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Cathedral Gothic architecture medal 58mm by Famous
Jacob Wiener , born on February 27 , 1815 in the village of Hoerstgen, Kamp-Lintfort , died on November 3, 1899 in Brussels , is a Belgian medalist . He produced numerous medals, coins and postage stamps, in particular the first Belgian postage stamp , put into circulation on July 1 , 1849.
When he was two years old, Jacob's family, which was Jewish and did not adopt the name Wiener (the Viennese) until 1808 , moved to Venlo in the Netherlands . His father is Marcus Mayer (1794-?) and his mother, Hanna Barruch (1791-?). Jacob, who is the eldest of a family of ten children, goes, at the age of thirteen, to his uncle, the renowned engraver Loeb Baruch, in Aix- la-Chapelle , to learn drawing, modeling and engraving.
In 1835 , he went to Paris to complete his training and, in 1839 , at the age of twenty-four, he settled permanently in Brussels and, a few years later, naturalized Belgian.
His first works drew attention to him, mainly a medal which represented the Sainte-Gudule church in Brussels. This was, for him, the starting point of an engraved reproduction of the main monuments of Europe, 41 in number (including 8 for France ) .
Popular favor attached to his name, and he was called upon to carry out important works such as the first Belgian postage stamps and the organization of their manufacture, the means of preventing fraud, the making of dies, etc. That of historical tokens for the Municipal Council of Brussels was also entrusted to him, as well as other works. He often worked in collaboration with his brothers Léopold and Charles Wiener , also medal engravers.
Wiener was, around 1870 , in full activity and at the height of his success when he felt the first expectations of his ardor, consequences of his indefatigable assiduity, of the prolonged and constant use of the magnifying glass: his sight gradually weakened and, in 1872, he became blind . However, after carrying out the cataract operation on both eyes, we managed to restore his sight more or less, but the healing was not complete and a relapse was still to be feared, he had to give up the practice of his art in 1874 1 .
Wiener survived twenty-five years at the end of his brilliant artistic career, but the Jewish community of Belgium, knowing his devotion to the confessional interests of his cult, gave him an important place in the management of their interests and ended up placing him at the head of their higher administration, a position he occupied laboriously and with dignity, surrounded until his last moments by the veneration of his colleagues.
Although a Knight of the Order of Leopold and of several other foreign orders, Jacques Wiener, former engraver to the King, President of the Israelite Central Consistory of Belgium , had formally renounced, out of simplicity and modesty, the military honors to which he was entitled. His burial took place in the cemetery of Ixelles 2 .
He was the husband of Annette Newton (1816-1891 ) , of English origin.
He was the father of Samson Wiener (born on August 18 , 1851 in Brussels and died there on April 10 , 1914 in a car accident), a lawyer and liberal French-speaking Brussels senator.
He was the grandfather of Ernest Wiener (Brussels 1882-1973): After studying at the Royal Military School , Ernest Wiener graduated as an electrical engineer from the Montefiore Institute . Seriously wounded on the front in 1918, after four years of combat, Major Wiener would become the director of the Royal Military School , then General-Major at Headquarters during the invasion of May 1940. Taken prisoner, he spent the war at the Stalag 3 , 4
His first important achievement was a commemorative medal for the municipality of Venlo , ( Netherlands ) in 1840. In 1848, he won the contract for the engraving of the first Belgian postage stamp. He therefore took care of the composition and entrusted its engraving to John Henry Robinson . We see the King of the Belgians, Leopold I in military uniform, with clearly visible epaulets, hence the name Epaulettes given to this issue.
In 1845, he began to engrave medals for the exterior and interior of monuments, with great attention to detail accuracy, which was new: First a group of ten medals of Belgian churches, then the important monuments of Europe, cathedrals, churches, mosques, the Pantheon in Paris, the Saint-Sophie mosque in Istanbul, the dome of Pisa, the cathedrals of Cologne, Reims or Saint- Paul in London , but also all Belgian prisons and town halls 2 .
In 1859 he produced a medal of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba , exhibited in the Victoria & Albert Museum 5 . Spain is becoming a popular destination for travellers, who discover traces of Muslim influence, in Cordoba, the Alhambra in Granada and the Alcazar in Seville .
Around 1864, he made a medal of the interior of the Hagia Sophia mosque in Constantinople , exhibited at the Victoria & Albert Museum 6 .
In 1872, his eyesight declining, he ceased to produce medals.
St Paul's | |
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Cathedral Church of St Paul the Apostle | |
Aerial view | |
St Paul's | |
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive fullscreen map | |
51°30′50″N 0°05′54″W | |
Location | London , EC4 |
Country | United Kingdom |
Denomination | Church of England |
Previous denomination | Roman Catholicism |
Website | [link removed by eBay] |
History | |
Status | Active |
Consecrated | 1697; 326 years ago |
Architecture | |
Heritage designation | Grade I Listed |
Previous cathedrals | 4 |
Architect(s) | Sir Christopher Wren |
Style | English Baroque |
Years built | 1675–1710 |
Groundbreaking | 1675 |
Completed | 1710 |
Specifications | |
Length | 518 ft (158 m) |
Nave width | 121 ft (37 m) |
Width across transepts | 246 ft (75 m) |
Height | 365 ft (111 m) |
Dome height (outer) | 278 ft (85 m) |
Dome height (inner) | 225 ft (69 m) |
Dome diameter (outer) | 112 ft (34 m) |
Dome diameter (inner) | 102 ft (31 m) |
Number of towers | 2 |
Tower height | 221 ft (67 m) |
Administration | |
Province | Canterbury |
Diocese | London (since 604) |
Clergy | |
Bishop(s) | Sarah Mullally |
Dean | Andrew Tremlett |
Precentor | James Milne |
Chancellor | Paula Gooder (lay reader ) |
Canon Treasurer | vacant |
Laity | |
Director of music | Andrew Carwood |
Organist(s) | William Fox (acting) |
St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London , England, and is the seat of the Bishop of London . The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London . It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade I listed building . Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.[1] The present structure, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the city after the Great Fire of London .[2] The earlier Gothic cathedral (Old St Paul's Cathedral ), largely destroyed in the Great Fire, was a central focus for medieval and early modern London, including Paul's walk and St Paul's Churchyard , being the site of St Paul's Cross .
The cathedral is one of the most famous and recognisable sights of London. Its dome, surrounded by the spires of Wren's City churches, has dominated the skyline for over 300 years. At 365 ft (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1963. The dome is still one of the highest in the world. St Paul's is the second-largest church building in area in the United Kingdom, after Liverpool Cathedral .
Services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Admiral Lord Nelson , the Duke of Wellington , Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher ; jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria ; an inauguration service for the Metropolitan Hospital Sunday Fund ;[3] peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars ; the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer ; the launch of the Festival of Britain ; and the thanksgiving services for the Silver , Golden , Diamond , and Platinum Jubilees and the 80th and 90th birthdays of Queen Elizabeth II . St Paul's Cathedral is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as of images of the dome surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz .[4] The cathedral is a working church with hourly prayer and daily services. The tourist entry fee at the door is £23 for adults (January 2023, cheaper if booked online), but no charges are made to worshippers attending advertised services.[5]
The nearest London Underground station is St Paul's , which is 130 yards (120 m) away from St Paul's Cathedral.[6]
The location of Londinium's original cathedral is unknown, but legend and medieval tradition claims it was St Peter upon Cornhill . St Paul is an unusual attribution for a cathedral, and suggests there was another one in the Roman period. Legends of St Lucius link St Peter upon Cornhill as the centre of the Roman Londinium Christian community. It stands upon the highest point in the area of old Londinium, and it was given pre-eminence in medieval procession on account of the legends. There is, however, no other reliable evidence and the location of the site on the Forum makes it difficult for it to fit the legendary stories. In 1995, a large fifth-century building on Tower Hill was excavated, and has been claimed as a Roman basilica, possibly a cathedral, although this is speculative. [7] [8]
The Elizabethan antiquarian William Camden argued that a temple to the goddess Diana had stood during Roman times on the site occupied by the medieval St Paul's Cathedral.[9] Wren reported that he had found no trace of any such temple during the works to build the new cathedral after the Great Fire, and Camden's hypothesis is no longer accepted by modern archaeologists.[10]
There is evidence for Christianity in London during the Roman period, but no firm evidence for the location of churches or a cathedral. Bishop Restitutus is said to have represented London at the Council of Arles in 314 AD.[11] A list of the 16 "archbishops" of London was recorded by Jocelyn of Furness in the 12th century, claiming London's Christian community was founded in the second century under the legendary King Lucius and his missionary saints Fagan , Deruvian , Elvanus and Medwin. None of that is considered credible by modern historians but, although the surviving text is problematic, either Bishop Restitutus or Adelphius at the 314 Council of Arles seems to have come from Londinium .[a]
Bede records that in AD 604 Augustine of Canterbury consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Saxons and their king, Sæberht . Sæberht's uncle and overlord, Æthelberht , king of Kent , built a church dedicated to St Paul in London, as the seat of the new bishop.[12] It is assumed, although not proved, that this first Anglo-Saxon cathedral stood on the same site as the later medieval and the present cathedrals.
On the death of Sæberht in about 616, his pagan sons expelled Mellitus from London, and the East Saxons reverted to paganism. The fate of the first cathedral building is unknown. Christianity was restored among the East Saxons in the late seventh century and it is presumed that either the Anglo-Saxon cathedral was restored or a new building erected as the seat of bishops such as Cedd , Wine and Earconwald , the last of whom was buried in the cathedral in 693. This building, or a successor, was destroyed by fire in 962, but rebuilt in the same year.[13] [page needed ]
King Æthelred the Unready was buried in the cathedral on his death in 1016; the tomb is now lost. The cathedral was burnt, with much of the city, in a fire in 1087 , as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicl