among other obscure pop-culture
references. Licensed T-shirts are also extremely popular. Movie and TV
T-shirts can have images of the actors, logos, and funny quotations from
the movie or TV show. Often, the most popular T-shirts are those that
characters wore in the film itself (e.g., Bubba Gump from Forrest Gump
and Vote For Pedro from Napoleon Dynamite). Designer Katharine
Hamnett, in the early 1980s, pioneered outsize T-shirts with large-print
slogans. The early first decade of the 21st century saw the renewed
popularity of T-shirts with slogans and designs with a strong
inclination to the humorous and/or ironic. The trend has only increased
later in this decade, embraced by celebrities, such as Britney Spears
and Paris Hilton, and reflected back on them, too ('Team Aniston'). The
political and social statements that T-shirts often display have become,
since the first decade of the 21st century, one of the reasons that
they have so deeply permeated different levels of culture and society.
The statements also may be found to be offensive, shocking, or
pornographic to some. Examples of T-shirt stores and designers known for
using offensive and shocking messages include T-Shirt Hell and Apollo
Braun. Many different organizations have caught on to the
statement-making trend, including chain and independent stores,
websites, and schools. A popular phrase on the front of
demonstrating the popularity of T-shirts among tourists is the humorous
phrase "I went to _____ and all I got was this lousy T-shirt." Examples
include "My parents went to Las Vegas and all I got was this lousy
T-shirt." T-shirt exchange is an activity where people trade the
T-shirts that they are wearing. Artists like Bill Beckley, Glen
Baldridge and Peter Klashorst use T-shirts in their work. Models such as
Victoria Beckham and Gisele Bundchen wore T-shirts through the 2000s.
Paris Fashion Week 2014 featured a grunge style T-shirt.[14] Decoration Ringer T-shirt In
the early 1950s, several companies based in Miami, Florida, started to
decorate T-shirts with different resort names and various characters.
The first company was Tropix Togs, under founder Sam Kantor, in Miami.
They were the original licensee for Walt Disney characters in 1976
including Mickey Mouse and Davy Crockett. Later, other companies
expanded into the T-shirt printing business, including Sherry
Manufacturing Company, also based in Miami. Sherry was founded in 1948
by its owner and founder Quentin H. Sandler as a screen printer of
Souvenir Scarf's to the souvenir resort market. Shortly, the company
evolved into one of the largest screen printed resort and licensed
apparel companies in the United States. The company now (2018) runs
automatic Screen Print presses and produces up to 10,000 to 20,000
T-shirts each day. In the 1960s, the ringer T-shirt appeared and
became a staple fashion for youth and rock-n-rollers. The decade also
saw the emergence of tie-dyeing and screen-printing on the basic T-shirt
and the T-shirt became a medium for wearable art, commercial
advertising, souvenir messages, and protest art messages. Psychedelic
art poster designer Warren Dayton pioneered several political, protest,
and pop-culture art printed large and in color on T-shirts featuring
images of Cesar Chavez, political cartoons, and other cultural icons in
an article in the Los Angeles Times magazine in late 1969 (ironically,
the clothing company quickly cancelled the experimental line, fearing
there would not be a market). In the late 1960s, Richard Ellman, Robert
Tree, Bill Kelly, and Stanley Mouse set up the Monster Company in Mill
Valley, California, to produce fine art designs expressly for T-shirts.
Monster T-shirts often feature emblems and motifs associated with the
Grateful Dead and marijuana culture.[15] Additionally, one of the most
popular symbols to emerge from the political turmoil of the 1960s were
T-shirts bearing the face of Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara.[16] Today,
many notable and memorable T-shirts produced in the 1970s have become
ensconced in pop culture. Examples include the bright yellow happy face
T-shirts, The Rolling Stones tops with their "tongue and lips"[17] logo,
and Milton Glaser's iconic "I ♥ N Y” design. In the mid-1980s, the
white T-shirt became fashionable after the actor Don Johnson wore it
with an Armani suit in Miami Vice.[9] V-Neck A V-neck T-shirt
has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more
common crew neck shirt (also called a U-neck). V-necks were introduced
so that the neckline of the shirt does not show when worn beneath an
outer shirt, as would that of a crew neck shirt.[18][19][20] Screen printing A woman wearing a T-shirt with an architectural motif The
most common form of commercial T-shirt decoration is screen printing.
In screen printing, a design is separated into individual colors.
Plastisol or water based inks are applied to the shirt through mesh
screens which limits the areas where ink is deposited. In most
commercial T-shirt printing, the specific colors in the design are used.
To achieve a wider color spectrum with a limited number of colors,
process printing (using only cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink) or
simulated process (using only white, black, red, green, blue, and gold
ink) is effective. Process printing is best suited for light colored
shirts.[21] The simulated process is best suited for dark colored
shirts. In 1959, the invention of plastisol provided an ink more
durable and stretchable than water-based ink, allowing much more variety
in T-shirt designs. Very few companies continue to use water-based inks
on their shirts. The majority of companies that create shirts prefer
plastisol due to the ability to print on varying colors without the need
for color adjustment at the art level. Specialty inks trend in
and out of fashion and include shimmer, puff, discharge, and chino
based[22] inks. A metallic foil can be heat pressed and stamped onto any
plastisol ink. When combined with shimmer ink, metallics give a mirror
like effect wherever the previously screened plastisol ink was applied.
Specialty inks are more expensive to purchase as well as screen and tend
to appear on garments in boutiques. Other methods of decoration
used on T-shirts include airbrush, applique, embroidery, impressing or
embossing, and the ironing on of either flock lettering, heat transfers,
or dye-sublimation transfers. Laser printers are capable of printing on
plain paper using a special toner containing sublimation dyes which can
then be permanently heat-transferred to T-shirts. In the 1980s,
thermochromatic dyes were used to produce T-shirts that changed color
when subjected to heat. The Global Hypercolour brand of these was a
common sight on the streets of the UK for a few years but has since
mostly disappeared. These were also very popular in the United States
among teenagers in the late 1980s. A downside of color-change garments
is that the dyes can easily be damaged, especially by washing in warm
water or dye other clothes during washing. An example of a tie-dyed T-shirt Tie dye Tie
dye originated in India, Japan, Jamaica, and Africa as early as the
sixth century.[23] Some forms of tie dye are Bandhani (the oldest known
technique) used in Indian cultures, and Shibori primarily used in
Japanese cultures. It was not until the 1960s that tie dye was
introduced to America during the hippie movement.[23] Heat transfer vinyl (HTV) Another
form of T-shirt decoration is heat transfer vinyl, also called HTV. HTV
is a polyurethane material that allows apparel designers to create
unique layered designs using a specialized software program. Once the
design is created, it is then cut through the material using a vinyl
cutter (or Cut n Press) machine. There are dozens of different
colors available, as well as glitter, reflective, and now even unique
patterns (such as mermaid skin) which come in rolls and sheets. After
the design is cut, there is a process called “weeding” whereby the
areas of the design that do not represent the design are picked away
from the transfer sheet and removed so that the intended design remains.
HTV is typically smooth to the touch and does not feel rubbery or
stiff. The edges are typically clean cut and produce high contrast. Designers
can also create multiple color designs, or multi-layered designs using
HTV. This process would be done in the design software before the design
is sent to the cutter for the different materials. A heat press is then
used to apply pressure and heat to the vinyl so that the material
permanently adheres to the garment. The temperature and pressure vary
according to the manufacturers specifications. T-shirt day in Leipzig, Germany Dye-sublimation printing Dye-sublimation
printing is a direct-to-garment digital printing technology using full
color artwork to transfer images to polyester and polymer-coated
substrate based T-shirts. Dye-sublimation (also commonly referred to as
all-over printing) came into widespread use in the 21st century,
enabling some designs previously impossible. Printing with unlimited
colors using large CMYK printers with special paper and ink is possible,
unlike screen printing which requires screens for each color of the
design. All-over print T-shirts have solved the problem with color
fading and the vibrancy is higher than most standard printing methods
but requires synthetic fabrics for the ink to take hold. The key feature
of dye-sublimated clothing is that the design is not printed on top of
the garment, but permanently dyed into the threads of the shirt,
ensuring that it will never fade. Dye-sublimation is economically
viable for small-quantity printing; the unit cost is similar for short
or long production runs. Screen printing has higher setup costs,
requiring large numbers to be produced to be cost-effective, and the
unit cost is higher. Solid ink is changed into a gas without
passing through a liquid phase (sublimation), using heat and pressure.
The design is first produced in a computer image file format such as
jpg, gif, png, or any other. It is printed on a purpose-made computer
printer (as of 2016 most commonly Epson or Ricoh brands)[citation
needed] using large heat presses to vaporize the ink directly into the
fabric. By mid-2012, this method had become widely used for T-shirts. Other methods Before
the hippie movement Rit Dye was known as a hobby for older women. Other
methods of decorating shirts include using paints, markers, fabric
transfer crayons, dyes, spray paint, and many more. Some techniques that
can be used include sponging, stenciling, daubing, stamping, screen
printing, bleaching, and many more.[24] As technology advances, it
offers more experimentations and possibilities for designers and artists
to seek for innovative techniques with their T-shirts. Some new T-shirt
creators have used designs with multiple advanced techniques, which
includes using glow-in-the-dark inks, heat-sensitive fabrics, foil
printing and all-over printing. Other designers like Robert Geller, a
German-born American fashion designer, has created unique T-shirt
collections such as Seconds which feature oversized graphic T-shirts
made from super soft jersey materials. Alexander Wang, on the other
hand, came out with variations of T-shirts from oversized scoop necks,
tanks to striped, slouchy rayon jerseys.[25] Artists like Terence Koh,
took a different approach, with T-shirts featuring an upside down
portrait with a real bullet hole hand finished by him for the Soho store
Opening Ceremony." (wikipedia.org)
Condition:New
Modified Item:No
Country/Region of Manufacture:Nicaragua
Featured Refinements:Disneyland
Year:2018
Convention/Event:2018 Disneyland Gay Days
Brand:Disney Parks
Character/Story/Theme:Mickey Mouse
Time Period Manufactured:Contemporary (1968-Now)
Franchise:Disney
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